Institution
California Institute of Technology
Education•Pasadena, California, United States•
About: California Institute of Technology is a education organization based out in Pasadena, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Galaxy & Population. The organization has 57649 authors who have published 146691 publications receiving 8620287 citations. The organization is also known as: Caltech & Cal Tech.
Topics: Galaxy, Population, Star formation, Redshift, Mars Exploration Program
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: Atomistic modeling with ReaxFF provides a useful method for determining the initial events of oxidation of hydrocarbons under extreme conditions and can enhance existing combustion models.
Abstract: To investigate the initial chemical events associated with high-temperature gas-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons, we have expanded the ReaxFF reactive force field training set to include additional transition states and chemical reactivity of systems relevant to these reactions and optimized the force field parameters against a quantum mechanics (QM)-based training set. To validate the ReaxFF potential obtained after parameter optimization, we performed a range of NVT−MD simulations on various hydrocarbon/O2 systems. From simulations on methane/O2, o-xylene/O2, propene/O2, and benzene/O2 mixtures, we found that ReaxFF obtains the correct reactivity trend (propene > o-xylene > methane > benzene), following the trend in the C−H bond strength in these hydrocarbons. We also tracked in detail the reactions during a complete oxidation of isolated methane, propene, and o-xylene to a CO/CO2/H2O mixture and found that the pathways predicted by ReaxFF are in agreement with chemical intuition and our QM results. We o...
1,815 citations
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TL;DR: A framework to investigate different aspects of the neurobiology of decision making is proposed to bring together recent findings in the field, highlight some of the most important outstanding problems, define a common lexicon that bridges the different disciplines that inform neuroeconomics, and point the way to future applications.
Abstract: Neuroeconomics is the study of the neurobiological and computational basis of value-based decision making. Its goal is to provide a biologically based account of human behaviour that can be applied in both the natural and the social sciences. This Review proposes a framework to investigate different aspects of the neurobiology of decision making. The framework allows us to bring together recent findings in the field, highlight some of the most important outstanding problems, define a common lexicon that bridges the different disciplines that inform neuroeconomics, and point the way to future applications.
1,814 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that, regardless of coordinate systems or conditions, the energy of a system must decrease as a result of the radiation of gravitational waves, providing the potentials are inversely proportional to the distance from the source for large distances.
Abstract: The expansion of the field equations of general relativity in powers of the gravitational coupling constant yield conservation laws of energy, momentum, and angular momentum. From these laws, the loss of energy, momentum and angular momentum of a system due to the radiation of gravitational waves is found. Two techniques, radiation reaction and flux across a large sphere, are used in this calculation and are shown to be in agreement over a time average. These results are then applied to the system of two point masses moving in elliptical orbits around each other. The secular decays of the semi-major axis and eccentricity are found as functions of time and are integrated to specify the decay by gravitational radiation of such systems as functions of their initial conditions. For completeness, the secular change in the perihelion of the orbit for two arbitrary masses is found by a method which is in the spirit of the above calculations. The case of gravitational radiation when the bodies are relativistic is then considered, and an equation for the radiation similar to that of electromagnetic radiation is found. Also a proof is given that, regardless of coordinate systems or conditions, the energy of a system must decrease as a result of the radiation of gravitational waves, providing the potentials are inversely proportional to the distance from the source for large distances.
1,810 citations
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TL;DR: It is found that tumor-derived progenitors form neurospheres that can be passaged at clonal density and are able to self-renew, which may have important implications for treatment by means of specific targeting of stem-like cells within brain tumors.
Abstract: Pediatric brain tumors are significant causes of morbidity and mortality. It has been hypothesized that they derive from self-renewing multipotent neural stem cells. Here, we tested whether different pediatric brain tumors, including medulloblastomas and gliomas, contain cells with properties similar to neural stem cells. We find that tumor-derived progenitors form neurospheres that can be passaged at clonal density and are able to self-renew. Under conditions promoting differentiation, individual cells are multipotent, giving rise to both neurons and glia, in proportions that reflect the tumor of origin. Unlike normal neural stem cells, however, tumor-derived progenitors have an unusual capacity to proliferate and sometimes differentiate into abnormal cells with multiple differentiation markers. Gene expression analysis reveals that both whole tumors and tumor-derived neurospheres express many genes characteristic of neural and other stem cells, including CD133, Sox2, musashi-1, bmi-1, maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase, and phosphoserine phosphatase, with variation from tumor to tumor. After grafting to neonatal rat brains, tumor-derived neurosphere cells migrate, produce neurons and glia, and continue to proliferate for more than 4 weeks. The results show that pediatric brain tumors contain neural stem-like cells with altered characteristics that may contribute to tumorigenesis. This finding may have important implications for treatment by means of specific targeting of stem-like cells within brain tumors.
1,810 citations
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Stanford University1, California Institute of Technology2, Massachusetts Institute of Technology3, Broad Institute4, University of California, Berkeley5, Harvard University6, Yale University7, Duke University8, University of Washington9, University of Texas at Austin10, University of Chicago11, Pennsylvania State University12, Baylor College of Medicine13, National Institutes of Health14, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research15, University of Massachusetts Medical School16, University of Southern California17, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill18
TL;DR: This work discusses how ChIP quality, assessed in these ways, affects different uses of ChIP-seq data and develops a set of working standards and guidelines for ChIP experiments that are updated routinely.
Abstract: Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) has become a valuable and widely used approach for mapping the genomic location of transcription-factor binding and histone modifications in living cells. Despite its widespread use, there are considerable differences in how these experiments are conducted, how the results are scored and evaluated for quality, and how the data and metadata are archived for public use. These practices affect the quality and utility of any global ChIP experiment. Through our experience in performing ChIP-seq experiments, the ENCODE and modENCODE consortia have developed a set of working standards and guidelines for ChIP experiments that are updated routinely. The current guidelines address antibody validation, experimental replication, sequencing depth, data and metadata reporting, and data quality assessment. We discuss how ChIP quality, assessed in these ways, affects different uses of ChIP-seq data. All data sets used in the analysis have been deposited for public viewing and downloading at the ENCODE (http://encodeproject.org/ENCODE/) and modENCODE (http://www.modencode.org/) portals.
1,801 citations
Authors
Showing all 58155 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Eric S. Lander | 301 | 826 | 525976 |
Donald P. Schneider | 242 | 1622 | 263641 |
George M. Whitesides | 240 | 1739 | 269833 |
Yi Chen | 217 | 4342 | 293080 |
David Baltimore | 203 | 876 | 162955 |
Edward Witten | 202 | 602 | 204199 |
George Efstathiou | 187 | 637 | 156228 |
Michael A. Strauss | 185 | 1688 | 208506 |
Jing Wang | 184 | 4046 | 202769 |
Ruedi Aebersold | 182 | 879 | 141881 |
Douglas Scott | 178 | 1111 | 185229 |
Hyun-Chul Kim | 176 | 4076 | 183227 |
Phillip A. Sharp | 172 | 614 | 117126 |
Timothy M. Heckman | 170 | 754 | 141237 |
Zhenan Bao | 169 | 865 | 106571 |