Cancer Epidemiology Unit

About: Cancer Epidemiology Unit is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Cancer. The organization has 669 authors who have published 1725 publications receiving 93979 citations.

Incidence of prostate and urological cancers in England by ethnic group, 2001-2007: a descriptive study

Abstract: The aetiology of urological cancers is poorly understood and variations in incidence by ethnic group may provide insights into the relative importance of genetic and environmental risk factors. Our objective was to compare the incidence of four urological cancers (kidney, bladder, prostate and testicular) among six ‘non-White’ ethnic groups in England (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black African, Black Caribbean and Chinese) to each other and to Whites. We obtained Information on ethnicity for all urological cancer registrations from 2001 to 2007 (n = 329,524) by linkage to the Hospital Episodes Statistics database. We calculated incidence rate ratios adjusted for age, sex and income, comparing the six ethnic groups (and combined ‘South Asian’ and ‘Black’ groups) to Whites and to each other. There were significant differences in the incidence of all four cancers between the ethnic groups (all p < 0.001). In general, ‘non-White’ groups had a lower incidence of urological cancers compared to Whites, except prostate cancer, which displayed a higher incidence in Blacks. (IRR 2.55) There was strong evidence of differences in risk between Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis for kidney, bladder and prostate cancer (p < 0.001), and between Black Africans and Black Caribbeans for all four cancers (p < 0.001). The risk of urological cancers in England varies greatly by ethnicity, including within groups that have traditionally been analysed together (South Asians and Blacks). In general, these differences are not readily explained by known risk factors, although the very high incidence of prostate cancer in both black Africans and Caribbeans suggests increased genetic susceptibility. g.

Hypoglycaemia induced by exogenous insulin--'human' and animal insulin compared.

Abstract: Summary Aims A systematic review of the literature was carried out to examine whether published evidence suggests a difference in the frequency and awareness of hypoglycaemia induced by ‘human’ and animal insulin. Methods The review identified randomized controlled trials and studies of other designs including observational comparisons, case series and case reports in which the use of ‘human’ insulin was compared to animal insulin in people with diabetes. These were identified from bibliographic databases and hand-searches of key journals. The main outcome measures were frequency, severity, awareness and symptoms of insulin induced hypoglycaemia. Results Fifty-two randomized controlled trials, 37 of double-blind design, were identified which included one or more of the relevant outcome measures. Of these, 21 specifically investigated hypoglycaemic frequency and awareness as primary outcomes (six in people with previously reported reduced hypoglycaemic awareness). The remainder of the identified trials reported hypoglycaemic outcomes as a secondary or incidental outcome during comparative investigations of efficacy or immunogenicity. Seven of the double-blind studies reported differences in frequency of hypoglycaemia or awareness of symptoms, although none of the studies which selected subjects on the basis of previously reported impaired awareness demonstrated significant differences between insulin species. Four of the unblinded trials reported differences in hypoglycaemia. This reached statistical significance in two of the studies. A further 56 studies of other designs and case reports were considered. In addition to the 10 case reports describing individuals with impaired hypoglycaemic awareness, nine studies reported differences in the incidence and manifestation of hypoglycaemia during ‘human’ insulin treatment. Notably, none of the four population time trend studies found any relationship between the increasing use of ‘human’ insulin and hospital admission for hypoglycaemia or unexplained death among those with diabetes. The largest case series could find no support for the hypothesis that an influence of treatment with ‘human’ insulin on hypoglycaemia had contributed to any of the 50 deaths investigated. When all types of studies considered are ranked in order of rigour (according to the accepted ‘hierarchy of evidence’), it is the least rigorous which lend most support to the notion that treatment with ‘human’ insulin has an effect on the frequency, severity or symptoms of hypoglycaemia. Conclusions Evidence does not support the contention that treatment with ‘human’ insulin per se affects the frequency, severity or symptoms of hypoglycaemia. However, a number of studies, mainly those of less rigorous design, describe an effect when people are transferred from animal insulin to ‘human’ insulin. It is not possible to state how common this is or whether the phenomenon is specific to ‘human’ insulin or an effect resulting from stricter glycaemic control (perhaps compounded, in some cases, by neurological complications in long-standing diabetes). This remaining uncertainty makes it essential that insulin from animal sources continues to be available so that clinicians and patients may retain this choice of treatment.

Relationship of adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness with resting blood pressure of South African adolescents: the PAHL Study.

Abstract: Relationship of adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness with resting blood pressure of South African adolescents: the PAHL Study

Incidence of second primary malignancies after a malignant tumor in childhood: a population-based survey in Piedmont (Italy).

Abstract: We have studied the frequency of second primary malignancies (SPM) among the 2,328 children registered in 1967-1969 at the Childhood Cancer Registry of Piedmont, the largest population-based childhood cancer registry in Southern Europe. Since the population of Piedmont is not served by a conventional cancer registry covering all ages, SPMs were identified through a number of ad hoc surveys within a variety of sources. Eighteen SPM (all histologically diagnosed) were observed after a thorough survey conducted in the ontological departments in Piedmont and after a postal questionnaire addressed to general practitioners. Death certificates were also examined. The crude incidence rate was 116.5 per 100,000 person-years. Risk was higher among children whose first malignancy was diagnosed more recently (SIR = 9.8 for diagnoses in 1983-1989 vs. 4.5 for diagnoses in 1967-1974). The same tendency was confirmed in analyses restricted to children in whom leukemia was diagnosed as the first cancer. Clinical data regarding the treatment of the first malignancy were available for 16 children out of 18: 15 had received chemotherapy and 12 radiotherapy (9 SPM originated in the irradiation field). The interest of measuring the risk of SPM on a population basis (and not only in clinical series) and the advantage of close cooperation between epidemiologists and clinical oncologists are underlined.

A Pooled Analysis of 15 Prospective Cohort Studies on the Association between Fruit, Vegetable, and Mature Bean Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer

Abstract: Background: Relationships between fruit, vegetable, and mature bean consumption and prostate cancer risk are unclear.Methods: We examined associations between fruit and vegetable groups, specific fruits and vegetables, and mature bean consumption and prostate cancer risk overall, by stage and grade, and for prostate cancer mortality in a pooled analysis of 15 prospective cohorts, including 52,680 total cases and 3,205 prostate cancer-related deaths among 842,149 men. Diet was measured by a food frequency questionnaire or similar instrument at baseline. We calculated study-specific relative risks using Cox proportional hazards regression, and then pooled these estimates using a random effects model.Results: We did not observe any statistically significant associations for advanced prostate cancer or prostate cancer mortality with any food group (including total fruits and vegetables, total fruits, total vegetables, fruit and vegetable juice, cruciferous vegetables, and tomato products), nor specific fruit and vegetables. In addition, we observed few statistically significant results for other prostate cancer outcomes. Pooled multivariable relative risks comparing the highest versus lowest quantiles across all fruit and vegetable exposures and prostate cancer outcomes ranged from 0.89 to 1.09. There was no evidence of effect modification for any association by age or body mass index.Conclusions: Results from this large, international, pooled analysis do not support a strong role of collective groupings of fruits, vegetables, or mature beans in prostate cancer.Impact: Further investigation of other dietary exposures, especially indicators of bioavailable nutrient intake or specific phytochemicals, should be considered for prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(8); 1276-87. ©2017 AACR.