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Showing papers by "Braunschweig University of Technology published in 1973"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new method of establishing a rational vapour pressure equation is presented, which has been used for nitrogen and argon without any restriction as to general validity, and the coefficients of a new VP equation for these two substances are also given.

319 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a cell structure consisting of nearly dislocation free regions of varying sizes surrounded by walls of dislocation networks without preferred orientation is observed which is, in principle, the same in all stages of deformation.
Abstract: DISLOCATION STRUCTURE AND WORK-HARDENING OF COPPER SINGLE CRYSTALS WITH [100] AXIS ORIENTATION I. DISLOCATION ARRANGEMENT AND CELL STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS DEFORMED IN TENSION Copper single crystals with [100] axis orientation are deformed in tension at room temperature and after load-removal are irradiated with neutrons to stabilize the dislocation arrangement before the preparation of thin foils. TEM investigations of {111}-, {110}- and {100}-foils and the analysis of Burgers vectors and lino vectors yield the essential information about the dislocation arrangement. A cell structure is observed which is, in principle, the same in all stages of deformation. This cell structure consists of nearly dislocation free regions of varying sizes surrounded by walls of dislocation networks without preferred orientation. The most important parameters of this dislocation structure are measured as a function of stress: Dislocations of all 6 Burgers vectors—including those which do not operate under the external...

132 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of EMPIRICAL data showed that the time budget and daily movement pattern of a person living in an URBAN area is determined by the age and sex of this person.
Abstract: THE ANALYSIS IN THIS STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL TRAVEL BEHAVIOR IS DEVELOPED FROM THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF THE URBAN ACTIVITY PATTERN IS DETERMINED BY THE CONCURRENCE OF INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY PATTERNS. AS ANALYSIS OF EMPIRICAL DATA SHOWS THAT TIME BUDGET AND DAILY MOVEMENT PATTERN OF A PERSON, LIVING IN AN URBAN AREA, IS PRIMARILY DETERMINED BY AGE AND SEX OF THIS PERSON. THE HOURLY DISTRIBUTION OF CHANGES OF PLACE DEPENDS ON THE TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVITIES OVER A DAY'S PERIOD. THE CONCEPTUALIZED "INDIVIDUAL-FACTOR-MODEL" IS A DESCRIPTIVE MODEL BY NATURE. CONTRARY TO CURRENT TRIP GENERATION MODELS, IT TAKES INTO ACCOUNT THE UNDERLYING CAUSE-EFFECT-RELATIONSHIPS AND BASES TRIP GENERATION ON INDIVIDUAL CRITERIA OF THE "TRAFFIC-GENERATORS." /DOT/

45 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The central European basement is divided into linear domelike zones of crystalline rocks that are separated by sedimentary troughs as discussed by the authors, and the geosynclinal evolution took place in an intracontinental area.
Abstract: The central European basement is divided into linear domelike zones of crystalline rocks that are separated by sedimentary troughs. Analyses of clasts in conglomerates and of radiometric dates indicate maximum intensities of magmatic and metamorphic processes in the Proterozoic, at the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary, and in the Late Devonian and Carboniferous. The geosynclinal evolution took place in an intracontinental area. There is no indication of the existence of an oceanic crust in central Europe. The orogenic events were caused ultimately by vertical rise of light buoyant basic magma produced by gravitative differentiation in the upper mantle. Synkinematically intruded granite masses, which originated by anatexis of the crust and produced basement uplifts, are surrounded by broad metamorphic aureoles, whereas postkinematic intrusions are characterized by local zones of contact metamorphism. As granitic melts rose, mobile troughs developed in front of the steep-flanked plutons. Shallow-water deposits, disconformities, and converging strata are typical of the sedimentary cover of the plutons. The flanks of the basement uplifts are shown by conglomeratic sediments and by outward directions of sediment transport. The basins are shown by uninterrupted sequences of thick pelagic sediments. Deformation of the troughs was caused by vertical movements connected with granitic intrusion. At the rims of diapiric plutons, gravitative sliding of the sedimentary cover and deep-seated faulting took place, and tholeiitic basalt magmas of continental origin altered during processes of spilitization ascended. Horizontal shortening is only of subordinate importance, mainly in connection with gravity tectonics. The genesis of the central European basement cannot be explained in the sense of “the new global tectonics.”

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an iterative method is proposed to determine the eigenvalues of normal couples of matrices A;B. This method is particularly appropriate for systems of high order if only few eigen values of the spectrum are required.
Abstract: Auf der Grundlage des Ritzschen Verfahrens wird ein Iterationsverfahren zur Bestimmung von Eigenwerten normaler Matrizenpaare A;B hergeleitet, das die kleinsten Eigenwerte in aufsteigender bzw. die grosten Eigenwerte in absteigender Reihenfolge mitsamt ihren Eigenvektoren zu berechnen gestattet. Das Verfahren ist besonders fur hohe Ordnungszahlen n geeignet, wenn nur wenige Eigenwerte des Spektrums gesucht sind. To determine the eigenvalues of normal couples of matrices A;B an iterative method will be worked out on the basis of the Ritz method. This new method allows the calculation of the smallest eigenvalues in rising sequence and of the largest eigenvalues in descending sequence together with their eigenvectors. This method is particularly appropriate for systems of high order if only few eigenvalues of the spectrum are required.

20 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: In this article, the potential distribution in the neighbourhood of a conducting, electron emitting sphere surrounded by a collisionless plasma is investigated in the presence of photo-emission, and the role of the electron Debye lengths is discussed.
Abstract: The potential distribution is investigated in the neighbourhood of a conducting, electron emitting sphere surrounded by a collisionless plasma. The energy dependence of the emitted electrons is adopted in accordance with data on photoemission, but their spatial distribution is treated spherically symmetric. A Maxwellian velocity distribution with zero average velocity is assumed for the undisturbed plasma electrons. The ions are taken as uniform background. A self consistent solution of the collisionless Boltzmann equation for the electrons and Poisson’s equation has been obtained by an iterative scheme. Results are presented for plasma parameters corresponding to solar wind conditions at 1 AU. The role of the plasma- and photoelectron Debye lengths is discussed.

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Hydrolyseanfalligkeit der geharteten Harze ermittelt, das der Hartungszustand der reinen harze nicht dem der Harze in den Platten entspricht.
Abstract: Die nachtragliche Formaldehydabspaltung bei harnstoffharzgebundenen Holzspanplatten sollte in Versuchen durch Verwendung anderer Harter, insbesondere organischer Sauren, beeinflust werden. Dabei wurde die Hydrolyseanfalligkeit der geharteten Harze ermittelt. Es wurde nachgewiesen, das der Hartungszustand der reinen Harze nicht dem der Harze in den Platten entspricht. Die Verminderung der Formaldehydabspaltung durch Zusatz von Ammoniak und Harnstoff bei der Spanplattenherstellung wurde bestatigt. Die vom Holz aufgenommene Formaldehydmenge ist so gering, das kaum ein Einflus auf die nachtraglich von Spanplatten abgegebene Formaldehydmenge ausgeubt wird. Bei der Simulierung ungunstiger Lagerbedingungen fur Spanplatten wurde erneut der grose Einflus von Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit aufgezeigt. Fur den Abfall der Querzugfestigkeit, insbesondere bei hoherem Feuchtegehalt, kann nicht allein der hydrolytische Abbau des Harzes verantwortlich sein, sondern z. T. auch die Bewegung der Spane durch Quellen und Schwinden, wodurch Lockerstellen entstehen. Diese Erscheinung tritt bei harnstoffharzgebundenen Platten aus nicht quellendem Perlite nicht auf. Bei Warme-und Feuchteeinwirkung, wie sie in ungunstigen Fallen in Holzspanplattenstapeln auftritt, konnte kein hydrolytischer Abbau des Holzes bis zur Festigkeitsminderung der Holzspane selbst nachgewiesen werden.

17 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electrical properties of polycrystalline Ge films were investigated at different substrate temperatures, and the critical grain size was found to be about an elementary cell, which is due to the relatively high evaporation rate used.
Abstract: Results are reported of an investigation of the electrical properties of Ge films evaporated on Duran glass at different substrate temperatures TS. The resistivity measurements allow to distinguish between amorphous and polycrystalline films on account of a steep resistivity step of four or seven orders of magnitude at 294 or 80 K lattice temperature, respectively as found at TST = 135°C. This step is due to the fact that with the relatively high evaporation rate used, grains of only equal size are performed, and that with decreasing TS at TST all grains fall below a critical grain size. By the analysis of the lattice temperature dependence of the resistivity of the polycrystalline films, making use of the mean free path of carriers between two collisions at grain boundaries, the critical grain size was found to be about an elementary cell. Es wird uber ergebnisse einer Untersuchung der elektrischen Eigenschaften von Ge-Filmen berichtet, die bei verschiedenen Substrattemperaturen TS auf Duranglas aufgedampft wurden. Mit den Widerstandsmessungen kann zwischen amorphen und polykristallinen Schichten unterschieden werden, weil bei TST = 135°C ein steiler Sprung des spezifischen Widerstandes um vier bzw. sieben Zehnerpotenzen bei 294 bzw. 80 K Gittertemperatur auftritt. Dieser Sprung ist dadurch bedingt, das bei der verwendeten relativ hohen Aufdampfrate nur Korner gleicher Grose entstehen und mit abnehmendem TS bei TST alle Korner eine kritische Korngrose unterschreiten. Durch die Analyse der Gittertemperaturabhangigkeit des spezifischen Widerstandes der polykristallinen Schichten wird anhand der mittleren freien Weglange der Ladungstrager zwischen zwei Stosen an Korngrenzen gefunden, das diese kritische Korngrose etwa die der Elementarzelle ist.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a modulation method was developed for measuring rotations of the plane of polarization of linearly polarized radiation to an accuracy of better than 0.001° in normal cases, and the range of measurements was extended up to 2 eV above the indirect energy gap with sample thicknesses between 1 mm and 1 μm.
Abstract: The nonresonant interband Faraday rotation in silicon single crystals was measured in the spectral region 0.55 to 3.1 eV. A new modulation method is developed for measuring rotations of the plane of polarization of linearly polarized radiation to an accuracy of better than 0.001° in normal cases. The range of measurements was extended up to 2 eV above the indirect energy gap with sample thicknesses between 1 mm and 1 μm, at temperatures between 100 and 350 K, and in a magnetic field of 2 T. The Faraday rotation increases monotonously in the whole range up to a photon energy of 3.1 eV. As the analysis by means of theoretical dispersion functions, of the dispersion relation known as Becquerel equation, and the temperature dependence shows, the interband Faraday rotation in silicon is only associated with direct transitions, the band gap of which should be between 3.2 and 3.4 eV and is not below 3.1 eV. Es wird uber die nichtoszillatorische Interband-Faraday-Drehung in Silizium-Einkristal-Ien berichtet. Es wurde ein neues Modulationsverfahren zur Drehwinkelmessung entwickelt mit einer Mesgenauigkeit von in der Regel besser als 0,001°. Der Mesbereich wurde bis zu 2 eV oberhalb der indirekten Kante ausgedehnt und liegt zwischen 0,55 und 3,1 eV Photonenenergie mit Probendicken zwischen 1 mm und 1 μm, bei Temperaturen zwischen 100 und 350 K und einem Magnetfeld von 2 T. Die Faraday-Drehung steigt bis zu einer Photonenenergie von 3,1 eV monoton an. Wie die Analyse mit Hilfe theoretischer Spektralfunktionen des durch die Becquerelsche Gleichung gegebenen Dispersionszusammenhangs und der Temperaturabhangigkeit zeigt, ist die Interband-Faraday-Drehung von Silizium nur an direkte Ubergange gekoppelt, deren Bandabstand zwischen 3,2 und 3,4 eV zu erwarten ist und nicht unterhalb 3,1 eV liegt.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the six-membered ring system PSi2N3 with phosphorus in different oxidation and bond numbers, collected in scheme 1, have been prepared for the first time and confirmed in their structure by elemental analysis as well as by infrared and 1H and 31P spectroscopy.
Abstract: Die in Schema 1 zusammengefasten Verbindungen I bis X der Ringsysteme der Titeluberschrift wurden erstmalig dargestellt und uber Elementaranalysen, IR-, 1H- und 31P-NMR-Spektren in ihrer Struktur sichergestellt. Novel Inorganic Ring Systems. XV. The Sixmembered Ring Systems PIIISi2N3, [PVSi2N3]⊕ and PVSi2N3 Compounds I–X of the sixmembered ring system PSi2N3 with phosphorus in different oxidation and bond numbers, collected in scheme 1, have been prepared for the first time and confirmed in their structure by elemental analysis as well as by infrared and 1H and 31P spectroscopy.

10 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it has been experimentally shown that the product of the mean frequency deviation of FM noise and the external quality factor varies inversely proportional to the power output of Gunn oscillators.
Abstract: It has been experimentally shown that the product of the mean frequency deviation of FM noise and the external quality factor varies inversely proportional to the power output of Gunn oscillators. This behavior of FM noise of Gunn oscillators with power output is in very good agreement with theoretical predictions of large-signal diffusion noise in GaAs devices. At optimum power output, the calculated and experimentally determined noise measure ranges between 17 and 22 dB.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: The analytical relations of a given system of differential equations can be satisfied in a stabilized manner in order to improve the numerical accuracy of the solution by the addition of control terms to the system at hand as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The analytical relations of a given system of differential equations can be satisfied in a stabilized manner in order to improve the numerical accuracy of the solution by the addition of control terms to the system at hand. Examples of such relations are the energy relation in conservative systems or the analytical relations generated by outer constraints provided the LAGRANGE equations of the first kind are used. The idea to add a control term is applied to the Kepler motion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show how such a first integral can be satisfied with better accuracy and in a stabilized manner by adding an appropriate control term to the differential system, thereby improving the accuracy of the numerical integration.
Abstract: When a system of differential equations admits a first integral (e.q. the law of energy), the value of that integral may be used as a check during the numerical integration. Often this check is satisfied with poor accuracy since the existence of the first integral is unknown to the computer. The aim of the paper is to show how such a first integral can be satisfied with better accuracy and in a stabilized manner by adding an appropriate control term to the differential system. The accuracy of the numerical integration is thereby improved. The basic idea is applied to the problem ofN bodies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple derivation of off-diagonal operator equivalents and their matrix elements is given in the framework of Schwinger's coupled boson representation of angular momentum theory.
Abstract: A simple derivation of off-diagonal operator equivalents and their matrix elements is given in the framework of Schwinger's coupled boson representation of angular momentum theory. The operator equivalents are up to a factor identical with those recently given by Atkins and Seymour, but they are derived differently without making use of properties of spherical harmonics, symmetrization, 3j coefficients and the Wigner-Eckart theorem.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Not always existing correlation between clinical signs and chromosomal findings in mosaicism may have its origin in differential contribution of the several caryotypes to the development of the germ lamellas and organs.
Abstract: Es wird die klinische und chromosomale Variabilitat des weiblichen Turner-Syndroms anhand von 17 klinisch und cytogenetisch intensiv untersuchter eigener Falle beschrieben. In Blutkulturen wurden die Karyotypen AAXO, AAXO/AAXX, AAXO/AAXX/AAXXqi, AAXO/AAXX/AAXXX sowie AAXX gefunden; korrespondierende Werte ergaben sich bei den Sex-chromatin-Tests an Mundschleimhautabstrichen. Das klinische Bild der Patientinnen reicht vom typischen Turner-Syndrom bis zur fast unauffalligen Frau; nicht immer findet sich eine Korrelation zum cytogenetischen Befund. Es werden die Ursachen fur die Entstehung des Turner-Syndroms mit und ohne Zellmosaik aufgeziegt. Die nicht immer vorhandene Korrelation des klinischen Bildes mit dem Chromosomenbefund wird bei den Zellmosaiken theoretisch auf die unterschiedliche Beteiligung der einzelnen Karyotypen am Aufbau der Keimblatter und der einzelnen Organe zuruckgefuhrt. Zur Erklarung der grosen Variabilitat der sog. reinen XO-Falle und der Turner-Phanotypen bei bestimmten reinen XX-Fallen wird die Moglichkeit in Erwagung gezogen, das es sich hierbei um cytogenetisch nicht erkannte Zellmosaike handelt. Hinweise hierfur werden in der unterschiedlichen Lebenserwartung der Turner-Blastocysten gesehen. Es wird vermutet, das nur Blastocysten lebensfahig sind, deren Trophoblasten ganz oder teilweise aus Zellen mit XX-Chromosomensatzen bestehen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the half-lives of three low-lying levels in 122 I have been measured using delayed coincidence techniques, and the following results were obtained: T 1 2 (61.8 keV ) = 7.4 ± 0.5 ns, T 2 (90.7 keV) = 1.9 ± 1.3 ns, and T 2 2 (148.8 kV ) ≦ 80 ps.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the advantages of a band-splitting network made from oversized rectangular waveguide are discussed in comparison with filters in circular waveguide for TE°01 telecommunication systems.
Abstract: The advantages of a new band-splitting network made from oversized rectangular waveguide are discussed in comparison with filters in circular waveguide for TE°01 telecommunication systems. Measurements are given.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, aus 3 bzw. 4 verschiedenen Elementen bestehenden rein anorganischen Sechsringsysteme Si2SN3 and Si2N2O with Einfachbindungen im Ring und Schwefel der Oxydationszahl +6 aufbauen (Rkk.
Abstract: Nach dem Prinzip der Ringsynthesen durch Kondensation zweier dreigliedriger α,ω-difunktioneller Bausteine in hoher Verdunnung liesen sich erstmalig die aus 3 bzw. 4 verschiedenen Elementen bestehenden rein anorganischen Sechsringsysteme Si2SN3 und Si2SN2O mit Einfachbindungen im Ring und Schwefel der Oxydationszahl +6 aufbauen (Rkk. 1; 2) und in den Verbindungen I–VII charakterisieren.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1973
TL;DR: Die Berechnung der freien und der unabhiingigen Pufferzeit in Vorgangspfeilnetzen werden folgende Formeln angcgcbcn gefunden.
Abstract: 1. Die Berechnung der freien und der unabhiingigen Pufferzeit in Vorgangspfeilnetzen In der Literatur finden sich auch in neucren Ver6ffentlichungcn for die Bercchnung yon Puffcrzeiten bci Vorgangspfcilnctzen fast ausschlicl31ich Formcln, die bei Vorhandensein yon Scheinvorg~ingen nicht immcr zu Ergebnisscn fiihrcn, die den Pufferzeitdefinitioncn entsprechcn (DIN 69900). Ftir die Bcrcchnung der frcicn und der unabh~ingigcn Puffcrzeit werden folgende Formeln angcgcbcn [Behnke, 1970; Brandenberger und Konrad, 1969; H6her, 1969; Thumb, 1968; Wille, Gewald und Weber, 1966] FP(i,j) = FZ(j) FEZ(i,j) UP(i,j) -max [0; FZ(j) SZ(i) D(i,j)]. In dem einfachen Beispiel in Abb. 1 ergibt sich nach diesen Formeln f'tir den Vorgang (4; 5) F P ( 4 ; 5 ) = 1 3 13 = 0 UP(4; 5) = max(0; 13 17 3 = 7 ) = 0

Proceedings ArticleDOI
06 Aug 1973

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the quantum mechanical method of the occupation number representation of the harmonic oscillator and the technique of noncommuting operators is used in the derivation of a master integral for Hermite polynomials.
Abstract: The quantum mechanical method of the occupation number representation of the harmonic oscillator and the technique of noncommuting operators is used in the derivation of a master integral for Hermite polynomials. It contains not only nearly all integrals of this type given in the literature but gives more than twice this number new ones. The advantage in the derivation of the master integral is that it needs only elementary operator commutations.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic structure of MIS diode has been shown and the range over which MIS varactors may be driven and the surface effects have been treated in enough detail to at least estimate and put limits on their influence in high frequency applications.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses physics and applications of Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS). The basic structure of MIS diode has been shown. The surface states as well as differences in the work functions between metal and semiconductor have secondary significance in high-frequency applications, and, therefore, have been taken into account. The chapter considers the range over which MIS varactors may be driven and the surface effects have been treated in enough detail to at least estimate and put limits on their influence in high-frequency applications. It discusses the approximate characteristics and cutoff frequency and parametraicm plifiers. Operation of MIS varactors in frequency multipliers and varactors used to convert signals at intermediate frequencies to high frequencies has been discussed. MIS diode technology has not only profited from the investigations of siliconsilicon dioxide system together with other insulators, but has also contributed to the understanding of the electrical properties of semiconductor surfaces, as the MIS diode is a useful device for studying semiconductor-insulator interfaces. The chapter treats those insulators or insulator combinations that have proved to yield reliable high-frequency MIS varactors.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the functional equation (F) were given, and in case of existence the solution of (F).
Abstract: The functional equation $$f(x) = v(x,p) + p^m \sum\limits_{n - 0}^{p - 1} {f\left( {\frac{{x + n}}{p}} \right)} $$ occurs in Norlund's theory of difference equations. We state necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions of (F). In case of existence the solution of (F) is given explicitely.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1973

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: Veranlast durch die Bedurfnisse der Praxis wird die Losung fur die Kreisplatte auf elastischer Bettung mit rotationssymmetrischer Last auf den Fall beliebiger Randbelastung erweitert.
Abstract: Veranlast durch die Bedurfnisse der Praxis wird die Losung fur die Kreisplatte auf elastischer Bettung mit rotationssymmetrischer Last auf den Fall beliebiger Randbelastung erweitert.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, angegebene numerische Methode, ein iteratives Ritz-Verfahren fur mehrparametrige Ansatzfunktionen, liefert bessere Schranken fur die Stauchkraft als vergleichbare Verfahre in the Literatur.
Abstract: Das Stauchen einfacher axialsymmetrischer Proben wird mit Hilfe des Verfahrens von der oberen Schranke untersucht. Die angegebene numerische Methode, ein iteratives Ritz-Verfahren fur mehrparametrige Ansatzfunktionen, liefert bessere Schranken fur die Stauchkraft als vergleichbare Verfahren in der Literatur. Zudem erhalt man eine gute Approximation des momentanen Geschwindigkeitsfeldes und kann damit den Verlauf der Umformung schrittweise verfolgen. Das angegebene Verfahren last sich durch Wahl geeigneter Ansatzfunktionen sinnvoll auf andere Umformprozesse anwenden.