Showing papers by "Brunel University London published in 1977"
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: From the subjectivist point of view (de Finetti, 1937) a probability is a degree of belief in a proposition whose truth has not been ascertained and there is no “right” or “correct” probability that resides somewhere “in reality” against which it can be compared.
Abstract: From the subjectivist point of view (de Finetti, 1937) a probability is a degree of belief in a proposition whose truth has not been ascertained. A probability expresses a purely internal state; there is no “right” or “correct” probability that resides somewhere “in reality” against which it can be compared. However, in many circumstances, it may become possible to verify the truth o£ falsity of the proposition to which a probability was attached. Today, we assess the probability of the proposition“it will rain tomorrow”. Tomorrow, we go outside and look at the rain gauge to see whether or not it has rained. When verification is possible, we can use it to gauge the adequacy of our probability assessments.
665 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: This paper examined possible cultural influences on probabilistic thinking by observing subjects in probability assessment experiments, and found that subjects' comprehension of the tasks was associated with subjects' cultural backgrounds, and that there is some substance to these informal observations.
Abstract: This paper examines possible cultural influences on probabilistic thinking By probabilistic thinking we mean the tendency to view the world in terms of uncertainty, the ascribing of different degrees of uncertainty to events, and the ability meaningfully to express that uncertainty either verbally or as a numerical probability Although one of us (Phillips, 1970) has previously suggested that culture may influence the cognitive processes involved in probability assessment, we have not found a single study in the literature wholly devoted to this topic However, in observing subjects in probability assessment experiments, we and other investigators have informally noted differences, particularly in overall comprehension of the tasks, that seem to be associated with subjects’ cultural backgrounds The research reported here suggests that there is some substance to these informal observations
142 citations
TL;DR: The finite element method of stress analysis is used to model a maxillary central incisor, and the supporting structures of periodontium and alveolar bone, and attention is given to how the location of the instantaneous centre of rotation of the tooth is affected by such factors as the position and direction of the applied force and the mechanical properties of theperiodontium.
Abstract: The finite element method of stress analysis is used to model a maxillary central incisor, and the supporting structures of periodontium and alveolar bone. Analyses are then carried out for the too...
71 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Vickers microhardness test has been used as an additional tool for the determination of the microstructure of an injection moulded semicrystalline thermoplastic.
Abstract: The Vickers microhardness test has been used as an additional tool for the determination of the microstructure of an injection moulded semicrystalline thermoplastic. The results show for the first time that there is a clear and well defined correlation between microhardness measurements and changes in preferred orientation through the thickness of the mouldings as revealed by acid etching and wide angle X-ray diffraction. Notably, the microhardness test describes, if the necessary precautions are taken, the extent of the different structures and the degree of preferred chain axis orientation within those structures.
58 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the number of bacteria acquired in a given time differs markedly from egg to egg and, as predicted, those with the highest counts hatch first, and not by means of some hypothetical pheromone, but by rearing each egg in isolation.
Abstract: Erratic hatching of eggs in Aedes aegypti (and other aedine mosquitoes) has long been something of an enigma, although the temporal scatter it provides, when coupled with drought resistance, is advantageous to species utilizing small, temporary breeding places. It is well known that eggs of Aedes hatch when the amount of dissolved oxygen ( p o 2 ) in the surrounding water is lowered, as when the medium becomes contaminated with bacteria. But erratic hatching in small instalments may occur in the absence of any obvious stimulus. We have re-examined this problem, postulating that the eggs themselves harbour microbial colonies and that these, by lowering the ( p o 2 ) in the microenvironment of each egg, quantitatively influence hatching. When laid the eggs are sterile, but each acquires surface colonies of bacteria, which they pick up from the environment. By rearing each egg in isolation we have shown that the number of bacteria acquired in a given time differs markedly from egg to egg and, as predicted, those with the highest counts hatch first. Under natural conditions, with eggs of different ages massed together, the first larvae to hatch browse over the surfaces of the remaining eggs, presumably consuming the bacteria and thus lowering the likelihood of further hatching. Thus, in this simple fashion, and not, it seems, by means of some hypothetical pheromone (as previously suggested), the first eggs to hatch influence the prospects of the other eggs, ensuring that a proportion of them remain unhatched, thus serving as a reserve for the future.
52 citations
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a descriptive theory is offered of the existence of a natural stratification of the work to be done in organizations, based on action-research over a number of years in Social Services Departments in England and Wales.
Abstract: To try to deepen an understanding of what hierarchies of management levels are about, a descriptive theory is offered of the existence of a natural stratification of the work to be done in organizations. It is based on action-research over a number of years in Social Services Departments in England and Wales. It appears that the first five successive organizational levels are concerned with what may briefly be categorized as: prescribed output work, situational response work, systematic service provision work, comprehensive service provision work, and comprehensive field coverage work. Examples are quoted of how this conceptual framework has been used in practice (a) to clarify and simplify existing managerial structures, and (b) to help design total organization according to the quality of response to the environment which is required.
27 citations
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: This review evaluates Multi-attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) in terms of its claim to success in providing an axiomatization of decomposition and recomposition of complex phenomena which is both coherent and didactic.
Abstract: Tversky (1967) identified a major goal of scientific investigation as the decomposition of complex phenomena into sets of ‘basic’ factors according to specifiable rules of combination. Following this approach, this review evaluates Multi-attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) in terms of its claim to success in providing an axiomatization of decomposition and recomposition of complex phenomena which is both coherent and didactic.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the friction and wear resistance of two commercial manganese phosphate coatings have been evaluated by sliding against a steel disc, under both lubricated and dry sliding wear conditions.
27 citations
TL;DR: The results obtained are consistent with the view that the extended breakdown of an adduct ofHPE and cysteine, releasing the reactive aldehyde, increases the half-life of HPE both in vitro and in vivo.
19 citations
01 Sep 1977
TL;DR: Gre Gregg et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed the isotherms of carbon dioxide at −78.5°C on a standard, nonporous form of silica (TK 800) and on two porous silica gels (one microporous and the other mesoporous) at temperatures of 25 and 1000°C.
Abstract: Adsorption isotherms of carbon dioxide were determined at −78.5°C on a standard, nonporous form of silica (TK 800) and on two porous silica gels (one microporous and the other mesoporous), which had been used in previous investigations. To study the effect of surface dehydroxylation, each silica was outgassed at temperatures of 25 and 1000°C. The isotherms are analyzed by the BET and FHH methods and also by means of a new procedure, devised by Gregg, which allows a simple comparison of the shapes of two isotherms to be made by plotting the ratio, f, of their ordinates against the relative pressure, p p 0 . The character of the carbon dioxide isotherm is found to be highly dependent on the temperature of outgassing: With each silica, the change in outgassing temperature from 25 to 1000°C has resulted in a marked decrease in the BET c value and a movement in the location of the BET monolayer to higher p p 0 . These effects are attributed to the removal of surface OH groups by outgassing at 1000°C. The magnitude of the change in the FHH r value (from 1.62 to 1.20) indicates that the effect of dehydroxylation extends to the carbon dioxide multilayer, to a considerably greater extent than has been found with nitrogen. The f plots for gel J (outgassed at 25 and 1000°C) are practically identical at p p 0 and deviate only slightly from the horizontal. On the other hand, the two f plots for gel E are very different and also deviate considerably from the horizontal. It appears that the specific, field gradient-quadrupole interactions are enhanced when the surface OH groups are located within micropores, but that the micropore filling process has distorted the shape of the carbon dioxide isotherm on both the hydroxylated and dehydroxylated forms of gel E.
TL;DR: In this paper, the absorption isotherms of argon and nitrogen have been determined on samples of chlorinated and unchlorinated copper phthalocyanine pigments, with the lowest area being obtained with the blue β-copper phTHC and the highest area with a sample of green chlorinated copper PHTHCyanine.
TL;DR: A thin-layer chromatographic mass spectrometric procedure has been devised for the quantitative analysis of phenolic lipids as mentioned in this paper, which is successful due to the reproducible scanning obtainable.
TL;DR: The first mass spectra of pyrrolo [2, 3b] pyrazine and some of its derivatives and of pyrazino indole are reported and compared with those of related compounds.
Abstract: The first mass spectra of pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyrazine and some of its derivatives and of pyrazino [2, 3-b] indole are reported and compared with those of related compounds. Differences between the spectra of some aryl substituted derivatives are described and discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of converting power series to different types of continued fractions is treated by demonstrating the generality of application of an often neglected class of algorithms, and a new expansion is obtained for the gamma function.
Abstract: The problem of converting power series to different types of continued fractions is treated by demonstrating the generality of application of an often neglected class of algorithms. As an example, a new expansion is obtained for the gamma function.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived the standard enthalpy of hydration of the ion CN-(g) plus gaseous alkali metal ions and used the results for the derivation of the total lattice potential energies U POT(MCN).
Abstract: On the basis that the (electron density) crystal radius of the ion CN- is 1·77 A, estimates have been made of the standard enthalpy of hydration of CN-(g) plus gaseous alkali metal ions. The results have been used in the derivation of the total lattice potential energies U POT(MCN) of alkali metal cyanides and other related thermochemical quantities. The following estimates have been made (298·15 K):
TL;DR: Results are consistent with the presence in S. clavuligerus of an enzyme which transfers a carbamoyl group from the carb amoyl phosphate to the 3-hydroxymethyl group on the cephalosporin nucleus, and this enzyme should be called an 0-carbamoysltransferase.
Abstract: phosphate, and the possibility that the reaction may also be limited by the stability of other factors, explains the incompleteness of the transcarbamoylation. In conclusion, these results are consistent with the presence in S. clavuligerus of an enzyme which transfers a carbamoyl group from the carbamoyl phosphate to the 3-hydroxymethyl group on the cephalosporin nucleus. This enzyme should be called an 0-carbamoyltransferase. We know of no previous description of such an enzyme.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of boronising on wear behavior in dry sliding was investigated, and it was shown that borons eliminate running-in wear, reduce oxidative (mild) wear, and increase the load at which transition to metallic wear occurs.
TL;DR: In this article, Raman spectral data for the species HgX2, HgCl2 and HgBr2 in solution in 24 class A donor solvents were presented.
Abstract: Raman spectral data for the species HgX2, HgX3− and HgX42− (X = Cl and Br) in solution in 24 class A donor solvents are presented. The complex ions were present in the solutions as lithium salts. The frequencies (ν1) of the symmetric stretching vibrations of HgX2 and Hg3− correlate well with solvent donicity (DN) and with other measures of solvent donor strength. A two-parameter regression equation of the form ν1 = ao + a1(DN) + a2(Eτ), where Eτ is the Dimroth-Reichardt electrophilicity parameter, gives good correlations for the HgX42− ions. Evidence based on (i) the frequency values of the symmetric and antisymmetric (ν3) stretching vibrations of HgCl2 and HgBr2, (ii) the Raman intensities of the ν3 mode of HgBr2 and (iii) the depolarization ratios of the ν1 bands of HgCls and HgBr2 in various solvents, supports the view that these molecules in solution undergo a progressive departure from linearity as a result of increasing solvent coordination to the mercury atom. For solvents of high donor strength (e.g. pyridine), the XHgX interbond angle may approach 120°.
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: A common misconception is that associative processing is a special mode of computation which can only be achieved at high expense with complex hardware components, but this is not the case.
Abstract: A common misconception is that associative processing is a special mode of computation which can only be achieved at high expense with complex hardware components. Consequently, it is often maintained that associative processing can only be justified in certain dedicated computer applications for which conventional computer hardware is cost-ineffective. In truth, associative processing is a natural form of information processing and its features are independent of the machine on which it is implemented. Moreover, computer systems supporting the storage, retrieval and processing of non-numerical information are inevitably associative processing systems, whether or not this was intended by their designers. To understand this, perhaps controversial, contention it is helpful to reflect on the nature of information itself.
TL;DR: One of the infected lines, ETAT 10, had infected a laboratory worker and was found to be fully resistant to human plasma; the other lines showed only low or moderate resistance.
Abstract: Tests for resistance to human plasma were made on six clones of a stabilate of Trypanosoma rhodesiense (LUMP 10) which was calculated to contain about 3,000 resistant trypanosomes per million. Two of the clones were not resistant and four were only subresistant. Tests were also made on 12 lines (clones) of a stabilate of polymorphic trypanosomes isolated from tsetse flies. One of them, ETAT 10, had infected a laboratory worker and was found to be fully resistant to human plasma; the other lines showed only low or moderate resistance. Resistance of a strain to human plasma often depends upon a small minority of resistant trypanosomes. Strains of polymorphic trypanosomes may be classified as fully resistant, moderately resistant, subresistant, or sensitive to human plasma, if they contain respectively, all, some (e.g. one per hundred), very few (e.g. one per million) or no individuals which are resistant.
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal-voltage memory effect and the relaxation of the induced memory states at low temperature were investigated and a minimum voltage of V T ≃2-3 V is required for the transition.
Abstract: The d.c. electrical properties and electroforming of Cu-BaO(50%)/SiO(50%)-Cu thin-film samples with different thicknesses of insulator layer have been studied. Devices with dielectric layers 500–1000 A thick show very highly stuble electrical properties and maximum electron emission efficiency. The thermal-voltage memory effect and the relaxation of the induced memory states at low temperature were investigated. Contrary to other observations of the irreversible character of the induced memory states at low temperatures, loading voltage and temperature cycling methods were found for the high to low-resistance state transition. The transition times increace with decreasing temperature, loading voltage and the initial conductance of the memory states. In the temperature cycling method a minimum voltage of V T ≃2–3 V is required for the transition. The filamentary model of conductance was used for the interpretation of the experimental results.
01 Mar 1977
TL;DR: A fuller picture of the hierarchy in the school situation, describing its components and arguing that tht epithets mentioned above are not necessarily deserved, is presented in this paper. But this paper does not consider the role of the school board in the day-to-day management of education.
Abstract: ial Administration, Brunel University Criticism of the hierarchy has become passe. Authoritarian, anti-individual, anti -professional, inflexible, ineffective and outdated are just some of the epithets that are levelled. Yet work on the Homes, Schools and Social Service; Project undertaken by the Educational Studies Unit of Brunel Universityl demonstrated both the hierarchy’s ubiquity and its complexity as an organisational ton in the schools. This paper, then, attempts to present a fuller picture of the hierarchy in the school situation, describing its components and arguing that tht epithets mentioned above are not necessarily deserved.
TL;DR: In this article, the angular distribution of emitted electrons is made from electroformed Au-SiOx-Au thin film sandwich structures and it is proposed that the reason for the change in the shape of angular distribution with increasing voltage may be a result of a change in conduction mechanism from a filamentary to a non-filamentary process.
Abstract: Measurements of the angular distribution of emitted electrons are made from electroformed Au-SiOx-Au thin film sandwich structures. For diode devices at low voltages a pronounced forward maximum is observed, the distribution becoming more isotropic as the voltage is increased. Thus, earlier measurements are confirmed. New measurements on triodes at higher voltages show a definite continuation of this trend. It is proposed that the reason for the change in the shape of the angular distribution with increasing voltage may be a result of a change in the conduction mechanism from a filamentary to a non-filamentary process.
La distribution angulaire des electrons emis par des couches minces de Au-SiOx-Au, en forme de sandwich, a ete mesuree apres la formation electrique. Un maximum dans la direction de l'emission a ete observe dans le cas de structures en forme de diode, a basse tension. Le caractere isotropique de la distribution s'affirmait avec une tension croissante. Ceci confirme des resultats anterieurs. De nouvelles mesures a plus haute tension utilisant des structures en forme de triode ont donnes des resultats semblables. II est suggere que le changement de forme de la distribution angulaire avec un voltage croissant soit le resultat d'un changement du mecanisme de conductivite, d'un systeme filamenteux a un systeme non-filamenteux.
TL;DR: In this article, a new molecular characterisation method for DNA tagged with ethidium bromide was proposed, based on pulsed electric fields, and the advantages of this method are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of glass specimens was prepared from mixtures of SiO2, TiO2 and Na2O, and their optical absorption coefficients measured as functions of photon energy in the range 2.1-3.3 eV.
Abstract: A series of glass specimens was prepared from mixtures of SiO2, TiO2 and Na2O, and their optical absorption coefficients measured as functions of photon energy in the range 2.1–3.3 eV. From the results, values of the optical energy gap are calculated and found to be dependent on the glass compositions. The results are analysed in terms of a mechanism of optical absorption arising from forbidden indirect transitions.
TL;DR: An extensive gas chromatographic investigation of alternative stationary phases to polyethyleneglycol adipate has revealed two which are suitable for the quantitative analysis of hydrogenated and methylated natural and technical cashew nut-shell liquid.