Showing papers by "Brigham Young University published in 2002"
TL;DR: Fine particulate and sulfur oxide--related pollution were associated with all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality and long-term exposure to combustion-related fine particulate air pollution is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopULmonary and lung cancer mortality.
Abstract: ContextAssociations have been found between day-to-day particulate air pollution
and increased risk of various adverse health outcomes, including cardiopulmonary
mortality. However, studies of health effects of long-term particulate air
pollution have been less conclusive.ObjectiveTo assess the relationship between long-term exposure to fine particulate
air pollution and all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsVital status and cause of death data were collected by the American
Cancer Society as part of the Cancer Prevention II study, an ongoing prospective
mortality study, which enrolled approximately 1.2 million adults in 1982.
Participants completed a questionnaire detailing individual risk factor data
(age, sex, race, weight, height, smoking history, education, marital status,
diet, alcohol consumption, and occupational exposures). The risk factor data
for approximately 500 000 adults were linked with air pollution data
for metropolitan areas throughout the United States and combined with vital
status and cause of death data through December 31, 1998.Main Outcome MeasureAll-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality.ResultsFine particulate and sulfur oxide–related pollution were associated
with all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality. Each 10-µg/m3 elevation in fine particulate air pollution was associated with approximately
a 4%, 6%, and 8% increased risk of all-cause, cardiopulmonary, and lung cancer
mortality, respectively. Measures of coarse particle fraction and total suspended
particles were not consistently associated with mortality.ConclusionLong-term exposure to combustion-related fine particulate air pollution
is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopulmonary and lung cancer
mortality.
7,803 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of canineCOX-3 activity with murine COX-1 and -2 demonstrates that this enzyme is selectively inhibited by analgesic/antipyretic drugs such as acetaminophen, phenacetin, antipyrine, and dipyrone, and is potently inhibited by some nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
Abstract: Two cyclooxygenase isozymes, COX-1 and -2, are known to catalyze the rate-limiting step of prostaglandin synthesis and are the targets of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Here we describe a third distinct COX isozyme, COX-3, as well as two smaller COX-1-derived proteins (partial COX-1 or PCOX-1 proteins). COX-3 and one of the PCOX-1 proteins (PCOX-1a) are made from the COX-1 gene but retain intron 1 in their mRNAs. PCOX-1 proteins additionally contain an in-frame deletion of exons 5–8 of the COX-1 mRNA. COX-3 and PCOX mRNAs are expressed in canine cerebral cortex and in lesser amounts in other tissues analyzed. In human, COX-3 mRNA is expressed as an ≈5.2-kb transcript and is most abundant in cerebral cortex and heart. Intron 1 is conserved in length and in sequence in mammalian COX-1 genes. This intron contains an ORF that introduces an insertion of 30–34 aa, depending on the mammalian species, into the hydrophobic signal peptide that directs COX-1 into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. COX-3 and PCOX-1a are expressed efficiently in insect cells as membrane-bound proteins. The signal peptide is not cleaved from either protein and both proteins are glycosylated. COX-3, but not PCOX-1a, possesses glycosylation-dependent cyclooxygenase activity. Comparison of canine COX-3 activity with murine COX-1 and -2 demonstrates that this enzyme is selectively inhibited by analgesic/antipyretic drugs such as acetaminophen, phenacetin, antipyrine, and dipyrone, and is potently inhibited by some nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Thus, inhibition of COX-3 could represent a primary central mechanism by which these drugs decrease pain and possibly fever.
1,889 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors find that firms with greater experience and those that create a dedicated alliance function (with the intent of strategically coordinating alliance activity and capturing/disseminating alliance-related knowledge) realize greater success with alliances.
Abstract: This paper addresses two key questions: (1) what factors influence firms' ability to build alliance capability and enjoy greater alliance success, where firm-level alliance success is measured in two ways: (a) abnormal stock market gains following alliance announcements and (b) managerial assessments of long term alliance performance; and (2) are the two alternate ways of assessing alliance success correlated? We find that firms with greater alliance experience and, more importantly, those that create a dedicated alliance function (with the intent of strategically coordinating alliance activity and capturing/disseminating alliance-related knowledge) realize greater success with alliances. More specifically, firms with a dedicated alliance function achieve greater abnormal stock market gains (average of 1.35%) and report that 63 percent of alliances are successful whereas firms without an alliance function achieve much lower stock market gains (average of 0.18%) and only a 50 percent long-term success rate. We also find a positive correlation between stock market-based measures of alliance success and alliance success measured through managerial assessments. In addition to providing insights into the development of alliance capability among firms, this paper is one of the first to provide empirical support for the efficient markets argument by demonstrating that the initial stock market response to a key event positively correlates to the long-term performance and value of the event. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,781 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of 398 firms from Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Thailand was used to investigate the impact of corporate governance on stock performance during the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998.
1,230 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the conceptual domains of organizational identity, image, and reputation are clarified and an integrated model is proposed to clarify organizational reputation, and the implications of invoking identity and identification in explanations and justifications of organizational reputation.
Abstract: The objective of this article is to clarify the conceptual domains of organizational identity, image, and reputation. To initiate this theory development process, we present a “social actor” conception of organizational identity. Identity-congruent definitions of image and reputation are then specified and an integrated model proposed. With the aid of this model, a structural flawin the organizational reputation literature is identified and suitable remedies proposed. In addition, the authors explore the implications of invoking identity and identification in explanations and justifications of organizational reputation.
794 citations
07 Aug 2002
TL;DR: An end-to-end solution to the cooperative control problem represented by the scenario where M unmanned air vehicles are assigned to transition through N known target locations in the presence of dynamic threats is presented.
Abstract: Presents an end-to-end solution to the cooperative control problem represented by the scenario where M unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) are assigned to transition through N known target locations in the presence of dynamic threats. The problem is decomposed into the subproblems of: 1) cooperative target assignment; 2) coordinated UAV intercept; 3) path planning; 4) feasible trajectory generation; and 5) asymptotic trajectory following. The design technique is based on a hierarchical approach to coordinated control. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
763 citations
01 Jan 2002
758 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a multi-method empirical approach involving both surveys and case study interviews was used to obtain an accurate view of supply chain management as it is currently practiced. But the findings reveal that supply chain practice seldom resembles the theoretical ideal.
Abstract: The terminology “supply chain management” is used frequently in today’s materials management environment and is generally associated with advanced information technologies, rapid and responsive logistics service, effective supplier management, and increasingly with customer relationship management. Most materials managers are familiar with the supply chain mantra of “suppliers’ supplier to customers’ customer”. However, experience shows that few companies are actually engaged in such extensive supply chain integration. To obtain an accurate view of SCM as it is currently practiced, the experience and insight of industry managers engaged in supply chain initiatives was sought via a multi‐method empirical approach involving both surveys and case study interviews. The findings reveal that supply chain practice seldom resembles the theoretical ideal. Three different levels of SCM implementation are identified and a series of limiting factors are discussed. Managers must recognize the tension that exists between SCM’s competitive potential and the inherent difficulty of collaboration.
732 citations
TL;DR: Patients, on average, do not get adequate exposure to psychotherapy, nor do they recover from illness at rates observed in clinical trials research.
Abstract: To date, few studies have been published on the doseresponse relationship, but there is general consensus that between 13 and 18 sessions of therapy are required for 50% of patients to improve. Reviewing the clinical trials literature reveals that in carefully controlled and implemented treatments, between 57.6% and 67.2% of patients improve within an average of 12.7 sessions. Using naturalistic data, however, revealed that the average number of sessions received in a national database of over 6,000 patients was less than five. The rate of improvement in this sample was only about 20%. These results suggest that patients, on average, do not get adequate exposure to psychotherapy, nor do they recover from illness at rates observed in clinical trials research.
712 citations
TL;DR: The management of new service development (NSD) has become an important competitive concern in many service industries as discussed by the authors, however, NSD remains among the least studied and understood topics in the service management literature.
688 citations
15 Apr 2002
TL;DR: The TCS algorithms are presented and initial attempts at parallelization are described and performance results are presented for the algorithm on several data sets.
Abstract: Phylogentic analysis is becoming an increasingly important tool for customized drug treatments, epidemiological studies, and evolutionary analysis. The TCS method provides an important tool for dealing with genes at a population level. Existing software for TCS analysis takes an unreasonable amount of time for the analysis of significant numbers of Taxa. This paper presents the TCS algorithms and describes initial attempts at parallelization. Performance results are also presented for the algorithm on several data sets.
TL;DR: The effect of recombination on phylogeny estimation depended on the relatedness of the sequences involved in the recombinational event and on the extent of the different regions with different phylogenetic histories.
Abstract: Phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences typically ignore the potential occurrence of recombination, which may produce different alignment regions with different evolutionary histories. Traditional phylogenetic methods assume that a single history underlies the data. If recombination is present, can we expect the inferred phylogeny to represent any of the underlying evolutionary histories? We examined this question by applying traditional phylogenetic reconstruction methods to simulated recombinant sequence alignments. The effect of recombination on phylogeny estimation depended on the relatedness of the sequences involved in the recombinational event and on the extent of the different regions with different phylogenetic histories. Given the topologies examined here, when the recombinational event was ancient, or when recombination occurred between closely related taxa, one of the two phylogenies underlying the data was generally inferred. In this scenario, the evolutionary history corresponding to the majority of the positions in the alignment was generally recovered. Very different results were obtained when recombination occurred recently among divergent taxa. In this case, when the recombinational breakpoint divided the alignment in two regions of similar length, a phylogeny that was different from any of the true phylogenies underlying the data was inferred.
TL;DR: In this paper, pressure driven liquid flow through round and square microchannels fabricated from fused silica and stainless steel was investigated and pressure drop data were used to characterize the friction factor for channel diameters in the range 15-150 μm and over a Reynolds number range 8-2300.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine three research questions concerned with entrepreneurial cognition and culture: (1) Do entrepreneurs have cognitions distinct from those of other business people? (2) To what extent do entrepreneurs have different beliefs from other people?
Abstract: In this study we examine three research questions concerned with entrepreneurial cognition and culture: (1) Do entrepreneurs have cognitions distinct from those of other business people? (2) To wha...
TL;DR: The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene and inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin.
Abstract: We studied sequence variation in 16S rDNA in 204 individuals from 37 populations of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Poiret 1801) across the core species range in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Phylogeographic, nested clade, and coalescence analyses were used to elucidate the species evolutionary history. The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Applying a recent extension of the nested clade analysis (Templeton 2001), we inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin. There is evidence supporting the idea that the formation of the secondary contact zone and the colonization of Germany might be postglacial events. The phylogeographic history inferred for C. unifasciata differs from general biogeographic patterns of postglacial colonization previously identified for other taxa, and it might represent a common model for species with restricted dispersal.
TL;DR: The paper presents two control strategies based on emergent behavior approaches for maintaining attitude alignment among a group of spacecraft in either deep space or earth orbit and proves analytically that the approach guarantees formation keeping throughout the maneuver.
TL;DR: It is suggested that firm performance may benefit due to agency and group behavioral issues when top management team member pay is aligned—alignment is defined as the degree to which TMT member pay reflects shareholder interests and key political and strategic contingencies within the firm.
Abstract: In this research we discuss the relationship between CEO and top management team (TMT) member compensation, and explore the implications of TMT pay for firm performance Specifically, we suggest that firm performance may benefit due to agency and group behavioral issues when top management team member pay is aligned—alignment is defined as the degree to which TMT member pay reflects (1) shareholder interests and (2) key political and strategic contingencies within the firm In support of our theorizing, we found CEO pay to be related to TMT pay; TMT compensation, in turn, predicted performance (ie, return on assets and Tobin's q) when aligned with shareholder interests and internal contingencies Moreover, the effect of CEO pay on future firm performance was dependent on top team pay Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
TL;DR: Recombination in HIV-1 seems to be much more widespread than previously thought, which might have serious implications on vaccine development and on the reliability of previous inferences of HIV- 1 evolutionary history and dynamics.
Abstract: The performance of 14 different recombination detection methods was evaluated by analyzing several empirical data sets where the presence of recombination has been suggested or where recombination is assumed to be absent. In general, recombination methods seem to be more powerful with increasing levels of divergence, but different methods showed distinct performance. Substitution methods using summary statistics gave more accurate inferences than most phylogenetic methods. However, definitive conclusions about the presence of recombination should not be derived on the basis of a single method. Performance patterns observed from the analysis of real data sets coincided very well with previous computer simulation results. Previous recombination inferences from some of the data sets analyzed here should be reconsidered. In particular, recombination in HIV-1 seems to be much more widespread than previously thought. This finding might have serious implications on vaccine development and on the reliability of previous inferences of HIV-1 evolutionary history and dynamics.
TL;DR: This article extended the work of Chao (1994) by examining parenting constructs emphasised in the Chinese culture in conjunction with parenting constructs derived and emphasised by the parent This article, and examined the relationship between the two.
Abstract: This investigation was designed to extend the work of Chao (1994) by examining parenting constructs emphasised in the Chinese culture in conjunction with parenting constructs derived and emphasised...
22 Sep 2002
TL;DR: A module generator that extracts strings from the Snort NIDS rule-set, generates a regular expression that matches all extracted strings, synthesizes a FPGA-based string matching circuit, and generates an EDIF netlist that can be processed by Xilinx software to create an FPGAs bitstream is developed.
Abstract: String matching is used by Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) to inspect incoming packet payloads for hostile data. String-matching speed is often the main factor limiting NIDS performance. String-matching performance can be dramatically improved by using Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs); accordingly, a "regular-expression to FPGA circuit" module generator has been developed. The module generator extracts strings from the Snort NIDS rule-set, generates a regular expression that matches all extracted strings, synthesizes a FPGA-based string matching circuit, and generates an EDIF netlist that can be processed by Xilinx software to create an FPGA bitstream. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by comparing the performance of the FPGA-based string matcher against the software-based GNU regex program. The FPGA-based string matcher exceeds the performance of the software-based system by 600x for large patterns.
TL;DR: Results showed that boys were more physically victimized by their friends than were girls; however, friend physical victimization was particularly related to boys whereas friend relational victimization wasn't as related to girls.
Abstract: In past research, relational and physical forms of peer victimization have been identified that have been shown to be significantly associated with social–psychological maladjustment. These forms of victimization, although studied primarily within the group peer context, also occur within dyadic relationships such as friendships. Gender differences in friend victimization and the association between friend victimization and children's social–psychological adjustment were examined. Results showed that boys were more physically victimized by their friends than were girls. Girls were more relationally than physically victimized by their friends. Friend victimization was related to adjustment difficulties for both boys and girls; however, friend physical victimization was particularly related to boys whereas friend relational victimization was particularly related to girls. The implications of these findings for future research and intervention with victimized children are discussed.
TL;DR: Munumbicins A, B, C and D are newly described antibiotics with a wide spectrum of activity against many human as well as plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and a Plasmodium sp.
Abstract: Munumbicins A, B, C and D are newly described antibiotics with a wide spectrum of activity against many human as well as plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria, and a Plasmodium sp. These compounds were obtained from Streptomyces NRRL 3052, which is endophytic in the medicinal plant snakevine (Kennedia nigriscans), native to the Northern Territory of Australia. This endophyte was cultured, the broth was extracted with an organic solvent and the contents of the residue were purified by bioassay-guided HPLC. The major components were four functionalized peptides with masses of 1269.6, 1298.5, 1312.5 and 1326.5 Da. Numerous other related compounds possessing bioactivity, with differing masses, were also present in the culture broth extract in lower quantities. With few exceptions, the peptide portion of each component contained only the common amino acids threonine, aspartic acid (or asparagine), glutamic acid (or glutamine), valine and proline, in varying ratios. The munumbicins possessed widely differing biological activities depending upon the target organism. For instance, munumbicin B had an MIC of 2.5 microg x ml(-1) against a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, whereas munumbicin A was not active against this organism. In general, the munumbicins demonstrated activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the most impressive biological activity of any of the munumbicins was that of munumbicin D against the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, having an IC(50) of 4.5+/-0.07 ng x ml(-1). This report also describes the potential of the munumbicins in medicine and agriculture.
TL;DR: Data provide the first evidence of a direct link between extent of phosphorylation of these proteins at sites recognized by the antibodies and activity of the enzymes in electrically stimulated muscle and in muscle of rats running on the treadmill.
Abstract: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated during muscle contraction in response to the increase in AMP and decrease in phosphocreatine (PCr). Once activated, AMPK has been proposed to phosph...
TL;DR: In this article, a person-year file is created and logistic regression is used to determine which covariates account for the negative effect of year in a model predicting the likelihood of marital dissolution.
Abstract: Results from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth indicate that marriages contracted after 1980 are becoming more stable. This article examines several individual characteristics in search of an explanation for increasing stability. A person-year file is created and logistic regression is used to determine which covariates account for the negative effect of year in a model predicting the likelihood of marital dissolution. Increasing experience of premarital sex, premarital birth, cohabitation, and racial and religious heterogamy are detracting from marital stability. However, rising age at marriage and, to a lesser degree, increased education are associated with increasing marital stability. These latter effects more than counterbalance the factors associated with instability leading to an overall decline in the rate of marital dissolution.
TL;DR: The general conclusion is that health insurance has important effects on both labor force participation and job choice, but that it is not clear whether or not these effects results in large losses of either welfare or efficiency.
Abstract: This paper provides a critical review of the empirical literature on the relationship between health insurance, labor supply, and job mobility. We review over 50 papers on this topic, almost exclusively written in the last 10 years. We reach five conclusions. First, there is clear and unambiguous evidence that health insurance is a central determinant of retirement decisions. Second, there is fairly clear evidence that health insurance is not a major determinant of the labor supply and welfare exit decisions of low income mothers. Third, there is fairly compelling evidence that health insurance is an important factor in the labor supply decisions of secondary earners. Fourth, while there is some division in the literature, the most convincing evidence suggests that health insurance plays an important role in job mobility decisions. Finally, there is virtually no evidence in the literature on the welfare implications of these results. We present some rudimentary calculations which suggest that the welfare costs of job lock are likely to be modest. Our general conclusion is that health insurance has important effects on both labor force participation and job choice, but that it is not clear whether or not these effects results in large losses of either welfare or efficiency.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that feedback increased the duration of treatment and improved outcome for clients identified as potential treatment failures, and nearly twice as many clients in the feedback group achieved clinically significant or reliable change and fewer were classified as deteriorated by the time treatment ended.
Abstract: Several systems have been developed to monitor and feedback information about a client's responses to psychotherapy as a method of enhancing client outcome. The current study divided 1020 clients into four groups (two experimental and two control) to determine if feedback regarding client progress, when provided to a therapist, affected client outcome and number of sessions attended. Results showed that feedback increased the duration of treatment and improved outcome for clients identified as potential treatment failures thereby replicating an earlier study using nearly identical methodology. Nearly twice as many clients in the feedback group achieved clinically significant or reliable change and fewer were classified as deteriorated by the time treatment ended. For those clients who were predicted to have a positive response to treatment, feedback to therapists resulted in an equal number of treatment sessions and equivalent outcomes compared to the no feedback controls. The results are discussed in terms of quality management in routine clinical practice and the need to base treatment decisions on clients' response to treatment rather than arbitrary session limits. Suggestions for additional research aimed at enhancing the effects of feedback on client outcome are made. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this paper, two recently developed methods for approximating the distributions of test statistics in mixed linear models have been included as options in the latest release of the MIXED procedure of SAS®.
Abstract: A recent study of lady beetle antennae was a small sample repeated measures design involving a complex covariance structure. Distributions of test statistics based on mixed models fitted to such data are unknown, but two recently developed methods for approximating the distributions of test statistics in mixed linear models have been included as options in the latest release of the MIXED procedure of SAS®. One method (FC, from Fai and Cornelius) computes degrees of freedom of an approximating F distribution for the test statistic using spectral decomposition of the hypothesis matrix together with repeated application of a method for single-degree-of-freedom tests. The other method (KR, from Kenward and Roger) adjusts the estimated covariance matrix of the parameter estimates, computes a scale adjustment to the test statistic, and computes the degrees of freedom of an approximating F distribution. Using the two methods, p values for a hypothesis of interest in the lady beetle study were quite different. Simulation studies on the Proc MIXED implementation of these methods showed that Type I error rates of both methods are affected by covariance structure complexity, sample size, and imbalance. Nonetheless, the KR method performs well in situations with fairly complicated covariance structures when sample sizes are moderate to small and the design is reasonably balanced. The KR method should be used in preference to the FC method, although it had inflated Type I error rates for complex covariance structures combined with small sample sizes.
TL;DR: In this paper, Bartlett and Youd introduced empirical equations for the prediction of lateral spread displacement from multilinear regression (MLR) of a large case history database; these equations have gained wide use in engineering practice.
Abstract: In 1992 and 1995, Bartlett and Youd introduced empirical equations for the prediction of lateral spread displacement; these equations have gained wide use in engineering practice. The equations were developed from the multilinear regression (MLR) of a large case history database. This study corrects and updates the original analysis. Corrections and modifications include: (1) Bartlett and Youd erroneously overestimated measured displacements for lateral spreads generated by the 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu, Japan earthquake; those errors are corrected herein. (2) Several sites were deleted where boundary shear impeded free lateral displacement. (3) Data were added from three additional earthquakes. (4) The functional form of the mean-grain-size term was modified from (D5015) to log(D5015+0.1mm) to produce improved prediction of displacements for coarse-grained granular sites. (5) The functional form of the model was changed from log(R) to log(R*), where R* is a function of the magnitude of the earthquake, to preve...
TL;DR: This system is intended for use in any situation where two entities from different security domains need to establish trust - business-to-business and retail interactions, cooperative work and joint ventures, medical records, mobile computing, and so on.
Abstract: Our system, TrustBuilder, supports automated trust negotiation between strangers on the Internet. TrustBuilder lets negotiating parties disclose relevant digital credentials and access control policies and establish the trust necessary to complete their interaction. TrustBuilder is intended for use in any situation where two entities from different security domains need to establish trust - business-to-business and retail interactions, cooperative work and joint ventures, medical records, mobile computing, and so on.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the effect of trust in the relationships among members and between members and the management teams of two agricultural marketing cooperatives (co-ops) focusing on the impact of trust on co-op members' performance, satisfaction, and their commitment to remaining a part of the co-ops.