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Institution

Brigham Young University

EducationProvo, Utah, United States
About: Brigham Young University is a education organization based out in Provo, Utah, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 21087 authors who have published 38643 publications receiving 1237985 citations. The organization is also known as: BYU & The Y.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the influence of code-switching on overall language use in the classroom by both the students and the teachers and found that teacher-initiated codeswitching had the most influence on students' subsequent language choice and that teachers codeswitched more often, even though students used a higher overall percentage of the first language.
Abstract: Students' first and target language are often used by both teachers and students during instruction in the foreign language classroom (Levine, 2011). In this study, the frequency of and reasons for students' and teachers' use of English or Spanish were analyzed using video recordings of 40 class sessions taught by eight randomly selected Spanish 102 teachers and by eight randomly selected Spanish 202 teachers. All of the videos were transcribed, and a word count was made to determine the overall use of Spanish and English by the students and teachers. The relationship between the number of code-switches by teachers and students and the overall use of Spanish and English in the classroom were analyzed. Finally, the code-switches between languages were categorized and counted to determine if students or teachers initiated the switch and under what circumstances, as well as the influence of code-switching on the interlocutor's subsequent language choice. The results indicate that teacher-initiated code-switches had the most influence on students' subsequent language choice and that teachers code-switched more often, even though students used a higher overall percentage of the first language. In addition, there was a strong positive relationship between the number of code-switches and the overall use of Spanish and English during instruction.Key words: Spanish, code-switching, first language, language use, target languageIntroductionStudents' first and target language are often used by both teachers and students during instruction in the foreign language classroom (Levine, 2011). Changes from one language to another, called code-switching, have been defined in a variety of ways. Timm (1993) defined code-switching as the alternating of two different languages at the word, phrase, clause, or sentence level (p. 94). Coste (1997) defined code-switching as alternating between two languages in either oral or written expression. Often, the expression is used interchangeably with terms such as code mixing, language switching, or language alternation, although each term has a slightly different meaning depending on the researcher. Code-switching research has tended to look at more advanced bilinguals, while less consideration has been given to code-switching in the foreign language classroom and especially these interactions between students and teachers.Research to date has not considered how the initiator of the code-switches may influence other interlocutors and how the type and quantity of code-switching in a classroom may affect overall language use. In addition, studies have failed to consider the impact of the students' code-switching on the teacher's language choices. In this study, researchers examined the overall use of Spanish and English in the classroom by both the students and the teachers. In order to better understand the influence of code-switching on overall language use, the number of code-switches by teachers and students were examined, focusing on the initiator of the code-switch and subsequent language use. In addition, teacher and student code-switching behaviors, including the point of initiation of each code-switch, the context surrounding it, subsequent language choices, and how the class level and the frequency of code-switches affected the overall use of Spanish and English in the classroom, were also studied to better understand first and target language use in the classroom. Too often research has looked only at student or teacher use and failed to connect the linguistic behaviors between the two groups within the language classroom to fully understand the language choices that are made and how choice of language may be influenced, which can thus lead to a better understanding of the dynamic of language use in the foreign language classroom as well as the factors that impact language use by both students and teachers.Literature ReviewRecommendations for Language Use in the ClassroomIn 2010, ACTFL recommended that "language educators and their students use the target language as exclusively as possible (90% plus) at all levels of instruction during instructional time and, when feasible, beyond the classroom" (ACTFL, 2010, p. …

27 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a modified item response theory model was used to determine university non-major biology students' levels of understanding of natural selection (n = 1,192) using Conceptual Inventory of Natural Selection.
Abstract: Concept inventories are often used to assess current student understanding although conceptual change models are problematic. Due to controversies with conceptual change models and the realities of student assessment, it is important that concept inventories are evaluated using a variety of theoretical models to improve quality. This study used a modified item response theory model to determine university nonmajor biology students’ levels of understanding of natural selection (n = 1,192). Using Conceptual Inventory of Natural Selection, we have reported how we applied Bock’s modified nominal item response theory model and the distracter test item analysis. We found that the use of this model can define student levels of understanding and identify problematic distracters.

27 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
31 Mar 1989-Science
TL;DR: The Upper Jurassic egg described here is the first known egg from the 100-million-year gap in the fossil record between Lower Jurassic (South Africa) and upper Lower Cretaceous (Utah) and the pathological multilayering of the eggshell as found in modern and fossil reptilians, and the pliable condition of the Eggshell at the time of burial indicate an oviducal retention of the eggs.
Abstract: The Upper Jurassic egg described here is the first known egg from the 100-million-year gap in the fossil record between Lower Jurassic (South Africa) and upper Lower Cretaceous (Utah). The discovery of the egg, which was found mixed in with thousands of dinosaur bones rather than in a nest, the pathological multilayering of the eggshell as found in modern and fossil reptilians, and the pliable condition of the eggshell at the time of burial indicate an oviducal retention of the egg at the time of burial.

27 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A dual spatial analysis of laurdan anisotropy, as revealed by the distribution ofLaurdan emission spectra, and intensity excited by polarized light suggested that the plasma membranes of ionophore-treated erythrocytes may also exhibit elevated numbers of liquid ordered domains.
Abstract: In artificial phospholipid bilayers, dual measurements of laurdan steady-state anisotropy and emission spectra can be used to identify the presence of liquid ordered phases. Human erythrocytes were used as a model to test whether similar measurements could be applied to biological samples. Specifically, laurdan anisotropy and emission spectra were obtained from native erythrocytes before and after treatment with calcium ionophore and from the microvesicles (known to be enriched in liquid ordered domains) shed from the cells during calcium entry. Spectral and anisotropy data were consistent with an increased order and reduced fluidity of erythrocyte membrane lipids upon ionophore treatment. Microvesicle membranes appeared more ordered than native erythrocytes and similar to ionophore-treated cells based on laurdan emission. In contrast, the anisotropy value was lower in microvesicles compared to ionophore-treated cells, suggesting greater probe mobility. Parallel measurements of diphenylhexatriene anisotropy corroborated the laurdan data. These results were consistent with the liquid ordered property of microvesicle membranes based on comparisons to behavior in artificial membranes. Two-photon microscopy was used to examine the distribution of laurdan fluorescence along the surface of erythrocyte membranes before and after ionophore treatment. A dual spatial analysis of laurdan anisotropy, as revealed by the distribution of laurdan emission spectra, and intensity excited by polarized light suggested that the plasma membranes of ionophore-treated erythrocytes may also exhibit elevated numbers of liquid ordered domains.

27 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: What efforts have gone into modeling resistance mathematically in both arenas are explored, and suggestions on how the two groups could work together to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the resistance phenomenon are offered.

27 citations


Authors

Showing all 21371 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Joel Schwartz1831149109985
Steven P. Gygi172704129173
Rajesh Kumar1494439140830
Majid Ezzati133443137171
Chi-Huey Wong129122066349
James H. Brown12542372040
John C. Gore12578468261
David J. Smith1252090108066
John A. Todd12151567413
Cass R. Sunstein11778757639
Enrico Gratton11585447170
Douglas S. Massey11338655101
Jeffery W. Kelly10842841240
Douglas W. Dockery10524457461
Michael R. Harrison10266336751
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202377
2022231
20211,623
20201,596
20191,500
20181,469