Showing papers by "Brigham Young University published in 1996"
TL;DR: The article traces the history of the construct of parental psychological control of children, and distinguishes psychological control theoretically and empirically from more behaviorally oriented control.
Abstract: This article argues for the value in socialization research of focusing explicitly on the construct of parental psychological control of children--control that constrains, invalidates, and manipulates children's psychological and emotional experience and expression. The article traces the history of the construct and distinguishes psychological control theoretically and empirically from more behaviorally oriented control. 2 new measures of psychological control are developed. Data from 3 separate studies are presented which indicate that psychological control can be adequately measured across demographically varied samples and mode of measurement. In both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, psychological control, particularly as perceived by preadolescents and adolescents, is consistently predictive of youth internalized problems (depression) and, in some cases, externalized problems (delinquency). In contrast, behavioral control is related primarily to externalized problems.
2,168 citations
TL;DR: The OQ appears to have high reliability and evidence to suggest good concurrent and construct validity of the total score, and it distinguishes patient from non-patient samples, is sensitive to change, and correlates with other measures of patient distress.
Abstract: With the rise in efforts to evaluate the quality of mental health care and its outcomes, the measurement of change has become an important topic. This paper tracks the creation of a new instrument designed to assess psychotherapy outcome. The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ) was designed to include items relevant to three domains central to mental health: subjective discomfort, interpersonal relations, and social role performance. This study describes the theoretical development and psychometric properties of the OQ. Psychometric properties were assessed using clinical, community, and undergraduate samples. The OQ appears to have high reliability and evidence to suggest good concurrent and construct validity of the total score. The data presented show that it distinguishes patient from non-patient samples, is sensitive to change, and correlates with other measures of patient distress.
881 citations
TL;DR: The activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase with consequent phosphorylation and inactivation of ACC may be one of the primary events in the control of malonyl-CoA and hence fatty acid oxidation during exercise.
Abstract: Malonyl-CoA, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle mitochondria, decreases in rat skeletal muscle during exercise or in response to electrical stimulation. Regulation of rat skeletal muscle acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the enzyme that synthesizes malonyl-CoA, was studied in vitro and in vivo. Avidin-Sepharose affinity-purified ACC from hindlimb skeletal muscle was phosphorylated by purified liver AMP-activated protein kinase with a concurrent decrease in ACC activity. AMP-activated protein kinase was quantitated in resuspended ammonium sulfate precipitates of the fast-twitch red (type IIa fibers) region of the quadriceps muscle. Rats running on a treadmill at 21 m/min up a 15% grade show a 2.4-fold activation of AMP-activated protein kinase concurrently with a marked decrease in ACC activity in the resuspended ammonium sulfate precipitates at all citrate concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mM. Malonyl-CoA decreased from a resting value of 1.85 +/- 0.29 to 0.50 +/- 0.09 nmol/g in red quadriceps muscle after 30 min of treadmill running. The activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase with consequent phosphorylation and inactivation of ACC may be one of the primary events in the control of malonyl-CoA and hence fatty acid oxidation during exercise.
786 citations
TL;DR: Pestalotiopsis microspora was isolated from the inner bark of a small limb of Himalayan yew, and was shown to produce taxol in mycelial culture, and spectroscopic and chromatographic comparisons with authentic taxol were identified.
Abstract: Summary: Pestalotiopsis microspora was isolated from the inner bark of a small limb of Himalayan yew, Taxus wallachiana, and was shown to produce taxol in mycelial culture. Taxol was identified by spectroscopic and chromatographic comparisons with authentic taxol. Optimal taxol production occurred after 2-3 weeks in still culture at 23°C. [14C]Acetate and [14C]phenylalanine served as precursors for fungal [14C]taxol. These observations on P. microspora are discussed in relation to the biological importance of taxol production by fungi in general.
580 citations
TL;DR: It is clear that molecular mechanism(s) account for the diverse expression of aromatase in different neural tissue sites and during various physiological states or developmental periods and further study is necessary in order to understand the significance of the regulation of local estrogen biosynthesis by the arom atase cytochrome P450 gene during prenatal and postnatal development.
503 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of organizational variables on boundary role stress processes is investigated and it is shown that the influence is weak and marginal and that organizational variables have little influence on boundary stress processes.
Abstract: Previous research and meta-analyses suggest that the influence of organizational variables on boundary role stress processes is weak and marginal. Using the emerging work in organizational practice...
465 citations
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: Control theory is employed to derive the adjoint differential equations to treat complete aircraft configurations via a new multiblock implementation, which allows for a drastic reduction in computational costs over previous design methods.
Abstract: This work describes the implementation of optimization techniques based on control theory for complex aircraft configurations. Here control theory is employed to derive the adjoint differential equations, the solution of which allows for a drastic reduction in computational costs over previous design methods (13, 12, 43, 38). In our earlier studies (19, 20, 22, 23, 39, 25, 40, 41, 42) it was shown that this method could be used to devise effective optimization procedures for airfoils, wings and wing-bodies subject to either analytic or arbitrary meshes. Design formulations for both potential flows and flows governed by the Euler equations have been demonstrated, showing that such methods can be devised for various governing equations (39, 25). In our most recent works (40, 42) the method was extended to treat wing-body configurations with a large number of mesh points, verifying that significant computational savings can be gained for practical design problems. In this paper the method is extended for the Euler equations to treat complete aircraft configurations via a new multiblock implementation. New elements include a multiblock-multigrid flow solver, a multiblock-multigrid adjoint solver, and a multiblock mesh perturbation scheme. Two design examples are presented in which the new method is used for the wing redesign of a transonic business jet.
275 citations
TL;DR: Laser-based techniques for particle-size measurement have become increasingly important in combustion research and many other disciplines as mentioned in this paper, and a comprehensive review for those who are beginning studies in, or starting to apply, any particle-sizing method based on laser illumination is provided.
270 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the pseudo-rigid-body equivalent spring stiffness is investigated and new modeling equations are proposed to model the force/deflection relationships of large-deflection members in compliant mechanisms.
Abstract: Compliant mechanisms gain some or all of their mobility from the flexibility of their members rather than from rigid-body joints only. More efficient and usable analysis and design techniques are needed before the advantages of compliant mechanisms can be fully utilized. In an earlier work, a pseudo-rigid-body model concept, corresponding to an end-loaded geometrically nonlinear, large-deflection beam, was developed to help fulfill this need. In this paper, the pseudo-rigid-body equivalent spring stiffness is investigated and new modeling equations are proposed. The result is a simplified method of modeling the force/deflection relationships of large-deflection members in compliant mechanisms. The resulting models are valuable in the visualization of the motion of large-deflection systems, as well as the quick and efficient evaluation and optimization of compliant mechanism designs.
255 citations
TL;DR: Information on the presence of taxol among disparate fungal genera is presented, and these observations are used as an additional argument to support efforts to study fungal endophytes and preserve their associated host plants.
Abstract: Fungi represent one of the most understudied and diverse group of organisms. Commonly, these organisms make associations with higher life forms and may proceed to biochemically mimic the host organism. An excellent example of this is the anticancer drug, taxol, which had been previously supposed to occur only in the plant genusTaxus (yew). However, taxol has been reported in a novel endophytic fungus—Taxomyces andreanae, but also has been demonstrated to occur in a number of unrelated fungal endophytes includingPestalotia, Pestalotiopsis, Fusarium, Alternaria, Pithomyces, Monochaetia and others. Thus, this report presents information on the presence of taxol among disparate fungal genera, and uses these observations as an additional argument to support efforts to study fungal endophytes and preserve their associated host plants.
240 citations
TL;DR: Palaeophragmodictya as mentioned in this paper is characterized by disc-shaped impressions preserving characteristic spicular networks and is reconstructed as a convex sponge with a peripheral frill and an oscular disc at the apex.
Abstract: ABsTRAC--New fossils from the Neoproterozoic Ediacara fauna of South Australia are interpreted as the oldest known hexactinellid sponges. They occur within the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite (Pound Subgroup) from several locations in the Flinders Ranges. The new genus, Palaeophragmodictya, is characterized by disc-shaped impressions preserving characteristic spicular networks and is reconstructed as a convex sponge with a peripheral frill and an oscular disc at the apex.
TL;DR: This paper explored intermethod agreement involving teacher ratings, peer behavior nominations, and playground behavior observations for three different forms of aggression (i.e., instrumental, bullying, relational) with preschool children.
Abstract: Recent research has focused on subtypes of children's aggressive behavior (e.g., instrumental, bullying, relational). However, little work with preschool children has explored intermethod agreement involving teacher ratings, peer behavior nominations, and playground behavior observations for these three different forms of aggression. This study attempted to fill this gap in the literature by using all three methods to examine aggressive subtypes of playground behavior in preschool as related to SES and gender. Data involving aggressive behavior of 241 4- to 5-year-old children in Head Start and university preschool programs were collected from peers, teachers, and observers. Results indicated that peers, teachers, and observers differentiated between general categories of relational aggression and overt aggression. However, peers did not distinguish between overt instrumental and bullying aggression. Peers viewed relational aggression, but not overt aggression, as being associated with anger and ...
TL;DR: In this article, a broad overview of different modeling techniques discussed in the literature in order to describe the problem of particle dispersion in dilute flows is presented, maintaining a simple approach in explaining mathematically and conceptually the complex issues involved in modeling.
TL;DR: The pseudo-rigid-body-model concept is used to develop a loop-closure method for the analysis and synthesis of compliant mechanisms that allows compliant mechanisms to be designed for tasks that would have earlier been assumed to be unlikely, if not impossible, applications of compliant mechanism.
Abstract: Compliant mechanisms gain at least some of their motion from flexible members. The combination of large-deflection beam analysis, kinematic motion analysis, and energy storage makes the analysis of compliant mechanisms difficult. The design of mechanisms often requires iteration between synthesis and analysis procedures. In general, the difficulty in analysis has limited the use of compliant mechanisms to applications where only simple functions and motions are required. The pseudo-rigid-body model concept promises to be the key to unifying the compliant and rigid-body mechanism theories. It simplifies compliant mechanism analysis by determining an equivalent rigid-body mechanism that accurately models the kinematic characteristics of a compliant mechanism. Once this model is obtained, many well known concepts from rigid-body mechanism theory become amenable for use to analyze and design compliant mechanisms. The pseudo-rigid-body-model concept is used to develop a loop-closure method for the analysis and synthesis of compliant mechanisms. The method allows compliant mechanisms to be designed for tasks that would have earlier been assumed to be unlikely, if not impossible, applications of compliant mechanisms.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results indicated only 22% of patients "recovered" after 8 sessions, with the earliest recovery occurring after 2 sessions, suggesting the lower dose-effect relationship found here are discussed.
Abstract: Previous investigations of the dose-effect relationship in psychotherapy suggest that therapeutic benefits occur early in treatment.Approximately 25% of patients have been estimated to improve after 1 session, and 50% improve by 8 sessions. The aim of this study was to compare such estimates with the actual performance of outpatients in therapy. Forty-five patients seen at an outpatient clinic were monitored session by session for evidence of clinically significant change. Results indicated only 22% of patients "recovered" (as defined in this study) after 8 sessions, with the earliest recovery occurring after 2 sessions. Possible reasons for the lower dose-effect relationship found here are discussed.
TL;DR: Using a two-part instrument consisting of eight vignettes and twenty character traits, the study sampled 141 employees of a mid-west financial firm regarding their predispositions to prefer utilitarian or formalist forms of ethical reasoning.
Abstract: Using a two-part instrument consisting of eight vignettes and twenty character traits, the study sampled 141 employees of a mid-west financial firm regarding their predispositions to prefer utilitarian or formalist forms of ethical reasoning In contrast with earlier studies, we found that these respondents did not prefer utilitarian reasoning Several other hypotheses were tested involving the relationship between (1) people's preferences for certain types of solutions to issues and (2) the forms of reasoning they use to arrive at those solutions; the nature of the relationship between utilitarian and formalist categories; and the possibility of measuring ethical predispositions using different methods
TL;DR: The social skills of 19 elementary school children with specific language impairment and 19 chronological age-matched peers were examined in this article, where children in both groups were selected from those chi...
Abstract: The social skills of 19 elementary school children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 19 chronological age-matched peers were examined. Children in both groups were selected from those chi...
TL;DR: In this paper, a random effects, binomial probit model is applied to data for a panel of Kansas wheat farms to examine multiple peril Crop Insurance demand, and a theoretical model is developed which suggests inclusion of the moments of both market return and the return to insurance.
Abstract: A random‐effects, binomial probit model is applied to data for a panel of Kansas wheat farms to examine Multiple Peril Crop Insurance demand. A theoretical model is developed which suggests inclusion of the moments of both market return and the return to insurance. Empirical results indicate that the first and second moments of both market return and the returns to insurance are significant. The price elasticity of demand is estimated to be −0.65. Preseason weather variables when included in the models were not found to be significant, failing to support the hypothesis of intertemporal adverse selection.
TL;DR: The ANTIQUITY prize-winning article in the last volume as discussed by the authors addressed writing, its varying nature and role in early states, and the source of the power of rulers like "Sun-faced Snake Jaguar".
Abstract: The ANTIQUITY prize-winning article in the last volume addressed writing, its varying nature and role in early states. Now that the decipherment of Maya writing is well advanced, we can know more of the records of kingship. From them we may discern the concepts and beliefs that defined the authority of these holy lords, as we seek the source of the power of rulers like ‘Sun-faced Snake Jaguar’.
TL;DR: In this paper, an exploratory study examines empirically expatriate performance appraisal practices for U.S. multinational firms and assesses how such practices relate to the perceived accuracy of EPAs.
Abstract: This exploratory study examines empirically expatriate performance appraisal (EPA) practices for U.S. multinational firms and assesses how such practices relate to the perceived accuracy of EPAs. From a sample of U.S. multinationals, the results suggest that a balanced set of raters from host and home countries and more frequent appraisals relate positively to perceived accuracy of EPAs. The data suggest, however, that most respondent firms did not follow these practices. In addition, the use of standardized and customized EPA evaluation forms relates negatively to perceived EPA accuracy. Implications of these exploratory findings for research and practice are also discussed.
TL;DR: Working adults participating in moderate amounts of these activities have about half the rate of perceived stress as nonparticipants, and employees who expended more than 3.0 Kcal/kg−1 · day−1 in physical activity during leisure time were 0.78 and 0.62 times less likely to have moderate and high perceived stress, respectively.
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between physical activity during leisure time and perceived stress among working adults (N = 32,229). Data were gathered on physical activity, perceived stress, current health status, age, gender, life changes, ongoing problems, number of techniques used for stress reduction, and number of personality traits related to Type A behavior. To control for confounding variables Mantel-Haenszel summary risk estimates were used. Employees who expended more than 3.0 Kcal/kg(-1) . day(-1) in physical activity during leisure time were 0.78 and 0.62 times less likely to have moderate and high perceived stress, respectively. Working adults participating in moderate amounts of these activities have about half the rate of perceived stress as nonparticipants.
TL;DR: In this paper, a supported liquid membrane for performing cation separations is presented, which is polymerized from cellulose triacetate (CTA) with a crown ether incorporated into the polymer as a metal ion carrier.
TL;DR: Composition of the diet may play a role in obesity beyond energy intake in men over the long-term and lifestyle changes for men should probably include modifications in diet composition, especially increased consumption of foods high in complex carbohydrate and fiber.
Abstract: Objective To assess whether usual diet (especially intake of dietary fat, carbohydrate, and fiber) was related to body fat percentage in healthy men. Design A written questionnaire provided data on demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Dietary fat, carbohydrate, protein, and fiber intakes were analyzed using the National Cancer Institute food frequency questionnaire. Percentage of body fat was determined using three-site skinfold measurements, and a submaximal treadmill test was used to estimate aerobic fitness. Subjects Subjects were 203 healthy men (14.0±5.3% mean body fat) aged 21 to 71 years. The subjects were chosen from randomly selected districts within Utah County and volunteered for free diet and fitness evaluations. Statistical analysis Multiple regression analysis determined the extent to which the individual diet components predicted body composition before and after controlling for energy intake, fitness level, body weight, and age. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare relative body fat groups in regard to dietary variables. Results Reported intakes of carbohydrate ( P =.0085, R 2 =.022), complex carbohydrate ( P =.0127, R 2 =.024), and fiber ( P =.002, R 2 =.03) were inversely associated with body fat after controlling for age, energy intake, and fitness level. Energy intake was positively related to body fat after controlling for age, fitness level, and body weight. When subjects were separated into low-, moderate-, and high-body-fat groups, the fattest subjects reported eating significantly more dietary fat ( P =.05) and less carbohydrate ( P =.01), complex carbohydrate ( P =.01), and fiber ( P =.005) than the leanest subjects. No significant difference in reported energy intake was noted across body fat groups. Applications Composition of the diet may play a role in obesity beyond energy intake in men over the long-term. Lifestyle changes for men should probably include modifications in diet composition, especially increased consumption of foods high in complex carbohydrate and fiber. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:771–777.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explicitly model high school students' choice of college type (characterized by quality and control) based on individual and family characteristics (including ability and parental economic status), and an estimate of the net costs of attendance and expected labor market return.
Abstract: While there is evidence of a substantial and rising labor market premium associated with college attendance, little is known about how this premium varies across institutions of different quality and across time. Previous research which has estimated the return to college quality has not taken into account that individuals likely select the type of college they attend based in part on the expected economic return and net costs. In this paper we explicitly model high school students' choice of college type (characterized by quality and control) based on individual and family characteristics (including ability and parental economic status), and an estimate of the net costs of attendance and expected labor market return. We estimate selectivity corrected outcome equations, using data from both the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 and High School and Beyond, which permit us to determine the effects of college quality on wages and earnings and how this effect varies across time. Even after controlling for selection effects there is strong evidence of significant economic return to attending an elite private institution, and some evidence that this premium has increased over time.
TL;DR: This paper examined the degree to which Japanese expatriates returning home from international assignments exhibit single or dual commitments; they also analyzes the antecedents of such commitments upon repatriation, and found that Japanese repatriates in this study exhibited a single, global commitment to the organization.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: It is shown that rising health insurance costs during the 1980s increased the hours worked by those with health insurance by up to 3%.
Abstract: Increases in the cost of providing health insurance must have some effect on labor markets, either in lower wages, changes in the composition of employment, or both. Despite a presumption that most of this effect will be in the form of lower wages, we document in this paper a significant effect on work hours as well. Using data from the CPS and the SIPP, we show that rising health insurance costs over the 1980s increased the hours worked of those with health insurance by up to 3 percent. We argue that this occurs because health insurance is a fixed cost, and as it becomes more expensive to provide, firms face an incentive to substitute hours per worker for the number of workers employed.
TL;DR: A new, highly accurate model of the arm/vehicle hydrodynamic interaction forces, which was developed as part of this research, was developed and implemented and arm end-point settling times were reduced by a factor three when compared to those obtained with arm and vehicle feedback control alone.
Abstract: The addition of manipulators to small autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) can pose significant control challenges due to hydrodynamic interactions between the arm and the vehicle. Experiments conducted at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) using the OTTER vehicle have shown that dynamical interactions between an arm and a vehicle can be very significant. For the experiments reported in this paper, a single-link “arm” was mounted on OTTER. Tests showed that for 90-degree, two-second repetitive slews of the arm, the vehicle would move as much as 18 degrees in roll and 14 degrees in yaw when no vehicle control was applied.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluate the possibility that the overall health associations observed are due primarily to methodological bias or confounding by inadequate controls for risk factors such as smoking, weather, season, infectious agents, and socioeconomic distress.
Abstract: Utah Valley has provided an interesting and unique opportunity to evaluate the health effects of respirable particulate pollution (PM10) for several reasons. (1) It has moderately high average PM10 levels, and during low-level temperature inversion episodes, local emissions may become trapped in a stagnant air mass near the valley floor, resulting in highly elevated PM10 concentrations. (2) The valley experienced the intermittent operation of the local integrated steel mill, the largest single particulate pollution source. (3) Valley residents have very low smoking rates. (4) Levels of sulfur dioxide, ozone, and aerosol strong acidity are relatively low. Several studies specific to Utah Valley have evaluated associations between various indicators of health and PM10 pollution. Each of these individual studies has limitations imposed by data and analytic constraints. Taken together, however, they suggest a coherence or cascade of associations across various health end points for a specific location and population. Apparent health effects of elevated PM10 pollution observed in Utah Valley include: 1) decreased lung function; 2) increased incidence of respiratory symptoms; 3) increased school absenteeism; 4) increased respiratory hospital admissions; 5) increased mortality, especially respiratory and cardiovascular mortality; and 6) possibly increased lung cancer. This paper reviews these Utah Valley studies and evaluates the possibility that the overall health associations observed are due primarily to methodological bias or confounding by inadequate controls for risk factors such as smoking, weather, season, infectious agents, and socioeconomic distress.
TL;DR: In this article, a generalized qualitative-response model, EGB2, is used to model and predict management fraud based on a set of data developed by an international public accounting firm.
Abstract: Management fraud has become a topic of increasing interest to the public accounting profession. Prior research indicates that management fraud is seldom experienced by audiGtors. As a result, it is doubtful that auditors have a well-developed cognitive model for making fraud risk assessments as part of the audit planning process. Early research studies attempted to identify factors that could be linked to the occurrence of management fraud, while more recent work has attempted to build models to predict the presence of management fraud. In this paper, we report on a study that uses a powerful generalized qualitative-response model, EGB2, to model and predict management fraud based on a set of data developed by an international public accounting firm. The EGB2 specification includes the probit and logit models and others as special cases. Moreover, EGB2 easily accommodates asymmetric costs of type I and type II errors. This is important for public accounting firms since failure to predict fraud when it is present a type II error is usually very costly to the firm in terms of litigation. The results demonstrate good predictive capability for both symmetric and asymmetric cost assumptions.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the spatial and temporal behavior of grassland sparrow populations exhibit a source and sink dynamic where the core of the range 'feeds' the less productive peripheral areas and conservation of species that exhibit this dynamic would depend on preservation and management of highly productive core areas.
Abstract: The abundance of a species through time and across space, and the variability of that abundance, determines the species' persistence within its geographic range. We investigated the relationship between abundance and variability of nine species of grassland sparrows to uncover their population dynamics across their ranges. Sparrow populations consist of centrally located sites of high abundance with relatively low variability surrounded by sites of low abundance with relatively high variability. These sites are distributed across space such that variability decreases and abundance increases with increasing distance from the edge of a species' geographic range. Population numbers as a whole become increasingly variable over time, but only a portion of the total population heavily influences this increase in variability. For all but one species variability accrued in the areas of highest abundance. Thus, for these sparrows, the edge of the range is sparsely populated and variable, but not increasingly so. We suggest that the spatial and temporal behavior of grassland sparrow populations exhibit a source and sink dynamic where the core of the range 'feeds' the less productive peripheral areas. Conservation of species that exhibit this dynamic would depend on preservation and management of highly productive core areas.