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Showing papers by "Braunschweig University of Technology published in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Latent profile analysis (LPA) is a categorical latent variable approach that focuses on identifying latent subpopulations within a population based on a certain set of variables.

337 citations


Book ChapterDOI
23 Aug 2020
TL;DR: A new self-supervised semantically-guided depth estimation (SGDepth) method to deal with moving dynamic-class (DC) objects, such as moving cars and pedestrians, which violate the static-world assumptions typically made during training of such models.
Abstract: Self-supervised monocular depth estimation presents a powerful method to obtain 3D scene information from single camera images, which is trainable on arbitrary image sequences without requiring depth labels, e.g., from a LiDAR sensor. In this work we present a new self-supervised semantically-guided depth estimation (SGDepth) method to deal with moving dynamic-class (DC) objects, such as moving cars and pedestrians, which violate the static-world assumptions typically made during training of such models. Specifically, we propose (i) mutually beneficial cross-domain training of (supervised) semantic segmentation and self-supervised depth estimation with task-specific network heads, (ii) a semantic masking scheme providing guidance to prevent moving DC objects from contaminating the photometric loss, and (iii) a detection method for frames with non-moving DC objects, from which the depth of DC objects can be learned. We demonstrate the performance of our method on several benchmarks, in particular on the Eigen split, where we exceed all baselines without test-time refinement.

217 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fate of humans and insects intertwine, especially through the medium of plants as mentioned in this paper, and despite a sound philosophical foundation, recognized ethical values, and scientific evidence, globally we are performing poorly at instigating effective insect conservation.

177 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Minireview highlights the parallels in reactivity between arynes and D–A cyclopropanes thereby shedding light on the neglected similarities of these two reactive species.
Abstract: Arynes and donor-acceptor (D-A) cyclopropanes are two classes of strained systems having the potential for numerous applications in organic synthesis. The last two decades have witnessed a renaissance of interest in the chemistry of these species primarily because of the mild and robust methods for their generation or activation. Commonly, arynes as easily polarizable systems result in 1,2-disubstitution, whereas D-A cyclopropanes as polarized systems lead to 1,3-bisfunctionalization thereby showing striking similarities. Transformations with 1,2- and 1,3-dipoles afford cyclic structures. With arynes, emerging four-membered rings as intermediates might react further, whereas the analogous five-membered rings obtained from D-A cyclopropanes are most often the final products. However, there are a few cases where these intermediates behave surprisingly differently. This Minireview highlights the parallels in reactivity between arynes and D-A cyclopropanes thereby shedding light on the neglected similarities of these two reactive species.

162 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify and characterize existing environmental gaps in soil taxa and ecosystem functioning data across soil macroecological studies and 17,186 sampling sites across the globe.
Abstract: Soils harbor a substantial fraction of the world's biodiversity, contributing to many crucial ecosystem functions. It is thus essential to identify general macroecological patterns related to the distribution and functioning of soil organisms to support their conservation and consideration by governance. These macroecological analyses need to represent the diversity of environmental conditions that can be found worldwide. Here we identify and characterize existing environmental gaps in soil taxa and ecosystem functioning data across soil macroecological studies and 17,186 sampling sites across the globe. These data gaps include important spatial, environmental, taxonomic, and functional gaps, and an almost complete absence of temporally explicit data. We also identify the limitations of soil macroecological studies to explore general patterns in soil biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships, with only 0.3% of all sampling sites having both information about biodiversity and function, although with different taxonomic groups and functions at each site. Based on this information, we provide clear priorities to support and expand soil macroecological research.

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The emergence of high throughput, next-generation sequencing techniques has enriched the databases of genes encoding glycoside hydrolase classes commonly involved in lignocellulose decomposition, and this knowledge can be readily used to analyse the involved processes.
Abstract: Lignocellulose, the most abundant and renewable resource on Earth is an important raw material, which can be converted into high value products. However, to this end, it needs to be pretreated physically, chemically, or biologically. Its complex structure and recalcitrance against physical, chemical, or biological degradation render its breakdown an important target of study. The understanding of the enzymatic processes of lignocellulose breakdown and the changes in its chemistry are thus essential. Here, we review the current analytical challenges in the analysis of lignocellulose composition, lignocelluloytic pretreatment, analysis of enzymatic hydrolysis catalyzed by cellulases or hemicellulases and their biotechnological applications. Complex techniques including biochemical, genomic, and metagenomics methods such as high performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), Respiration Activity Monitoring System (RAMOS), and next-generation sequencing are described. HPAEC-PAD is a promising, rapid, and reliable analytical technique for sugar quantification following lignocellulose breakdown. RAMOS is an effective technique for monitoring the growth of microorganisms during the different phases of enzyme production, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. The emergence of high throughput, next-generation sequencing techniques has enriched the databases of genes encoding glycoside hydrolase classes commonly involved in lignocellulose decomposition, and this knowledge can be readily used to analyse the involved processes. Still, novel analytical methods are highly welcome to understand the complete process of lignocelluloytic breakdown. In order to decrease environmental pollution and to save energy, lignocellulose conversion needs to be promoted in order to effectively compete with fossil resources on a global scale in future.

148 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a variational framework to model the fatigue behavior of brittle materials based on a phase-field approach to fracture is presented, where the standard regularized free energy functional is modified introducing a fatigue degradation function that effectively reduces the fracture toughness as a proper history variable accumulates.

148 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: DIRAC as discussed by the authors is a freely distributed general-purpose program system for one-, two-, and four-component relativistic molecular calculations at the level of Hartree-Fock, Kohn-Sham (including range-separated theory), multiconfigurational self-consistent field, multireference configuration interaction, electron propagator, and various flavors of coupled cluster theory.
Abstract: DIRAC is a freely distributed general-purpose program system for one-, two-, and four-component relativistic molecular calculations at the level of Hartree–Fock, Kohn–Sham (including range-separated theory), multiconfigurational self-consistent-field, multireference configuration interaction, electron propagator, and various flavors of coupled cluster theory. At the self-consistent-field level, a highly original scheme, based on quaternion algebra, is implemented for the treatment of both spatial and time reversal symmetry. DIRAC features a very general module for the calculation of molecular properties that to a large extent may be defined by the user and further analyzed through a powerful visualization module. It allows for the inclusion of environmental effects through three different classes of increasingly sophisticated embedding approaches: the implicit solvation polarizable continuum model, the explicit polarizable embedding model, and the frozen density embedding model.

129 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Climate conditions, fresh air exchange rates, and airflow as factors that can promote efficient spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 via long distances are indicated and insights into possible requirements for pandemic mitigation strategies in industrial workplace settings are provided.
Abstract: We describe a multifactorial investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a large meat processing complex in Germany. Infection event timing, spatial, climate and ventilation conditions in the processing plant, sharing of living quarters and transport, and viral genome sequences were analyzed. Our results suggest that a single index case transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to co-workers over distances of more than 8 m, within a confined work area in which air is constantly recirculated and cooled. Viral genome sequencing shows that all cases share a set of mutations representing a novel sub-branch in the SARS-CoV-2 C20 clade. We identified the same set of mutations in samples collected in the time period between this initial infection cluster and a subsequent outbreak within the same factory, with the largest number of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in a German meat processing facility reported so far. Our results indicate climate conditions, fresh air exchange rates, and airflow as factors that can promote efficient spread of SARS-CoV-2 via long distances and provide insights into possible requirements for pandemic mitigation strategies in industrial workplace settings.

129 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The recruitment process from bulk soil communities was identified as the major direct driver of the composition of active rhizosphere bacterial communities, and distinct bacterial OTUs were linked to the presence of specific polar root exudates independent of individual plant species.
Abstract: The active bacterial rhizobiomes and root exudate profiles of phytometers of six plant species growing in central European temperate grassland communities were investigated in three regions located up to 700 km apart, across diverse edaphic conditions and along a strong land use gradient. The recruitment process from bulk soil communities was identified as the major direct driver of the composition of active rhizosphere bacterial communities. Unexpectedly, the effect of soil properties, particularly soil texture, water content, and soil type, strongly dominated over plant properties and the composition of polar root exudates of the primary metabolism. While plant species-specific selection of bacteria was minor, the RNA-based composition of active rhizosphere bacteria substantially differed between rhizosphere and bulk soil. Although other variables could additionally be responsible for the consistent enrichment of particular bacteria in the rhizosphere, distinct bacterial OTUs were linked to the presence of specific polar root exudates independent of individual plant species. Our study also identified numerous previously unknown taxa that are correlated with rhizosphere dynamics and hence represent suitable targets for future manipulations of the plant rhizobiome.

126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work takes a step forward by presenting classification and process description guidance for DFC by engaging a broad cross-section of the international community through the activities of the RILEM Technical Committee 276 between 2016 and 2020.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that 3 mo of OLT1177 diet can rescue synaptic plasticity in this mouse model of AD and the therapeutic potential of treating neuroinflammation with an oral inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome is suggested.
Abstract: Numerous studies demonstrate that neuroinflammation is a key player in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interleukin (IL)-1β is a main inducer of inflammation and therefore a prime target for therapeutic options. The inactive IL-1β precursor requires processing by the the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome into a mature and active form. Studies have shown that IL-1β is up-regulated in brains of patients with AD, and that genetic inactivation of the NLRP3 inflammasome improves behavioral tests and synaptic plasticity phenotypes in a murine model of the disease. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome using dapansutrile (OLT1177), an oral NLRP3-specific inhibitor that is safe in humans. Six-month-old WT and APP/PS1 mice were fed with standard mouse chow or OLT1177-enriched chow for 3 mo. The Morris water maze test revealed an impaired learning and memory ability of 9-mo-old APP/PS1 mice (P = 0.001), which was completely rescued by OLT1177 fed to mice (P = 0.008 to untreated APP/PS1). Furthermore, our findings revealed that 3 mo of OLT1177 diet can rescue synaptic plasticity in this mouse model of AD (P = 0.007 to untreated APP/PS1). In addition, microglia were less activated (P = 0.07) and the number of plaques was reduced in the cortex (P = 0.03) following NLRP3 inhibition with OLT1177 administration. We also observed an OLT1177 dose-dependent normalization of plasma metabolic markers of AD to those of WT mice. This study suggests the therapeutic potential of treating neuroinflammation with an oral inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a three day discussion on the future technologies that could provide an answer to a question that many ask these days: which are the technologies that can be regarded as alternative to Li-ion batteries?
Abstract: In recent years, the electrochemical power sources community has launched massive research programs, conferences, and workshops on the “post Li battery era.” However, in this report it is shown that the quest for post Li‐ion and Li battery technologies is incorrect in its essence. This is the outcome of a three day discussion on the future technologies that could provide an answer to a question that many ask these days: Which are the technologies that can be regarded as alternative to Li‐ion batteries? The answer to this question is a rather surprising one: Li‐ion battery technology will be here for many years to come, and therefore the use of “post Li‐ion” battery technologies would be misleading. However, there are applications with needs for which Li‐ion batteries will not be able to provide complete technological solutions, as well as lower cost and sustainability. In these specific cases, other battery technologies will play a key role. Here, the term “side‐by‐side technologies” is coined alongside a discussion of its meaning. The progress report does not cover the topic of Li‐metal battery technologies, but covers the technologies of sodium‐ion, multivalent, metal–air, and flow batteries.

Journal ArticleDOI
Sami K. Solanki1, Sami K. Solanki2, J. C. del Toro Iniesta3, Joachim Woch1, Achim Gandorfer1, Johann Hirzberger1, Alberto Álvarez-Herrero4, T. Appourchaux5, V. Martínez Pillet, Isabel Pérez-Grande6, E. Sanchis Kilders7, Wolfgang Schmidt8, J.M. Gomez Cama9, Harald Michalik10, W. Deutsch1, Germán Fernández-Rico6, Germán Fernández-Rico1, B. Grauf1, Laurent Gizon1, Laurent Gizon11, K. Heerlein1, M. Kolleck1, Andreas Lagg1, R. Meller1, R. Muller1, Udo Schühle1, Jan Staub1, Kinga Albert1, M. Alvarez Copano1, Uwe Beckmann1, J. Bischoff1, D. Busse1, R. Enge1, S. Frahm1, D. Germerott1, L. Guerrero1, Björn Löptien1, Thimo Meierdierks1, D. Oberdorfer1, Ioanna Papagiannaki1, S. Ramanath1, Jesper Schou1, Stephan Werner1, Dan Yang1, Andreas Zerr1, M. Bergmann1, J. Bochmann1, J. Heinrichs1, S. Meyer1, M. Monecke1, M.-F. Müller1, M. Sperling1, D. Álvarez García3, B. Aparicio3, M. Balaguer Jiménez3, L. R. Bellot Rubio3, J. P. Cobos Carracosa3, F. Girela3, D. Hernández Expósito3, M. Herranz3, P. Labrousse3, A. C. López Jiménez3, D. Orozco Suárez3, Juan L. Ramos3, J. Barandiarán4, L. Bastide4, C. Campuzano4, María Cebollero4, B. Dávila4, A. Fernández-Medina4, P. García Parejo4, D. Garranzo-García4, H. Laguna4, J. A. Martín4, R. Navarro4, A. Núñez Peral4, M. Royo4, A. Sánchez4, Manuel Silva-López4, I. Vera4, J. Villanueva4, J.-J. Fourmond5, C. Ruiz de Galarreta5, M. Bouzit5, V. Hervier5, J. C. Le Clec’h5, N. Szwec5, Marc Chaigneau5, V. Buttice5, Carlos Dominguez-Tagle3, Carlos Dominguez-Tagle5, A. Philippon5, P. Boumier5, R. Le Cocguen12, G. Baranjuk5, Alexander Bell8, Th. Berkefeld8, J. Baumgartner8, F. Heidecke8, T. Maue8, E. Nakai8, T. Scheiffelen8, Michael Sigwarth8, Dirk Soltau8, Reiner Volkmer8, J. Blanco Rodríguez7, V. Domingo7, A. Ferreres Sabater7, J. L. Gasent Blesa7, P. Rodríguez Martínez7, D. Osorno Caudel7, J. Bosch9, A. Casas9, M. Carmona9, A. Herms9, D. Roma9, Gustavo Alonso6, Alejandro M. Gomez-San-Juan6, Javier Piqueras6, Ignacio Torralbo6, B. Fiethe10, Y. Guan10, T. Lange10, H. Michel10, J. A. Bonet3, S. Fahmy13, Daniel Müller13, I. Zouganelis13 
TL;DR: The Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on the Solar Orbiter mission (SO/PHI) as discussed by the authors is the first magnetograph and helio-physics instrument to observe the Sun from outside the Sun-Earth line.
Abstract: Aims. This paper describes the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on the Solar Orbiter mission (SO/PHI), the first magnetograph and helioseismology instrument to observe the Sun from outside the Sun-Earth line. It is the key instrument meant to address the top-level science question: How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere? SO/PHI will also play an important role in answering the other top-level science questions of Solar Orbiter, while hosting the potential of a rich return in further science.Methods. SO/PHI measures the Zeeman effect and the Doppler shift in the Fe I 617.3 nm spectral line. To this end, the instrument carries out narrow-band imaging spectro-polarimetry using a tunable LiNbO3 Fabry-Perot etalon, while the polarisation modulation is done with liquid crystal variable retarders. The line and the nearby continuum are sampled at six wavelength points and the data are recorded by a 2k × 2k CMOS detector. To save valuable telemetry, the raw data are reduced on board, including being inverted under the assumption of a Milne-Eddington atmosphere, although simpler reduction methods are also available on board. SO/PHI is composed of two telescopes; one, the Full Disc Telescope, covers the full solar disc at all phases of the orbit, while the other, the High Resolution Telescope, can resolve structures as small as 200 km on the Sun at closest perihelion. The high heat load generated through proximity to the Sun is greatly reduced by the multilayer-coated entrance windows to the two telescopes that allow less than 4% of the total sunlight to enter the instrument, most of it in a narrow wavelength band around the chosen spectral line.Results. SO/PHI was designed and built by a consortium having partners in Germany, Spain, and France. The flight model was delivered to Airbus Defence and Space, Stevenage, and successfully integrated into the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. A number of innovations were introduced compared with earlier space-based spectropolarimeters, thus allowing SO/PHI to fit into the tight mass, volume, power and telemetry budgets provided by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft and to meet the (e.g. thermal) challenges posed by the mission’s highly elliptical orbit.

Posted Content
TL;DR: A longitudinal study of 30 papers from top-tier security conferences within the past 10 years confirms common pitfalls in the design, implementation, and evaluation of learning-based security systems, and derives a list of actionable recommendations to support researchers and the community in avoiding pitfalls.
Abstract: With the growing processing power of computing systems and the increasing availability of massive datasets, machine learning algorithms have led to major breakthroughs in many different areas. This development has influenced computer security, spawning a series of work on learning-based security systems, such as for malware detection, vulnerability discovery, and binary code analysis. Despite great potential, machine learning in security is prone to subtle pitfalls that undermine its performance and render learning-based systems potentially unsuitable for security tasks and practical deployment. In this paper, we look at this problem with critical eyes. First, we identify common pitfalls in the design, implementation, and evaluation of learning-based security systems. We conduct a longitudinal study of 30 papers from top-tier security conferences within the past 10 years, confirming that these pitfalls are widespread in the current security literature. In an empirical analysis, we further demonstrate how individual pitfalls can lead to unrealistic performance and interpretations, obstructing the understanding of the security problem at hand. As a remedy, we derive a list of actionable recommendations to support researchers and our community in avoiding pitfalls, promoting a sound design, development, evaluation, and deployment of learning-based systems for computer security.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: According to the list, 301 species (95 amphibians, 15 chelonians, including six species of sea turtles, and 191 squamates) occur within the expanded geographical definition of Europe, which includes 14 non-native species.
Abstract: The last species list of the European herpetofauna was published by Speybroeck, Beukema and Crochet (2010). In the meantime, ongoing research led to numerous taxonomic changes, including the discovery of new species-level lineages as well as reclassifications at genus level, requiring significant changes to this list. As of 2019, a new Taxonomic Committee was established as an official entity within the European Herpetological Society, Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH). Twelve members from nine European countries reviewed, discussed and voted on recent taxonomic research on a case-by-case basis. Accepted changes led to critical compilation of a new species list, which is hereby presented and discussed. According to our list, 301 species (95 amphibians, 15 chelonians, including six species of sea turtles, and 191 squamates) occur within our expanded geographical definition of Europe. The list includes 14 non-native species (three amphibians, one chelonian, and ten squamates).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that soil pH has the strongest effect on the diversity of fungi and its multiple taxonomic and functional groups, and the positive effects of tree diversity on overall fungal richness represent a combined niche effect of soil properties and intimate associations.
Abstract: Soil microbiome has a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning, yet little is known about its build-up from local to regional scales. In a multi-year regional-scale survey involving 1251 plots and long-read third-generation sequencing, we found that soil pH has the strongest effect on the diversity of fungi and its multiple taxonomic and functional groups. The pH effects were typically unimodal, usually both direct and indirect through tree species, soil nutrients or mold abundance. Individual tree species, particularly Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, and Populus x wettsteinii, and overall ectomycorrhizal plant proportion had relatively stronger effects on the diversity of biotrophic fungi than saprotrophic fungi. We found strong temporal sampling and investigator biases for the abundance of molds, but generally all spatial, temporal and microclimatic effects were weak. Richness of fungi and several functional groups was highest in woodlands and around ruins of buildings but lowest in bogs, with marked group-specific trends. In contrast to our expectations, diversity of soil fungi tended to be higher in forest island habitats potentially due to the edge effect, but fungal richness declined with island distance and in response to forest fragmentation. Virgin forests supported somewhat higher fungal diversity than old non-pristine forests, but there were no differences in richness between natural and anthropogenic habitats such as parks and coppiced gardens. Diversity of most fungal groups suffered from management of seminatural woodlands and parks and thinning of forests, but especially for forests the results depended on fungal group and time since partial harvesting. We conclude that the positive effects of tree diversity on overall fungal richness represent a combined niche effect of soil properties and intimate associations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an up-to-date review of warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies and compare several studies on the most common additives, mix design and environmental benefits of this production method.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical synthesis of the evidence is needed due to persisting conceptual and methodological cha... as discussed by the authors, which brings together recent and emerging developments in the field of present-eeism.
Abstract: This position paper brings together recent and emerging developments in the field of presenteeism. A critical synthesis of the evidence is needed due to persisting conceptual and methodological cha...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission will provide simultaneous measurements from two spacecraft, offering an unprecedented opportunity to investigate magnetospheric and exospheric dynamics at Mercury as well as their interactions with the solar wind, radiation, and interplanetary dust.
Abstract: The ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission will provide simultaneous measurements from two spacecraft, offering an unprecedented opportunity to investigate magnetospheric and exospheric dynamics at Mercury as well as their interactions with the solar wind, radiation, and interplanetary dust. Many scientific instruments onboard the two spacecraft will be completely, or partially devoted to study the near-space environment of Mercury as well as the complex processes that govern it. Many issues remain unsolved even after the MESSENGER mission that ended in 2015. The specific orbits of the two spacecraft, MPO and Mio, and the comprehensive scientific payload allow a wider range of scientific questions to be addressed than those that could be achieved by the individual instruments acting alone, or by previous missions. These joint observations are of key importance because many phenomena in Mercury’s environment are highly temporally and spatially variable. Examples of possible coordinated observations are described in this article, analysing the required geometrical conditions, pointing, resolutions and operation timing of different BepiColombo instruments sensors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The material properties of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and its proteins are discussed and standard approaches employed for other viruses and vaccines seem to be feasible including virus inactivation, centrifugation conditions, and the use of adjuvants.
Abstract: The material properties of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its proteins are discussed. We review the viral structure, size, rigidity, lipophilicity, isoelectric point, buoyant density and centrifugation conditions, stability against pH, temperature, UV light, gamma radiation, and susceptibility to various chemical agents including solvents and detergents. Possible inactivation, downstream, and formulation conditions are given including suitable buffers and some first ideas for quality-control methods. This information supports vaccine development and discussion with competent authorities during vaccine approval and is certainly related to drug-targeting strategies and hygienics. Several instructive tables are given, including the pI and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY) of SARS-CoV-1 and -2 proteins in comparison. SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 are similar in many regards, so information can often be derived. Both are unusually stable, but sensitive at their lipophilic membranes. However, since seemingly small differences can have strong effects, for example, on immunologically relevant epitope settings, unevaluated knowledge transfer from SARS-CoV-1 to SARS-CoV-2 cannot be advised. Published knowledge regarding downstream processes, formulations and quality assuring methods is, as yet, limited. However, standard approaches employed for other viruses and vaccines seem to be feasible including virus inactivation, centrifugation conditions, and the use of adjuvants.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The magnetometer instrument on the Solar Orbiter mission is designed to measure the magnetic field local to the spacecraft continuously for the entire mission duration as discussed by the authors, and the overall instrument design, performance, data products, and operational strategy are described.
Abstract: The magnetometer instrument on the Solar Orbiter mission is designed to measure the magnetic field local to the spacecraft continuously for the entire mission duration. The need to characterise not only the background magnetic field but also its variations on scales from far above to well below the proton gyroscale result in challenging requirements on stability, precision, and noise, as well as magnetic and operational limitations on both the spacecraft and other instruments. The challenging vibration and thermal environment has led to significant development of the mechanical sensor design. The overall instrument design, performance, data products, and operational strategy are described.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a radial distribution function was selected to investigate the variation of the agglomeration of rubber asphalt with rubber and asphalt binder types, where molecular models of rubber asphalt were built firstly, molecular dynamics simulations were performed afterwards and the variation was analyzed finally based on Materials Studio 8.0.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the basic principles of shotcrete 3D printing (SC3DP) technology together with the results of a comparative study on the influence of the two concrete printing techniques extrusion and SC3DP on the interlayer bond strength.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: With increased accelerator dosage, an instantaneous increase in early age yield stress and yield stress evolution was observed and an increase in interlayer time leads to a reduced strength.
Abstract: Recently, the progress in 3D concrete printing has developed enormously. However, for the techniques available, there is still a severe lack of knowledge of the functional interaction of processing technology, concrete rheology and admixture usage. For shotcrete 3D printing technology, we present the effect of accelerator dosages (0%, 2%, 4% and 6%) on fresh concrete properties and on interlayer strength. Therefore, early yield stress development up to 90 min is measured with penetration resistance measurements. Deformation of layers under loading is investigated with digital image correlation and a mechanical testing machine. One point in time (10 min after deposition) is examined to quantify vertical buildability of elements depending on the accelerator dosage. Four different interlayer times (0, 2, 5 and 30 min), which occur for the production of small and large elements as well as due to delay during production, are investigated mechanically as well as quantitatively with computed tomography regarding the formation of cold joints. With increased accelerator dosage, an instantaneous increase in early age yield stress and yield stress evolution was observed. An increase in interlayer time leads to a reduced strength. This is mainly attributed to the observed reduced mechanical interlocking effect of the strands. Finally, a model to describe interlayer quality is presented. In the end, advantages as well as limitations of the findings are discussed.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the first stage of the technology was concerned with removal of textile dyes from waste jeans using nitric acid leaching (conc. c. c) and then the second stage concerned with removing textile dye from the waste jeans to produce new goods to tackle the shortage in cultivated cotton.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An Updated Lagrangian method for the solution of incompressible free surface flow subject to the inviscid Euler equations is developed, easy to implement and does not require any specific algorithmic treatment which is usually necessary to accurately resolve the incompressibility constraint.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that shifts in vegetation related to global change and land use may strongly alter the topsoil microbiome structure and function.
Abstract: Plant nutrient-acquisition strategies drive soil processes and vegetation performance, but their effect on the soil microbiome remains poorly understood. This knowledge is important to predict the shifts in microbial diversity and functions due to increasing changes in vegetation traits under global change. Here we documented the topsoil microbiomes of 145 boreal and temperate terrestrial sites in the Baltic region that broadly differed in vegetation type and nutritional traits, such as mycorrhizal types and symbiotic nitrogen-fixation. We found that sites dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) vegetation harbor relatively more AM fungi, bacteria, fungal saprotrophs, and pathogens in the topsoil compared with sites dominated by ectomycorrhizal (EM) plants. These differences in microbiome composition reflect the rapid nutrient cycling and negative plant-soil feedback in AM soils. Lower fungal diversity and bacteria : fungi ratios in EM-dominated habitats are driven by monodominance of woody vegetation as well as soil acidification by EM fungi, which are associated with greater diversity and relative abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Our study suggests that shifts in vegetation related to global change and land use may strongly alter the topsoil microbiome structure and function.