Showing papers by "Bowling Green State University published in 2007"
University at Buffalo1, University of Cambridge2, University of Washington3, University of Edinburgh4, Drexel University5, University of Utah6, European Bioinformatics Institute7, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory8, Bowling Green State University9, Massachusetts Institute of Technology10, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center11, Stanford University12, University of Pennsylvania13
TL;DR: This work describes the OBO Foundry initiative and provides guidelines for those who might wish to become involved and describes an expanding family of ontologies designed to be interoperable and logically well formed and to incorporate accurate representations of biological reality.
Abstract: The value of any kind of data is greatly enhanced when it exists in a form that allows it to be integrated with other data. One approach to integration is through the annotation of multiple bodies of data using common controlled vocabularies or 'ontologies'. Unfortunately, the very success of this approach has led to a proliferation of ontologies, which itself creates obstacles to integration. The Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) consortium is pursuing a strategy to overcome this problem. Existing OBO ontologies, including the Gene Ontology, are undergoing coordinated reform, and new ontologies are being created on the basis of an evolving set of shared principles governing ontology development. The result is an expanding family of ontologies designed to be interoperable and logically well formed and to incorporate accurate representations of biological reality. We describe this OBO Foundry initiative and provide guidelines for those who might wish to become involved.
2,492 citations
TL;DR: Self-report measures for assessing how individuals unwind and recuperate from work during leisure time showed that four recovery experiences can be differentiated: psychological detachment from work, relaxation, mastery, and control.
Abstract: Drawing on the mood regulation and job-stress recovery literature, four self-report measures for assessing how individuals unwind and recuperate from work during leisure time were developed (Study 1). Confirmatory factor analyses with a calibration and a cross-validation sample (total N 930) showed that four recovery experiences can be differentiated: psychological detachment from work, relaxation, mastery, and control (Study 2). Examination of the nomological net in a subsample of Study 2 (N 271) revealed moderate relations of the recovery experiences with measures of job stressors and psychological well-being; relations with coping and personality variables were generally low (Study 3). Potential applications for the future use of these short 4-item measures in longitudinal and diary research are discussed.
1,305 citations
TL;DR: A longitudinal study found that job embeddedness predicted voluntary turnover beyond job attitudes and core variables from traditional models of turnover and interacted with job satisfaction to predict voluntary turnover, suggesting that thejob embeddedness construct extends beyond the unfolding model of turnover it originated from.
Abstract: Recent research on job embeddedness has found that both on- and off-the-job forces can act to bind people to their jobs. The present study extended this line of research by examining how job embeddedness may be integrated into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. This study also developed and tested a global, reflective measure of job embeddedness that overcomes important limitations and serves as a companion to the original composite measure. Results of this longitudinal study found that job embeddedness predicted voluntary turnover beyond job attitudes and core variables from traditional models of turnover. Results also found that job embeddedness interacted with job satisfaction to predict voluntary turnover, suggesting that the job embeddedness construct extends beyond the unfolding model of turnover (T. R. Mitchell & T. W. Lee, 2001) it originated from.
649 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2007TL;DR: A Rationale for a Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy is given in this article, along with a discussion of problems of spiritual pathways and problems of Spiritual Pathways in times of stress.
Abstract: Part I: Introduction. A Rationale for a Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy. Part II: Understanding the Sacred. Spirituality: The Sacred Domain. Discovering the Sacred. Holding On to the Sacred. In Times of Stress: Spiritual Coping to Conserve the Sacred. In Times of Stress: Spiritual Coping to Transform the Sacred. Problems of Spiritual Destinations. Problems of Spiritual Pathways. Part III: Addressing the Sacred. An Orientation to Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy. Initial and Implicit Spiritual Assessment. Explicit Spiritual Assessment. Drawing on Spiritual Strivings, Knowledge, and Experience. Drawing on Spiritual Practices, Relationships, and Coping Methods. Addressing Problems of Spiritual Destinations. Addressing Problems of Spiritual Pathways. Part IV: Conclusions. Steps Toward a More Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy.
641 citations
TL;DR: This paper explains wiki usage, investigates its contribution to various learning paradigms, examines the current literature on wiki use in education, and suggests additional uses in teaching software engineering.
Abstract: Wikis are one of many Web 2.0 components that can be used to enhance the learning process. A wiki is a web communication and collaboration tool that can be used to engage students in learning with others within a collaborative environment. This paper explains wiki usage, investigates its contribution to various learning paradigms, examines the current literature on wiki use in education, and suggests additional uses in teaching software engineering.
610 citations
TL;DR: Researchers, clinicians, and health educators might use this measure to better understand how parents feed their children, the factors that contribute to these practices, and the implications of these practices on children's eating behaviors.
Abstract: Objective Measures of parents’ feeding practices have focused primarily on parental control of feeding and have not sufficiently measured other potentially important practices. The current study validates a new measure of feeding practices, the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ). Method The first study validated a 9-factor feeding practice scale for mothers and fathers. In the second study, open-ended questions solicited feeding practices from parents to develop a more comprehensive measure of parental feeding. The third study validated an expanded 12-factor feeding practices measure with mothers of children from 2 to 8 years of age. Results The CFPQ appears to be an adequate tool for measuring the feeding practices of parents of young children. Conclusions Researchers, clinicians, and health educators might use this measure to better understand how parents feed their children, the factors that contribute to these practices, and the implications of these practices on children’s eating behaviors.
607 citations
TL;DR: The affective neuroethological perspective presented here views the ML-DA system in terms of its ability to activate an instinctual emotional appetitive state (SEEKING) evolved to induce organisms to search for all varieties of life-supporting stimuli and to avoid harms.
485 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a spectroscopic determination of the atmospheric parameters and chemical abundance of the parent star of the recently discovered transiting planet TrES-2 is reported, which can be used to directly measurabele from the light curves of transiting planets with much greater precision.
Abstract: We report on a spectroscopic determination of the atmospheric parameters and chemical abundance of the parent star of the recently discovered transiting planet TrES-2. A detailed LTE analysis of a set of Fe I and Fe II lines from our Keck spectra yields T_(eff) = 5850 ± 50 K, log g = 4.4 ± 0.1, and [Fe/H] = -0.15 ± 0.10. Several independent checks (e.g., additional spectroscopy, line-depth ratios) confirm the reliability of our spectroscopic T_(eff) estimate. The mass and radius of the star, needed to determine the properties of the planet, are traditionally inferred by comparison with stellar evolution models using T_(eff) and some measure of the stellar luminosity, such as the spectroscopic surface gravity. We apply here a new method in which we use instead of log g the normalized separation a/R_* (related to the stellar density), directly measurabele from the light curves of transiting planets with much greater precision. With the a/R_* value from the light-curve analysis of Holman and coworkers and our T_(eff) estimate, we obtain M_* = 0.980 ± 0.062 M_☉ and R_* = 1.000^(+0.036)_(-0.033) R_☉, and an evolutionary age of 5.1^(+2.7)_(-2.3) Gyr, in good agreement with other constraints (Ca II H and K line cores, lithium abundance, and rotation). The new stellar parameters yield improved values for the planetary mass and radius of M_p = 1.198 ± 0.053 M_J and R_p = 1.220^(+0.045)_(-0.042) R_J, confirming that TrES-2 is the most massive among the currently known nearby (d ≲ 300 pc) transiting hot Jupiters. The surface gravity of the planet, log g_p = 3.299 ± 0.016, can be derived independently of the knowledge of the stellar parameters (i.e., directly from observations), and with a very high precision rivaling that of the best known double-lined eclipsing binaries.
366 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of level of image interactivity on consumer perception of online retail environment, shopping enjoyment, shopping involvement, a desire to stay, and patronage intention was examined.
359 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a symbolic interactionist perspective on the emotions is presented that highlights their social character, forges links to cognitive processes, and suggests ways in which emotions influence long-term patterns of criminal involvement.
Abstract: A symbolic interactionist perspective on the emotions is presented that highlights their social character, forges links to cognitive processes, and suggests ways in which emotions influence long‐term patterns of criminal involvement. This neo‐Meadian perspective contrasts with theories of desistance that focus on the role of informal social controls and develops the view of an emotional self that flourishes somewhat independent of the major role transitions typically emphasized in sociological studies of the life course. The authors also explore ways in which attention to the emotional realms of experience adds to traditional treatments of the impact of adult transition events (e.g., the “good marriage effect”). Interviews with male and female adolescent offenders and two waves of adult follow‐up data document general patterns of association and support the argument that a social view of emotional processes is critical to a comprehensive understanding of life course patterns of criminal continuity and change.
324 citations
United States Department of Health and Human Services1, Hastings Center2, Veterans Health Administration3, Center for Humans and Nature4, National Quality Forum5, United States Department of Veterans Affairs6, American Medical Association7, Bowling Green State University8, National Committee for Quality Assurance9, Vanderbilt University10, Dartmouth College11, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill12, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality13, Yeshiva University14, Primary Children's Hospital15
TL;DR: This report discusses deliberate efforts of providers to meet their obligations to improve the quality of patient care through clinical and managerial changes in the processes of care, and presents recommendations for developing policy and practices to protect patients from both the harm that QI activities might cause and the harms that quality and safety deficits do cause.
Abstract: Quality improvement (QI) activities can improve health care but must be conducted ethically. The Hastings Center convened leaders and scholars to address ethical requirements for QI and their relationship to regulations protecting human subjects of research. The group defined QI as systematic, data-guided activities designed to bring about immediate improvements in health care delivery in particular settings and concluded that QI is an intrinsic part of normal health care operations. Both clinicians and patients have an ethical responsibility to participate in QI, provided that it complies with specified ethical requirements. Most QI activities are not human subjects research and should not undergo review by an institutional review board; rather, appropriately calibrated supervision of QI activities should be part of professional supervision of clinical practice. The group formulated a framework that would use key characteristics of a project and its context to categorize it as QI, human subjects research, or both, with the potential of a customized institutional review board process for the overlap category. The group recommended a period of innovation and evaluation to refine the framework for ethical conduct of QI and to integrate that framework into clinical practice.
TL;DR: Time-resolved emission experiments confirm that the solid host facilitates these sequential bimolecular reactions leading to delayed DPA fluorescence; however, these processes are notably slower than the analogous photochemistry in fluid solution.
Abstract: Noncoherent low-power photon upconversion has been realized in solid thin films composed of an ethyleneoxide/epichlorohydrin copolymer doped with palladium octaethylporphyrin (PdOEP) and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA). Selective excitation of PdOEP at 544 nm generates easily visualized DPA fluorescence in the blue with noncoherent light sources under ambient laboratory conditions. The incident excitation power dependence is quadratic in nature, exemplifying that sequential one-photon absorption by PdOEP leads to the sensitization of two triplet DPA chromophores, which in turn annihilate to produce the upconverted singlet DPA fluorescence. Time-resolved emission experiments confirm that the solid host facilitates these sequential bimolecular reactions leading to delayed DPA fluorescence; however, these processes are notably slower than the analogous photochemistry in fluid solution.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of symbolic attraction is presented that posits social-identity consciousness as a moderator of the relation between symbolic inferences about organizations (e.g., this company is dynamic and innovative) and attraction to those organizations.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that FR3D finds all occurrences, both local and composite and with nucleotide substitutions, of sarcin/ricin and kink-turn motifs in the 23S and 5S ribosomal RNA 3D structures of the H. marismortui 50S ribOSomal subunit and assigns the lowest discrepancy scores to bona fide examples of these motifs.
Abstract: New methods are described for finding recurrent three-dimensional (3D) motifs in RNA atomic-resolution structures. Recurrent RNA 3D motifs are sets of RNA nucleotides with similar spatial arrangements. They can be local or composite. Local motifs comprise nucleotides that occur in the same hairpin or internal loop. Composite motifs comprise nucleotides belonging to three or more different RNA strand segments or molecules. We use a base-centered approach to construct efficient, yet exhaustive search procedures using geometric, symbolic, or mixed representations of RNA structure that we implement in a suite of MATLAB programs, “Find RNA 3D” (FR3D). The first modules of FR3D preprocess structure files to classify base-pair and -stacking interactions. Each base is represented geometrically by the position of its glycosidic nitrogen in 3D space and by the rotation matrix that describes its orientation with respect to a common frame. Base-pairing and base-stacking interactions are calculated from the base geometries and are represented symbolically according to the Leontis/Westhof basepairing classification, extended to include base-stacking. These data are stored and used to organize motif searches. For geometric searches, the user supplies the 3D structure of a query motif which FR3D uses to find and score geometrically similar candidate motifs, without regard to the sequential position of their nucleotides in the RNA chain or the identity of their bases. To score and rank candidate motifs, FR3D calculates a geometric discrepancy by rigidly rotating candidates to align optimally with the query motif and then comparing the relative orientations of the corresponding bases in the query and candidate motifs. Given the growing size of the RNA structure database, it is impossible to explicitly compute the discrepancy for all conceivable candidate motifs, even for motifs with less than ten nucleotides. The screening algorithm that we describe finds all candidate motifs whose geometric discrepancy with respect to the query motif falls below a user-specified cutoff discrepancy. This technique can be applied to RMSD searches. Candidate motifs identified geometrically may be further screened symbolically to identify those that contain particular basepair types or base-stacking arrangements or that conform to sequence continuity or nucleotide identity constraints. Purely symbolic searches for motifs containing user-defined sequence, continuity and interaction constraints have also been implemented. We demonstrate that FR3D finds all occurrences, both local and composite and with nucleotide substitutions, of sarcin/ricin and kink-turn motifs in the 23S and 5S ribosomal RNA 3D structures of the H. marismortui 50S ribosomal subunit and assigns the lowest discrepancy scores to bona fide examples of these motifs. The search algorithms have been optimized for speed to allow users to search the non-redundant RNA 3D structure database on a personal computer in a matter of minutes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the limitations of using linearized Langmuir equations by fitting P sorption data collected on eight different soils with four linearized versions of the LLE and compared goodness-of-fit measures and fitted parameter values with those obtained with the nonlinear LLE.
Abstract: One of the most commonly used models for describing solute sorption to soils is the Langmuir model. Because the Langmuir model is nonlinear, fitting the model to sorption data requires that the model be solved iteratively using an optimization program. To avoid the use of optimization programs, a linearized version of the Langmuir model is often used so that model parameters can be obtained by linear regression. Although the linear and nonlinear Langmuir equations are mathematically equivalent, there are several limitations to using linearized Langmuir equations. We examined the limitations of using linearized Langmuir equations by fitting P sorption data collected on eight different soils with four linearized versions of the Langmuir equation and comparing goodness-of-fit measures and fitted parameter values with those obtained with the nonlinear Langmuir equation. We then fit the sorption data with two modified versions of the Langmuir model and assessed whether the fits were statistically superior to the original Langmuir equation. Our results demonstrate that the use of linearized Langmuir equations needlessly limits the ability to model sorption data with good accuracy. To encourage the testing of additional nonlinear sorption models, we have made available an easily used Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (ars.usda.gov/msa/awmru/ bolster/Sorption_spreadsheets) capable of generating best-fit parameters and their standard errors and confidence intervals, correlations between fitted parameters, and goodness-of-fit measures. The results of our study should promote more critical evaluation of model fits to sorption data and encourage the testing of more sophisticated sorption models.
TL;DR: It is found that children born to cohabiting versus married parents have over five times the risk of experiencing their parents’ separation.
Abstract: We draw on three waves of the Fragile Families Study (N =2,249) to examine family stability among a recent birth cohort of children. We find that children born to cohabiting versus married parents have over five times the risk of experiencing their parents’ separation. This difference in union stability is greatest for White children, as compared with Black or Mexican American children. For White children, differences in parents’ education levels, paternal substance abuse, and prior marriage and children account for the higher instability faced by those born to cohabiting parents, whereas differences in union stability are not fully explained among Black and Mexican American children. These findings have implications for policies aimed at promoting family stability and reducing inequality.
TL;DR: This method shows how the discriminatory capacity of sensor arrays utilizing pattern recognition operating in multianalyte environments may be dramatically improved by employing two key features: fluoride-selective yet cross-reactive array and synergy between the sensor and hydrogel host.
Abstract: Reliable sensing of structurally similar anions in water is a difficult problem, and analytical tests and sensor devices for reliable sensing of multiple anions are very rare. This study describes a method for fabrication of simple colorimetric array-based assays for aqueous anion solutions, including complex analytes encountered in real-life applications. On the fundamental level, this method shows how the discriminatory capacity of sensor arrays utilizing pattern recognition operating in multianalyte environments may be dramatically improved by employing two key features. The synergy between the sensor and hydrogel host resembles the cooperative effects of an apoenzyme and cofactor: the host hydrogel helps extract the target anions from the bulk analyte while stripping the solvate molecules off the anions. In addition, the supramolecular studies of the affinity and selectivity of the potential sensors for target analytes allow for constructing an array predesigned for a particular analyte. To illustrat...
TL;DR: Results indicated that interventions containing a family-behavioral component produced larger effect sizes than the alternative treatment groups, demonstrating that the inclusion of a family component may be advantageous to a child's weight-loss treatment.
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explain wiki usage, investigate its contribution to various learning paradigms, examine the current literature on wiki use in education, and suggest additional uses in teaching software engineering.
Abstract: Wikis are one of many Web 2.0 components that can be used to enhance the learning process. A wiki is a web communication and collaboration tool that can be used to engage students in learning with others within a collaborative environment. This paper explains wiki usage, investigates its contribution to various learning paradigms, examines the current literature on wiki use in education, and suggests additional uses in teaching software engineering.
TL;DR: For individuals experiencing weight loss difficulties during a behavioral weight loss program (BWLP), MI may have considerable promise.
Abstract: Objective: This investigation was designed to improve behavioral weight loss program (BWLP) treatment outcomes by providing stepped care (SC) to individuals experiencing difficulties with weight loss during treatment. SC entails transition to more intensive treatments when less intensive treatments fail to meet treatment goals. In a BWLP, motivational interviewing (MI) may increase participants' motivation toward behavioral change and thus complement the acquisition of behavioral change skills. It was hypothesized that BWLP + SC (MI) participants (i.e., participants who failed to meet weight loss goals and received MI) would demonstrate superior treatment outcomes when compared with BWLP (SC matched) participants (i.e., participants who failed to meet weight loss goals but did not receive MI). Design: Fifty-five obese, sedentary adults were randomly assigned to a BWLP + SC or a BWLP. Main outcome measures: Changes in weight, cardiorespiratory fitness, self-reported physical activity, and diet (i.e., calories, percentage daily intake of fat, protein, and carbohydrates) in response to treatment were assessed. Results: Participants significantly decreased their weight, increased physical activity/fitness, and improved dietary intake (ps <.05). BWLP + SC (MI) participants lost more weight and engaged in greater weekly exercise than BWLP (SC matched) participants who did not receive MI (ps <.05). Conclusion: For individuals experiencing weight loss difficulties during a BWLP, MI may have considerable promise.
TL;DR: The authors found that adolescents are less certain about their cohabitation than marriage expectations, and that they rarely envision co-habitation as substituting for marriage as a substitute for marriage.
Abstract: Cohabitation has become part of the pathway toward marriage. Prior work focuses on expectations to marry and has ignored cohabitation. Although most young adults are not replacing marriage with cohabitation, but instead cohabit and then marry, it is important to study adolescents’ joint expectations to cohabit as well as marry. Our analyses draw on recently collected data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (N = 1,293). We find that adolescents are less certain about their cohabitation than marriage expectations. Dating and sexual experience, traditional values, prosocial activities, and parents influence adolescents’ union formation expectations. The findings from this work suggest that adolescents are including cohabitation as part of their future life trajectories but rarely envision cohabitation as substituting for marriage.
TL;DR: T tripodal sensor molecules S1–S8 based on 1,3,5-triaminomethyl-2,4,6-triethylbenzene which can form arrays of six hydrogen-bond donors are presented which could allow for the sensing of phosphate ions in aqueous environments, including biological milieu such as blood serum.
Abstract: Phosphate anions, both inorganic and organic, hold a unique position in nature, as they take part in almost all metabolic processes. Nucleotide phosphates such as AMP or ATP are important for their role in bioenergetics, metabolism, and transfer of genetic information. Phosphates in biological liquids are often present in high concentrations and may be utilized in the diagnosis of certain diseases. Human serum contains 0.80– 1.45 mm phosphate; higher phosphate levels are directly connected to cardiovascular disease and acute renal failure. Similarly, ATP is present in resting muscle at a concentration of 4 mm, and in erythrocytes at a concentration of just under 2 mm. Numerous materials have been developed to sense phosphate ions in water at biological pH values. The sensors based on anion-induced enhancement of intrinsic fluorescence (turn-on) are attractive as they offer the potential for high sensitivity 7] and, unlike the displacement assays, are instantly reversible. Alas, few fluorescence-turn-on sensors exist for phosphate that function in electrolyte solutions. To the best of our knowledge, fluorescence-turn-on sensors capable of sensing phosphate ions in complex biological milieu, such as blood serum, have not yet been developed. Recently, we demonstrated that simple anion sensors based on hydrogen-bonding interactions can bind and sense anions in hydrophilic polymer matrices, despite their inability to bind anions in water. 11] This method combined with the sensitivity of the fluorescence-turn-on signaling could allow for the sensing of phosphate ions in aqueous environments, including biological milieu such as blood serum. Here, we present tripodal sensor molecules S1–S8 (Scheme 1) based on 1,3,5-triaminomethyl-2,4,6-triethylbenzene which can form arrays of six hydrogen-bond donors.
TL;DR: The TonB system of Escherichia coli is distinguished by its importance to iron acquisition, its contribution to bacterial pathogenesis, and a unique and mysterious mechanism of action.
Abstract: The TonB system of Escherichia coli (and most other Gram-negative bacteria) is distinguished by its importance to iron acquisition, its contribution to bacterial pathogenesis, and a unique and mysterious mechanism of action. This system somehow gathers the potential energy of the cytoplasmic membrane (CM) proton gradient and delivers it to active transporters in the outer membrane (OM). Our understanding of this system is confounded by the challenge of reconciling often contradictory in vivo and in vitro studies that are presented in this review.
TL;DR: Results indicate that calories were systematically underestimated in healthy/weight loss foods, while they were systematically overestimated in unhealthy/weight gain foods.
Book•
15 Nov 2007TL;DR: The R Environment Getting Started with R Using the R Online Help System Functions Arrays, Data Frames, and Lists Workspace and Files Using Scripts Using Packages Graphics Probability and Statistics Review Random Variables and Probability Some Discrete Distributions Some Continuous Distributions Multivariate Normal Distribution Limit Theorems Statistics Bayes' Theorem and Bayesian Statistics Markov Chains Methods for Generating random Variables.
Abstract: preface Introduction Computational Statistics and Statistical Computing The R Environment Getting Started with R Using the R Online Help System Functions Arrays, Data Frames, and Lists Workspace and Files Using Scripts Using Packages Graphics Probability and Statistics Review Random Variables and Probability Some Discrete Distributions Some Continuous Distributions Multivariate Normal Distribution Limit Theorems Statistics Bayes' Theorem and Bayesian Statistics Markov Chains Methods for Generating Random Variables Introduction The Inverse Transform Method The Acceptance-Rejection Method Transformation Methods Sums and Mixtures Multivariate Distributions Stochastic Processes Exercises Visualization of Multivariate Data Introduction Panel Displays Surface Plots and 3D Scatter Plots Contour Plots Other 2D Representations of Data Other Approaches to Data Visualization Exercises Monte Carlo Integration and Variance Reduction Introduction Monte Carlo Integration Variance Reduction Antithetic Variables Control Variates Importance Sampling Stratified Sampling Stratified Importance Sampling Exercises R Code Monte Carlo Methods in Inference Introduction Monte Carlo Methods for Estimation Monte Carlo Methods for Hypothesis Tests Application Exercises Bootstrap and Jackknife The Bootstrap The Jackknife Jackknife-after-Bootstrap Bootstrap Confidence Intervals Better Bootstrap Confidence Intervals Application Exercises Permutation Tests Introduction Tests for Equal Distributions Multivariate Tests for Equal Distributions Application Exercises Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods Introduction The Metropolis-Hastings Algorithm The Gibbs Sampler Monitoring Convergence Application Exercises R Code Probability Density Estimation Univariate Density Estimation Kernel Density Estimation Bivariate and Multivariate Density Estimation Other Methods of Density Estimation Exercises R Code Numerical Methods in R Introduction Root-Finding in One Dimension Numerical Integration Maximum Likelihood Problems 1D Optimization 2D Optimization The EM Algorithm Linear Programming-The Simplex Method Application Exercises APPENDIX A: Notation APPENDIX B: Working with Data Frames and Arrays Resampling and Data Partitioning Subsetting and Reshaping Data Data Entry and Data Analysis References Index
TL;DR: Kaelberer et al. as discussed by the authors used panel data and interviews to investigate the role of the "democratic advantage" and other determinants on bond ratings set by Moody's Investor Services, Standard and Poor's, and Fitch Ratings for fifty developing countries from 1987 to 2003.
Abstract: The importance of sovereign bond ratings has grown recently as assessments by credit rating agencies (CRAs) influence the cost of capital Understanding how CRAs determine country ratings is difficult based on the secretive nature of these agencies Controlling for the common explanations in the literature, we use panel data and interviews to investigate the role of the “democratic advantage” and other determinants on bond ratings set by Moody's Investor Services, Standard and Poor's, and Fitch Ratings for fifty developing countries from 1987 to 2003 We find that regime type and most other political factors have little effect on bond raters Instead, trade, inflation, growth, and bond default strongly affect sovereign ratings The message for policymakers in developing countries is that factors that support bond repayment are most useful for enhancing CRA ratingsThe authors' names are listed alphabetically to indicate equal contribution For comments on previous versions of this article, we are grateful to Matthias Kaelberer, Sebastian Saiegh, Tim Sinclair, Mike Tomz, Paul Vaaler, Jeff Wooldridge, as well as panelists and participants of the ISA 2006 We thank Nate Jensen, Layna Mosley, and Andy Sobel for helping us make contacts with bond raters We also thank Tai Scelfo for her research assistance We greatly acknowledge the generosity of the bond raters for giving us insights on the ratings process Portions of this research were supported by a 2005 Small Grant by the American Political Science Association
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The authors reviewed some of the foundational assumptions on which the theory of religion and coping rests and summarized recent advances in research in the area of religious and coping, and highlighted some new directions for research in psychology of religion.
Abstract: Recently, the field of psychology has begun to display a growing interest in religious coping methods and their implications for health and well-being. Empirical studies have yielded an interesting picture of the relationship between religious coping and physical and mental health. In this paper, we review some of the foundational assumptions on which the theory of religion and coping rests. Then, we summarize recent advances in research in the area of religion and coping. We conclude by highlighting some of the exciting new directions for research in the psychology of religion and coping.
TL;DR: The benefit of low-cost labor must be weighed against the risk of missed deadlines, dissatisfied users, and failure to reduce development costs.
Abstract: The benefit of low-cost labor must be weighed against the risk of missed deadlines, dissatisfied users, and failure to reduce development costs.
TL;DR: Hexacenes substituted at the 6 and 15 positions with the phenyl, p-tert-butylphenyl, and mesityl groups were synthesized using the quinone reduction method, but these compounds were also shown to be unstable in solution.
TL;DR: This article investigated the role of drug use on desistance processes in criminal offending and found that drug use and its lifestyle concomitants bring together a host of distinctive social dynamics that compromise multiple life domains.
Abstract: Sampson and Laub's age-graded theory of informal social control emphasizes the importance of adult social bonds such as marriage and stable employment in redirecting behavior in a more prosocial direction. Heavy alcohol use has also been shown to influence persistent patterns of offending as well as more episodic offending across the life course. Sampson and Laub's life-course theory emphasizes the negative impact of alcohol use on marital and employment bonds. Although alcohol has indeed been shown to have significant effects on criminal offending, we argue that drug use and the drug culture in which many contemporary offenders are enmeshed have consequences that often complicate desistance processes in ways that alcohol does not. Drug use and its lifestyle concomitants bring together a host of distinctive social dynamics that compromise multiple life domains. The current project investigates the role of drug use on desistance processes relying on a contemporary sample of previously institutionalized youth. We draw on three waves of data from the Ohio life-course study, a project that spans some 21 years. The results support the assertion that drug use exerts unique effects on desistance processes, once levels of alcohol use are taken into account. We investigate possible mechanisms that help to explain the differential impact of drug use on offending and find that social network effects, particularly partner criminality, explain some but not all of the negative impact of drug use on life-course patterns of criminal offending.