Showing papers by "Brunel University London published in 1980"
TL;DR: The authors explored a broad territory of Roman economic history over a long period and explored several probabilities in the form of propositions, but the evidence is so sparse that it is difficult to prove that each proposition is right.
Abstract: This essay is speculative and tentative, a preliminary attempt at exploring a broad territory of Roman economic history over a long period. For the sake of clarity, I have canvassed several probabilities in the form of propositions, but the evidence is so sparse that it is difficult to prove that each proposition is right. It is disappointing to confess at the outset that one's case is unproven and that the generalizations advanced are disproportionately large in relation to the supporting evidence. Even so, the experiments made here with both evidence and methods may stimulate others into refuting or reshaping the propositions. And besides, some of the methods can be usefully applied to other problems in Roman history.
599 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-national comparison of closely matched factories in France, West Germany, and Great Britain has been made, showing that more pervasive differences exist than are usually recognized Organizational processes of differentiation and inteference can consistently interact with processes of educating, training, recruiting, and promoting manpower.
Abstract: The literature has largely tended to consider organizations as distinct from societal processes and institutions, and to emphasize convergent and 'culture-free' elements of organization By cross-national comparisons of closely matched factories in France, West Germany, and Great Britain, this paper shows that more pervasive differences exist than are usually recognized Organizational processes of differentiation and inte gration can be seen to consistently interact with processes of educating, training, recruiting, and promoting manpower, so that both develop within an institutional logic that is particular to a society, and bring about nationally different shapes of organiza tion Organizational differences can thus be considered as linked to different extents and dimensions of professionalty Comparisons show that a multidimensional concept of professionality is called for, in contrast to the one-sided emphasis on the social status and formal knowledge dimension usually found in the literature
272 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that there are qualitative differences in ways of dealing with uncertainty between Asians and British adults, and that Asians adopt a less finely differentiated view of uncertainty both numerically and verbally than did the British sample.
Abstract: This study reviews research on cultural differences in “probabilistic thinking” and presents some intra- and inter-cultural findings. Strong differences are shown to exist between people raised under Asian and British cultures on measures of this ability. These differences were found to out-weigh any influence of subculture, religion, occupation, arts/science orientation and sex. Generally, Asians were found to adopt a less finely differentiated view of uncertainty both numerically and verbally than did the British sample. Numerical probabilities assessed by the Asians were more extreme and less realistic than those assessed by the British sample. Possible antecedents of these differences are outlined, and cultural differences in probabilistic thinking are shown to be compatible with decryptions of cultural differences in business decision making. It is argued that there are qualitative cultural differences in ways of dealing with uncertainty.
190 citations
TL;DR: The effects of superoxide, Hydroxyl and Bromine Free Radicals on Enzyme Activity are studied in detail in this chapter on Glutathione Peroxidase.
Abstract: (1980). Glutathione Peroxidase: Effect of Superoxide, Hydroxyl and Bromine Free Radicals on Enzyme Activity. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 213-217.
156 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, the consequences of changes in all these systems, to analyze them, to understand their dynamics, to influence their behaviour, make it increasingly difficult to understand the consequences.
Abstract: Increasingly complex interaction between man and nature, increasingly complex interaction between man and man-made artificial systems, make it increasingly difficult to comprehend the consequences of changes in all these systems, to analyze them, to understand their dynamics, to influence their behaviour.
137 citations
TL;DR: Fifteen nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic compounds that can act as "radiosensitizers" were tested for their cytotoxicity toward hypoxic Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro and the presence of the nitro group as a prerequisite for the hypoxic cell toxicity was discussed.
Abstract: Fifteen nitroaromatic and nitroheterocyclic compounds that can act as "radiosensitizers" were tested for their cytotoxicity toward hypoxic Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro. The cytotoxicity increased markedly as the electron affinity, measured as a one-electron reduction potential, increased. Non-nitro-containing compounds of similar electron affinities (such as quinones) that also act as radiosensitizers did not exhibit this specific toxicity toward hypoxic cells. The implications of the presence of the nitro group as a prerequisite for the hypoxic cell toxicity were discussed, and the mechanism of the cytotoxicity was compared with that of hypoxic cell radiosensitization.
103 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study was carried out to investigate molecular orientation in injection moulded bars of short glass fibre reinforced polypropylene and polyethylene and found that the fibres do not appear to have any direct effect on the matrix orientation.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the wall layers generated in twenty-six turbulent flows, including plane Poiseuille and plane Couette cases, are compared with analytical results obtained by Kader & Yaglom and by Townsend.
Abstract: Measurements of time-mean velocity have been made in a flat channel (aspect ratio 12 to 28), one of whose walls consists of a belt which can be moved in the direction of air blown through the channel or in the opposite direction. The wall layers generated in twenty-six turbulent flows, including plane Poiseuille and plane Couette cases, are compared with analytical results obtained by Kader & Yaglom and by Townsend. Empirical descriptions are developed for the viscous, logarithmic and gradient portions of these wall layers. The core regions of both Couette-type and Poiseuille-type flows are also described empirically. Parallels are drawn with developing boundary layers, and phenomena are identified that relate to the relaminarization of boundary layers.
77 citations
TL;DR: The control parameter in Bresenham's algorithm, when interpreted as a measure of distance from a straight line boundary, gives a weighted average of the intensities on each side of the line that can be used to produce an aesthetically pleasing visual effect with modern display devices.
Abstract: The control parameter in Bresenham's algorithm, when interpreted as a measure of distance from a straight line boundary, gives a weighted average of the intensities on each side of the line. This can be used to produce an aesthetically pleasing visual effect with modern display devices.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a decision aid called MultiAttribute Utility Decomposition (MAUD) is used to help decision makers in the structuring, decomposition and recomposition of preferences between multi-attributed alternatives.
73 citations
TL;DR: The interaction of Ccl; with the spin-trap phenylbutylnitrone in a simplified model system where the CCl; radicals are produced by a pulse of high energy electrons allows us to unequivocally identify the spintrap adducts of C Cl; and CCl,O.
TL;DR: The static impedance values are discussed to give a possible explanation of why reflex thresholds cannot be detected using conventional 220 Hz impedance bridges.
Abstract: Probe tones from 220 Hz to 2 000 Hz were used to measure the static and dynamic acoustic impedance of 44 neonates. Acoustic reflex thresholds to broad band noise were obtained from every neonate tested when employing the higher frequency probe tones. The reflex threshold levels measured are similar to those of adults. The static impedance values are discussed to give a possible explanation of why reflex thresholds cannot be detected using conventional 220 Hz impedance bridges.
TL;DR: Two-dimensional finite-element models representing non-homogeneous electrical conductivity of the human thorax in the mid-sagittal and tranverse planes suggest support is given to the view that stimulation from epidural electrodes place dorsolaterally will preferentially involve dorsal root axons.
Abstract: Two-dimensional finite-element models are described representing non-homogeneous electrical conductivity of the human thorax in the mid-sagittal and tranverse planes. The spinal canal is treated in detail and various tissue types and other biological material have been represented.
TL;DR: It is reported that caeruloplasmin does not catalyse the disproportionation of superoxide anion radicals generated by pulse radiolysis, however, the reduction of the type 1 copper(I1) in caeruplasmin is observed.
TL;DR: A C1 vector-valued interpolation scheme for a triangle is described which is compatible with Coons' rectangular interpolation patches and could be useful in the field of computer-aided geometric design.
TL;DR: The methiodide quaternary salts of two of the (2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)alkylamines showed that quaternization considerably reduced sensitization efficiency and appear worthy of further investigation as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers in vivo.
Abstract: SummaryThe effects of substituting 2-nitroimidazoles with groups carrying basic functions were studied. Prototropic, redox, lipophilicity and protein-binding properties were compared with the efficiency in radiosensitizing hypoxic Chinese hamster V79-379A cells in vitro and the cytotoxicities of the compounds after chronic aerobic exposure.Seventeen compounds were (2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)alkylamines in which the effects of changes in the terminating base and of alkyl chain length were investigated. About an order of magnitude increase in sensitization efficiency could be observed in some compounds without any increase in the aerobic cytotoxicity compared to simple, uncharged 2-nitroimidazoles such as misonidazole. The behaviour of five hydrazones was similar to that of uncharged analogues. The methiodide quaternary salts of two of the (2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)alkylamines showed that quaternization considerably reduced sensitization efficiency. (Nitro-1-imidazolyl)alkylamines appear worthy of further investigat...
TL;DR: The results of the structure-activity relationship study on the anticancer drug 9-hydroxyellipticine for its antioxydant properties show that 6-Hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl carbazole has a remarkable inhibitory action in several In vitro peroxidative systems.
TL;DR: There is now a general view that a fundamental understanding of the whole valve train tribology is necessary to produce solutions to problems which are expected to arise as engine technology develops over the next decade.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Cadmium phosphate glasses were examined in relation to their electrical conduction properties at high applied fields and also when the fields are sufficiently high for memory switching to occur.
Abstract: The cadmium phosphate glasses previously described by the authors are further examined in relation to their electrical conduction properties at high applied fields and also when the fields are sufficiently high for memory switching to occur. The conduction at high electric fields (>2×104 V cm−1) is believed to be due to thermally activated hopping of electrons and to field-lowering at the electrodes as predicted by Schottky. The relative significance of the Schottky and Poole-Frenkel processes is discussed. The memory switching observed in thin samples at high applied fields is shown by electron diffraction studies to be associated with field-induced crystallization of a localized region of the glass film.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the rate processes controlling creep and plastic yielding in crystalline materials are increasingly less temperature dependent as T 0, where T 0 and A are constants.
Abstract: Below about a quarter of the Debye temperature the rate processes controlling creep and plastic yielding in crystalline materials are found to be increasingly less temperature dependent as T 0. These observations, and the occurrence of creep down to helium temperatures, are not encompassed by classical rate-theory. The effects are shown to be explicable in terms of the contribution of the zero-point energy to the vibrational spectrum of the lattice: below a certain temperature this necessitates replacing kT in the classical Arrhenius rate-equation τ−1 = v exp (−u/kT) by k(T0 + AT2), where T0 and A are constants.
Unterhalb ungefahr einem Viertel der Debye-Temperatur nimmt die Temperaturabhangigkeit der das Kriechen und die Schubspannung bestimmenden Ratenvorgange in kristallinen Festkorpern mit T 0 standig ab. Diese Beobachtungen, sowie das Vorkommen des Kriechens bei He-Temperaturen, sind im Rahmen der klassischen Raten-Theorie nicht verstandlich. Eine Erklarung wird durch Einbeziehung der Nullpunkt-Energie zum Schwingungs-Spektrum des Kristalles ermoglicht. Das bedingt das Ersetzen von kT in der klassischen Arrhenius-Beziehung τ−1 = v exp (−u/kT), unterhalb einer bestimmten Temperatur, durch k(T0 + AT2), wobei T0 und A Konstanten sind.
TL;DR: In this article, simple expressions for the Wiener-Hopf factors of a matrix considered by Daniele are given, and simple expressions are also given for the WFH factor of a certain matrix.
Abstract: Simple expressions for the Wiener-Hopf factors of a certain matrix considered by Daniele are given.
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of some estimators for the correlation coefficient in a bivariate exponential distribution are considered, including maximum likelihood estimators, the method of moments estimator, an estimator based on the sample correlation coefficient and two bias reduction estimators.
Abstract: The properties of some estimators for the correlation coefficient in a bivariate exponential distribution are considered. The estimators include the maximum likelihood estimator, the method of moments estimator, an estimator based on the sample correlation coefficient and two bias reduction estimators. Results for the means and mean square errors of the estimators are given for sample sizes n =10, 20 as obtained from a Monte Carlo investigation. Finally, some asymptotic efficiency results are presented.
TL;DR: Antigenic variation has been demonstrated throughout a chronic infection of Trypanosoma brucei in the mouse and indirect evidence suggests that this VAT heterogeneity is most likely not reflected in the metacyclic population but comes about immediately on transmission and can occur in the absence of antibody.
Abstract: Summary Antigenic variation has been demonstrated throughout a chronic infection of Trypanosoma brucei (derived from TREU 667) in the mouse. The variant antigenic types (VATs) detected were compared with those appearing on transmission from various time points through the infection. Reversion of VAT was found to occur on transmission through Glossina regardless of the VAT(s) present at the time of ingestion. The first patent parasitaemia after transmission is heterogeneous with regard to VAT; three predominant VATs appearing consistently. Indirect evidence suggests that this VAT heterogeneity is most likely not reflected in the metacyclic population but comes about immediately on transmission and can occur in the absence of antibody.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors showed that decompression to 400 atm at 5°C (equivalent to 4000 m depth) resuscitated more than half the 155 individuals examined.
TL;DR: It is concluded that subjects employ a semantically directed interrogation of the lexicon when they are cued with a small category, but a structurally directed interrogated of the Lexicon otherwise.
Abstract: It is generally accepted that anagrams are solved by means of an interrogation of the lexicon on the basis of an orthographically regular subsequence of the letters given. This study was concerned with the effect upon the solution process of providing the semantic category that contained the solution. In this situation, the instance dominance of the solution in the specified category affected the solution time for anagrams drawn from small categories, but the number of letters in the anagrams did not. For anagrams drawn from large categories, the reverse was true. Moreover, cuing with the appropriate taxonomic category produced a significant reduction in solution time in the case of items from small categories, but not in the case of items from large categories. It is concluded that subjects employ a semantically directed interrogation of the lexicon when they are cued with a small category, but a structurally directed interrogation of the lexicon otherwise.
TL;DR: In this paper, a microcalorimeter with two Tian-Calvet thermopiles was used for the determination at 77.4°K of the differential energies of adsorption of argon and nitrogen on pure rutile and on samples of rutiles coated with different amounts of dense silica (0.6, 0.9, and 2.6 wt% silica).
TL;DR: A rapid, sensitive method has been developed to study the kinetics of unchanged promethazine (PM) in biological material using a nitrogen-selective flame ionization detector (N-FID).
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that neutral red, acridine red and probably auramine O also bind with their molecular planes essentially perpendicular to the long helical axis, and that these molecules bind in such a manner that the absorption and emission transitions are closely associated with the grooves of the DNA helix.
TL;DR: In this paper, a class of end conditions for cubic spline interpolation at unequally spaced knots is derived, which lead to 0 (h 4 ) convergence uniformly on the interval of interpolation.