Showing papers by "California State University, Long Beach published in 1998"
TL;DR: The authors provide meta-analyses of 54 empirical studies of board composition (159 samples, n = 40,160) and 31 empirical studies on board leadership structure and their relationship to firm financial performance.
Abstract: Careful review of extant research addressing the relationships between board composition, board leadership structure, and firm financial performance demonstrates little consistency in results. In general, neither board composition nor board leadership structure has been consistently linked to firm financial performance. In response to these findings, we provide metaanalyses of 54 empirical studies of board composition (159 samples, n = 40,160) and 31 empirical studies of board leadership structure (69 samples, n= 12,915) and their relationships to firm financial performance. These—and moderator analyses relying on firm size, the nature of the financial performance indicator, and various operationalizations of board composition— provide little evidence of systematic governance structure/financial performance relationships. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2,289 citations
TL;DR: Short counseling interventions using personalized risk reduction plans can increase condom use and prevent new STDs, and can be conducted even in busy public clinics.
Abstract: Context.—The efficacy of counseling to prevent infection with the human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has not been definitively
shown.Objective.—To compare the effects of 2 interactive HIV/STD counseling interventions
with didactic prevention messages typical of current practice.Design.—Multicenter randomized controlled trial (Project RESPECT), with participants
assigned to 1 of 3 individual face-to-face interventions.Setting.—Five public STD clinics (Baltimore, Md; Denver, Colo; Long Beach, Calif;
Newark, NJ; and San Francisco, Calif) between July 1993 and September 1996.Participants.—A total of 5758 heterosexual, HIV-negative patients aged 14 years or
older who came for STD examinations.Interventions.—Arm 1 received enhanced counseling, 4 interactive theory-based sessions.
Arm 2 received brief counseling, 2 interactive risk-reduction sessions. Arms
3 and 4 each received 2 brief didactic messages typical of current care. Arms
1, 2, and 3 were actively followed up after enrollment with questionnaires
at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months and STD tests at 6 and 12 months. An intent-to-treat
analysis was used to compare interventions.Main Outcome Measures.—Self-reported condom use and new diagnoses of STDs (gonorrhea, chlamydia,
syphilis, HIV) defined by laboratory tests.Results.—At the 3- and 6-month follow-up visits, self-reported 100% condom use
was higher (P<.05) in both the enhanced counseling
and brief counseling arms compared with participants in the didactic messages
arm. Through the 6-month interval, 30% fewer participants had new STDs in
both the enhanced counseling (7.2%; P = .002) and
brief counseling (7.3%;P=.005) arms compared with
those in the didactic messages arm (10.4%). Through the 12-month study, 20%
fewer participants in each counseling intervention had new STDs compared with
those in the didactic messages arm (P = .008). Consistently
at each of the 5 study sites, STD incidence was lower in the counseling intervention
arms than in the didactic messages intervention arm. Reduction of STD was
similar for men and women and greater for adolescents and persons with an
STD diagnosed at enrollment.Conclusions.—Short counseling interventions using personalized risk reduction plans
can increase condom use and prevent new STDs. Effective counseling can be
conducted even in busy public clinics.
1,010 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of active interpersonal information search that is tested by using a method in which information seeker and source perceptions were obtained was used to study the phenomenon of interpersonal word-of-mouth communication.
Abstract: Although interpersonal word-of-mouth communication, by definition, takes place between two people, rarely has the phenomenon of word of mouth been studied using both members of the dyad. Building on the literature, this article offers a model of active interpersonal information search that is tested by using a method in which information seeker and source perceptions were obtained. Source characteristics were important determinants of interpersonal influence, but seeker characteristics also played an important role. Interestingly, it proved useful to distinguish between demographic and attitudinal homophily of seeker and source as the former was inversely and the latter directly related to interpersonal influence.
718 citations
TL;DR: The findings show that a diverse set of morphemes share the property of tense marking, and that this set is not mastered until age 4 years in typically developing children and after 7 years for children with SLI; that acquisition shows linear and nonlinear components for both groups, in a typical S-shaped curve.
Abstract: Tense marking in English is relatively late appearing and is especially late for children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Little is known about the full course of acquisition for this set ...
519 citations
TL;DR: The relationship between a firm's board and its CEO's compensation has focused primarily on the composition of the board-at-large, but it may be the nature of the company itself as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Extant research examining the relationship between a firm's board and its CEO's compensation has focused primarily on the composition of the board-at-large. However, it may be the nature of the com...
342 citations
14 Mar 1998
TL;DR: A specific set of applications is described in detail, as well as a prototype system and the software library that it is built upon that could provide interoperability between various AR implementations.
Abstract: This paper presents cognitive studies and analyses relating to how augmented reality (AR) interacts with human abilities in order to benefit manufacturing and maintenance tasks A specific set of applications is described in detail, as well as a prototype system and the software library that it is built upon An integrated view of information flow to support AR is also presented, along with a proposal for an AR media language (ARML) that could provide interoperability between various AR implementations
296 citations
06 Jan 1998
TL;DR: While knowledge discovery often refers to the process of discovering useful knowledge from data, data mining focuses on the application of algorithms for extracting patterns from data.
Abstract: While knowledge discovery often refers to the process of discovering useful knowledge from data, data mining focuses on the application of algorithms for extracting patterns from data. Knowledge discovery seeks to find patterns in data and to infer rules (that is, to discover new information) that queries and reports do not reveal effectively. Thus, knowledge discovery has a R&D flavor and data mining an operational process one. Data mining is a basis of knowledge discovery.
261 citations
TL;DR: The authors conducted meta-analyses of relationships involving positive and negative ad-evoked feelings to determine whether the effects of positive or negative feelings on advertising responses were significant. But their results were limited.
Abstract: The authors conduct meta-analyses of relationships involving positive and negative ad-evoked feelings to determine (1) whether the effects of positive and negative feelings on advertising responses...
233 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider an important internal or "second audience" for their advertisements: employees who notice their employer's advertisements, evaluate the evaluation, and decide whether they like it or not.
Abstract: Marketing decision makers often do not consider an important internal or “second audience” for their advertisements: employees. Yet employees do notice their employer's advertisements, evaluate the...
209 citations
TL;DR: The increased administration of antenatal ampicillin to pregnant women may be responsible for the increased incidence of early-onset neonatal sepsis with non-group B streptococcal organisms that are resistant to ampiculin.
190 citations
Patent•
09 Jun 1998TL;DR: An electronic case manager for a personal injury plaintiffs law office in which client and defendant level data related to an injury incident are collected and organized in an efficient manner is described in this article.
Abstract: An electronic case manager for a personal injury plaintiffs law office in which client and defendant level data related to an injury incident are collected and organized in an efficient manner. The electronic case manager include a relational database having a number of tables, and a database management program.
TL;DR: Results showed that higher levels of teacher implementation of the modified practices favorably influenced students' levels of classroom opportunity, involvement, reinforcement, and bonding to school.
Abstract: An intervention to modify teaching practices in grades five and six was evaluated. Results showed that higher levels of teacher implementation of the modified practices favorably influenced students' levels of classroom opportunity, involvement, reinforcement, and bonding to school. Levels of academic achievement were also increased. The importance of assessing implementation in theory-guided experimental studies is discussed.
Patent•
14 Apr 1998TL;DR: In this paper, a tracking assembly is employed to rotate the scanning plane through a tracking angle and in a direction progressing from the entrance to the exit of the portal, through which the person passes, in order to substantially track the person or body as it moves with respect to the system.
Abstract: A pencil beam of X-rays is scanned over the surfaces of the body of a person being examined as the person walks through the scanning apparatus. Specifically, a tracking assembly is employed to rotate the scanning plane through a tracking angle and in a direction progressing from the entrance to the exit of the portal, through which the person passes, in order to substantially track the person or body as it moves with respect to the system from the entrance to the exit X-rays that are scattered or reflected from the subject's body are detected by a detector assembly. The signal produced by this scattered X-ray detector in then used to modulate an image display device to produce an image of the subject and any concealed objects carried by the subject. The detector assembly is constructed in a configuration to automatically and uniformly enhance the image edges of low atomic number (low Z) concealed objects to facilitate their detection. A storage means is provided by which previously acquired images can be compared with the present image for analyzing variances in and similarities with the present image, and provides means for creating a generic representation of the body being examined while suppressing anatomical features of the subject to minimize invasion of the subject's privacy.
TL;DR: Results indicate that VEGF is the FF factor responsible for increased vascular permeability, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of OHSS.
Abstract: Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with gonadotropins is followed by Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) in some women. An unidentified capillary permeability factor from the ovary has been implicated, and vascular endothelial cell growth/permeability factor (VEGF) is a candidate protein. Follicular fluids (FF) from 80 women who received hormonal induction for infertility were studied. FFs were grouped according to oocyte production, from group I (0-7 oocytes) through group IV (23-31 oocytes). Group IV was comprised of four women with the most severe symptoms of OHSS. Endothelial cell (EC) permeability induced by the individual FF was highly correlated to oocytes produced (r2 = 0.73, P < 0.001). Group IV FF stimulated a 63+/-4% greater permeability than FF from group I patients (P < 0. 01), reversed 98% by anti-VEGF antibody. Group IV fluids contained the VEGF165 isoform and significantly greater concentrations of VEGF as compared with group I (1,105+/-87 pg/ml vs. 353+/-28 pg/ml, P < 0. 05). Significant cytoskeletal rearrangement of F-actin into stress fibers and a destruction of ZO-1 tight junction protein alignment was caused by group IV FF, mediated in part by nitric oxide. These mechanisms, which lead to increased EC permeability, were reversed by the VEGF antibody. Our results indicate that VEGF is the FF factor responsible for increased vascular permeability, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of OHSS.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe gang membership in a general survey of eighth-grade students in a cross section of the United States and examine differences between boys' and girls' attitudes associated with gang membership.
Abstract: The nature and extent of female involvement in gangs has been a relatively neglected area of criminological inquiry. Even more rare have been investigations of explanations of female gang participation. This neglect can be attributed, in large part, to a perception that the phenomenon is statistically rare and the behavior substantively unimportant. Our objectives in this research are twofold: to describe gang membership in a general survey of eighth-grade students in a cross section of the United States and to examine differences between boys' and girls' attitudes associated with gang membership
TL;DR: Implications were given for using these data to encourage college professors in food-related disciplines to become involved with the education of all future consumers, especially as the prevalence of food safety controversies is likely to increase as the food supply changes and technology becomes more sophisticated.
TL;DR: A synthetic perspective that incorporates three levels of analysis: personality systems as universal psychological mechanisms, systematic group differences that can be illuminated by evolutionary theory, and individual differences is developed.
Abstract: Following areview of evolutionary approaches to the five-factor model (FEM), I develop a synthetic perspective that incorporates three levels of analysis: personality systems as universal psychological mechanisms, systematic group (i.e., gender, birth order, age, ethnic) differences that can be illuminated by evolutionary theory, and individual differences. At the level of universal mechanisms, personality systems are species-typical systems with adaptive functions in the human environment of evolutionary adaptedness. At the level of group differences, the evolutionary theory of sex, parent-offspring conflict theory, and life history are used to analyze sex, age, and ethnic differences in personality systems. At the level of individual differences, variation in personality consists of a range of viable evolutionary strategies for humans. Humans evaluate and act on the genetic and phenotypic diversity represented by this range of viable strategies to solve adaptive problems. Evolutionary perspectives on cr...
TL;DR: This article found that Japanese-acented speakers were evaluated in a manner unlike all other non-standard accented speakers of American English, except those of British and Malaysian background, suggesting that perceptions of social group competitiveness may be responsible for this phenomenon.
Abstract: To our knowledge, no data exist on attitudes toward speakers with Japanese accented varieties of American English, an area of profound significance given increasing American‐Japanese contacts across a wide range of applied contexts. This “matched‐guise” study provides such by eliciting Americans’ reactions to a Japanese male talking on two different topics (aggressive versus neutral) using four language varieties (viz., standard, moderate‐accented, heavy‐accented, and disfluent). Speaker evaluations on status, attractiveness, and dynamism traits confirmed certain predictions based on the literature, but some surprising, yet interpretable, patterns emerged in this new domain of American‐Japanese inquiry. Specifically, it was found that Japanese‐accented speakers were evaluated in manner unlike all other non‐standard accented speakers of American English, except those of British and Malaysian background. It is suggested that perceptions of social group competitiveness may be responsible for this pa...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided further validational information on the General Attitude and Belief Scale (GABS) and found significant correlations were obtained between the seven sub-scales of the GABS and cross-validational measures (Spielberger Trait Anxiety, Curiosity and Anger Scales, Spielberger's Anger Expression Scale, Beck's Depression Inventory (short-form) and Diener's Life Satisfaction Scale).
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to provide further validational information on the General Attitude and Belief Scale (e.g., DiGiuseppe, Leaf, Exner & Robin, 1988). Particular interest was in determining further the factor structure of the General Attitude and Belief Scale as confirming REBT theory concerning the nature of irrational thinking. A sample of 236 males and 490 females drawn from a variety of populations completed the General Attitude and Belief Scale as well as a number of cross-validational measures (Spielberger's Trait Anxiety, Curiosity and Anger Scales, Spielberger's Anger Expression Scale, Beck's Depression Inventory (short-form) and Diener's Life Satisfaction Scale). A second sample of 18 couples receiving on-going marriage counselling and 43 couples not receiving counselling also completed the General Attitude and Belief Scale. A principal factors analysis yielded one factor of rationality and six irrationality factors (need for achievement, need for approval, demands for fairness, need for comfort, self-downing and other-downing). Significant correlations were obtained between the seven sub-scales of the General Attitude and Belief Scale and cross-validational measures. The clinical group of distressed couples scored lower in rationality and higher on three of the six sub-scales of irrationality. The findings support the continued use of the General Attitude and Belief Scale as a research instrument and of value to practitioners.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the value of adding data on social marginality to Japanese models of earthquake impact and incorporating marginal groups into the disaster planning process, and argued that data on homelessness would improve the performance of systems designed to increase personal and social protection.
TL;DR: In this article, a neural network-based approach is presented for the detection of changes in the characteristics of structure-unknown systems, which relies on the use of vibration measurements from a 'healthy' system to train the neural network for identification purposes.
Abstract: A neural network-based approach is presented for the detection of changes in the characteristics of structure-unknown systems. The approach relies on the use of vibration measurements from a 'healthy' system to train a neural network for identification purposes. Subsequently, the trained network is fed comparable vibration measurements from the same structure under different episodes of response in order to monitor the health of the structure. The methodology is applied to actual data obtained from ambient vibration measurements on a steel building structure that was damaged under strong seismic motion during the Hyogo-Ken Nanbu Earthquake of 17 January 1995. The measurements were done before and after repairs to the damaged frame were made. A neural network is trained with data after the repairs, which represents 'healthy' condition of the building. The trained network, which is subsequently fed data before the repairs, successfully identified the difference between the damaged storey and the undamaged storey. Through this study, it is shown that the proposed approach has the potential of being a practical tool for a damage detection methodology applied to smart civil structures.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assessed the independent and combined effects of different levels of monetary incentives and a theory-based educational intervention on return for tuberculosis (TB) skin test reading in a sample of active injection drug and crack cocaine users.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the independent and combined effects of different levels of monetary incentives and a theory-based educational intervention on return for tuberculosis (TB) skin test reading in a sample of active injection drug and crack cocaine users. Prevalence of TB infection in this sample was also determined. METHODS: Active or recent drug users (n = 1004), recruited via street outreach techniques, were skin tested for TB. They were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 levels of monetary incentive ($5 and $10) provided at return for skin test reading, alone or in combination with a brief motivational education session. RESULTS: More than 90% of those who received $10 returned for skin test reading, in comparison with 85% of those who received $5 and 33% of those who received no monetary incentive. The education session had no impact on return for skin test reading. The prevalence of a positive tuberculin test was 18.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Monetary incentives dramatically increase the return rate for ...
TL;DR: Tsotsis et al. as discussed by the authors performed a comprehensive analysis of the effects of thermo-oxidative aging (177 °C in air for up to 10 000 h) on the thermal, fracture and compressive behavior of two carbon-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites.
24 Aug 1998
TL;DR: The patent-pending Fault Recording and Reporting Method significantly reduces incidents of no-fault-found (NFF) diagnostic test results and saves labor hours that would otherwise be spent testing properly operating LRUs and components.
Abstract: The patent-pending Fault Recording and Reporting Method uses a large amount of diverse information output from various line-replaceable units (LRUs) and other components of the aircraft during a mission through bulk storage on electronic media. After the aircraft lands, the electronic media are removed, accessed by an appropriate apparatus, and presented in a format that can be read with a personal computer (PC). This information provides the user, typically a service technician, with information relating to the aircraft's flight; specifically, various fault indications provided by LRUs and other components. From this information, the service technician can determine whether or not a fault indication recorded during the flight is a legitimate fault requiring removal of the affected LRU or component for further diagnostic testing. The method significantly reduces incidents of no-fault-found (NFF) diagnostic test results and saves labor hours that would otherwise be spent testing properly operating LRUs and components. The method minimizes on-aircraft data interpretations, rendering unnecessary on-board maintenance processors and technicians for LRU troubleshooting.
TL;DR: In this randomized, controlled study evaluating inhaler medication compliance, diary data was compared to electronic monitoring in 55 adults with asthma and self-reported compliance was higher than monitored adherence.
Abstract: Self-report is a frequently-used method of assessing compliance with prescribed medications in patients with chronic illnesses. Most researchers agree, however, that self-report misrepresents patient adherence to regimen prescription. In this randomized, controlled study evaluating inhaler medication compliance, diary data was compared to electronic monitoring in 55 adults with asthma. Subjects randomized to the treatment group received a six-week self-management program. An electronic monitor, the MDI Chronolog, was used in this study to assess inhaler use. The MDI Chronolog records the date and time of each inhaled activation. The self-report measure used was a daily asthma diary. Subjects were asked to use their inhaled medications as usual and record the date and time they administered their medication over a one-week period.
TL;DR: It is shown through the use of simulation studies and experimental measurements that the proposed approach can yield reliable estimates of the hysteretic restoring force under a very wide range of excitation levels and response ranges.
Abstract: Using adaptive estimation approaches, a method is presented for the on-line identification of hysteretic systems under arbitrary dynamic environments The availability of such an identification approach is crucial for the on-line control and monitoring of nonlinear structural systems to be actively controlled. In spite of the challenges encountered in the identification of the hereditary nature of the restoring force of such nonlinear systems, it is shown through the use of simulation studies and experimental measurements that the proposed approach can yield reliable estimates of the hysteretic restoring force under a very wide range of excitation levels and response ranges.
Patent•
28 May 1998TL;DR: In this paper, a non-destructive apparatus for inspection of cargo containing trucks (17), cargo containers, and the like uses a source (11) of high energy radiation, e.g., a fan beam of X-rays having energies about 8 MeV.
Abstract: A non-destructive apparatus for inspection of cargo containing trucks (17), cargo containers, and the like uses a source (11) of high energy radiation, e.g., a fan beam of X-rays having energies about 8 MeV. The beam passes through the materials (cargo) to be inspected and strikes a first detector directly aligned with the beam. A second detector adjacent the first detector receives X-rays from the source (11) which are forward scattered from the materials being inspected at a small angle, e.g., 4° to 10°. The detectors (21) are preferably vertical arrays aligned with a vertical fan beam shaped by collimators (13, 19). Collimators limit the field of view of the first and second detectors (21) to a common spatial location, typically one that is fixed.
TL;DR: This article explored the use of informal and formal social supports among ninety-three elderly Chinese immigrants residing in California and found that family and kin were perceived as the most satisfying sources of support.
Abstract: This study explores the use of informal and formal social supports among ninety-three elderly Chinese immigrants residing in California. A historical and cultural overview of the Chinese immigrant experience is presented.as a contextual framework. Results showed that family and kin were perceived as the most satisfying sources of support. Barriers to utilization of formal services and agencies were lack, of knowledge of services, language differences and lack of transportation. The implications of these results within the changing dynamics of Chinese-American families are discussed.
15 May 1998
TL;DR: In this article, a pseudo-shearing stress resulting from the difference between the model-predicted velocity and the Doppler radar velocity is added to that of the wind in order to force a model.
Abstract: A technique is presented for the assimilation of ocean surface currents determined from Doppler radar systems into numerical ocean models. An approach is taken in which the Doppler radar current data act as if there were an additional layer of water overlying the ocean surface. A pseudo-shearing stress resulting from the difference between the model-predicted velocity and the Doppler radar velocity is added to that of the wind in order to force a model. Test applications are presented for an ocean model of the Monterey Bay, California, region. Comparisons are made between optimized and non-optimized assimilation techniques based on the shearing stress approach. The optimized assimilation scheme provides the minimum additional shearing stress while achieving a significant nudging of the model surface currents toward the basic characteristics of the observed field of Doppler radar currents. Analyses indicate that the model surface currents take on the general pattern of the Doppler radar currents but not always the magnitude. The radar currents are shown to have significant divergences and unrealistic spatial variations of divergence. Characteristics of this sort for oppler data suggest additional processing for such observations.
TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of 1,369 men who have sex with men (MSM) was conducted in four U.S. cities, where they were asked about sexual self-identification, recent HIV risk behaviors, and exposures to HIV information.
Abstract: At public sex environments in four U.S. cities, 1,369 men who have sex with men (MSM) were asked about sexual self-identification, recent HIV risk behaviors, and exposures to HIV information. Half of respondents (n = 687) self-identified as gay, 40% (n = 546) as bisexual, and 10% (n = 136) as straight. Ninety-nine percent of both gay and bisexual MSM and 96% of straight MSM reported oral sex with men; 94%, 68%, and 46%, respectively, reported anal sex with men, while 62%, 98%, and 97%, respectively, reported vaginal sex with women. Recent exposure to any HIV information was reported by 96%, 91%, and 89% respectively of gay, bisexual, and straight MSM; gay MSM were most likely to get HIV information from talking with someone. However, television was the only medium to reach more than half of gay, bisexual, and straight MSM. Non-gay-identified MSM and their partners are at high risk for HIV transmission, but more study is needed to identify the most effective channels for conveying risk reduction messages to this population.