California State University, Long Beach

About: California State University, Long Beach is a education organization based out in Long Beach, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 10036 authors who have published 13933 publications receiving 377394 citations. The organization is also known as: Cal State Long Beach & Long Beach State.

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis and estimation of severity of aortic insufficiency

Abstract: Detection and estimation of the degree of chronic aortic insufficiency with pulsed Doppler echocardiography was attempted in 27 patients documented to have aortic insufficiency on aortography. Twenty-five patients had associated aortic stenosis or mitral valve disease, or both. A disturbed diastolic flow within the left ventricular outflow tract was recorded in all but one patient (Doppler sensitivity 96 percent). Aortic insufficiency was clinically undetected in three patients (clinical sensitivity 89 percent). In a small number of patients Doppler echocardiography also appeared to be highly specific for this disorder. The Doppler technique estimated the degree of aortic insufficiency by assessing the distribution of diastolic flow within the outflow tract and the body of the left ventricle. A significant correlation between the Doppler method and the angiographic estimation of aortic insufficiency was found (r = 0.88, p less than 0.01).

English-Only and Standard English Ideologies in the U.S.

Abstract: planning and policy from a historical-structural perspective by analyzing and synthesizing a broad base of literature. It compares and contrasts two popularly accepted ideologies. The first is the ideology of English monolingualism, which frames policy issues in an immigrant paradigm in order to portray language diversity as an alien and divisive force; the second involves a standard language ideology that is used to position speakers of different varieties of the same language within a social hierarchy. The article discusses the connection between assumptions underlying linguistic ideologies and other social ideologies related to individualism and social mobility through education. It discusses limitations in the immigrant paradigm and considers the instrumental role that schools play in positioning students by using language assessment and classification schemes. Dilemmas and opportunities for contesting these ideologies are addressed. Dominant attitudes toward language in the U.S. are replete with contradictions. Bilingualism, for example, has tended to be seen as either a curse or a blessing. This contradiction is evident in the contrast between two drastically different policies toward bilingualism. The first is a policy toward language minority students that is intended to prescribe rapid transition out of LI instruction into English-only instructionoften resulting in the eventual loss of the L1. The second is a policy toward monolingual English-speaking students that is intended to promote learning a foreign language. In terms of resource allocation, bilingual programs are mandated to develop languages other than English-only to a minimum level-whereas foreign language programs spend millions attempting to develop them further (see Crawford, 1992a; Simon, 1988). However, on closer inspection, the root of this contradiction becomes clear: These policies are designed for two different populations. Transitional bilingual education, developed under

Safety and Tolerability of Multiple Ascending Doses of PRX002/RG7935, an Anti–α-Synuclein Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract: Importance Aggregated α-synuclein is believed to be central to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). PRX002/RG7935 (PRX002) is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed to target aggregated forms of α-synuclein, thereby inhibiting neuron-to-neuron transfer of presumed pathogenic forms of α-synuclein, potentially resulting in neuronal protection and slowing disease progression. Objective To evaluate the safety and tolerability of multiple intravenous infusions of PRX002 in patients with idiopathic PD. Design, Setting, and Participants Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending-dose trial at 8 US study centers from July 2014 to September 2016. Eligible participants were aged 40 to 80 years with mild to moderate idiopathic PD (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1-3). Interventions Participants were enrolled into 6 ascending-dose cohorts and randomly assigned to receive PRX002 (0.3 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 3.0 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, or 60 mg/kg) or placebo. Participants received 3 intravenous infusions every 4 weeks of PRX002 or placebo and were monitored during a 24-week observational period. Main Outcomes and Measures Safety and tolerability assessments included physical and neurological examinations, laboratory tests, vital signs, and adverse events. Pharmacokinetic parameters included maximum PRX002 concentration, area under the curve, and half-life. Results Of the 80 participants, most were white (97.5%; n = 78) and male (80%; n = 64); median (SD) age was 58 (8.4) years. PRX002 was generally safe and well tolerated; no serious or severe PRX002-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported. The TEAEs experienced by at least 5% of patients receiving PRX002, irrespective of relatedness to study drug, were constipation (9.1%; n = 5), infusion reaction (7.3%; n = 4), diarrhea (5.5%; n = 3), headache (5.5%; n = 3), peripheral edema (5.5%; n = 3), post–lumbar puncture syndrome (5.5%; n = 3), and upper respiratory tract infection (5.5%; n = 3). No antidrug antibodies were detected. Serum PRX002 levels increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner; mean terminal elimination half-life was similar across all doses (10.2 days). Rapid dose- and time-dependent mean reductions from baseline vs placebo in free serum α-synuclein levels of up to 97% were seen after a single infusion at the highest dose (F78,284= 1.66;P = .002), with similar reductions after 2 additional infusions. Mean cerebrospinal fluid PRX002 concentration increased with PRX002 dose and was approximately 0.3% relative to serum across all dose cohorts. Conclusions and Relevance Single and multiple doses of PRX002 were generally safe and well tolerated and resulted in robust binding of peripheral α-synuclein and dose-dependent increases of PRX002 in cerebrospinal fluid, reaching cerebrospinal fluid concentrations that may be expected to engage extracellular aggregated α-synuclein in the brain. Findings support the design of an ongoing phase 2 clinical study (NCT03100149). Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02157714