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Showing papers by "Cardiff University published in 1968"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The radioisotopic technique of measuring gastric emptying was shown to be highly reproducible and very reproducible in patients without gastroduodenal disease and in patients with gastric ulcer, duodental ulcers, and neoplasm of the stomach.

169 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

147 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Application of the‘polarographic’ technique for studying oxygen diffusion from roots has provided preliminary results which establish that oxygen passes through the woody species Salix atrocinerea Brot, Salix fragilis L., Salix repens L., and Myrica gale L., in the gaseous phase as it does in other wetland species.
Abstract: Application of the‘polarographic’ technique for studying oxygen diffusion from roots has provided preliminary results which establish that oxygen passes through the woody species Salix atrocinerea Brot., Salix fragilis L., Salix repens L., and Myrica gale L., in the gaseous phase as it does in other wetland species. Entry into the shoots occurs through the bark directly above the water table and in the willow cuttings the effective length of shoot for gas intake was the basal three centimetres above the water table. The length of shoot involved was longer in Myrica gale and the roots were of the normal (un-nodulated) type. Trials on Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. provided no conclusive results and it is thought that this was perhaps because measurements were on nodulated roots only.

96 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Treatment of infants with low thrombotests by fresh frozen plasma or fresh blood lessens the risk of death with intracranial haemorrhage and Vitamin K 1 sometimes raises the throm botest result to satisfactory levels within 24 hours but cannot be relied upon to do so.

79 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The presence of the enzyme involved in this reaction has been established for Escherichia coli K12 grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate and the possible involvement of cytochrome c552 in nitrite or nitrate reduction has been discussed.

75 citations




Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1968
TL;DR: In this article, the preparation of 2-dodecylaminoethanol hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydriodide, and nitrate is described.
Abstract: The preparation of 2-dodecylaminoethanol hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydriodide, and nitrate is described. Surface tension and electrical conductance studies of aqueous solutions of these surfactants showed the critical micelle concentrations to be in the order Cl′ > Br′ > NO 3 ′ > I′. This was explained on the basis of the effects of hydration, ion-binding, and ion-pair formation. Over the temperature range 5°-55°C there was a minimum critical micelle concentration and change of sign of the heat of micellization at about 24°C for all the surfactants. This appeared to be consistent with current theories of the role of solvent in micelle formation.

59 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A lactate-nitrate medium suitable for genetic studies with nitrate reductase mutants (nar-) of Escherichia coli was devised, which permitted the selection of nar- strains by their failure to use nitrate as terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic growth.
Abstract: A lactate-nitrate medium suitable for genetic studies with nitrate reductase mutants (nar -) of Escherichia coli was devised. This permitted the selection of nar - strains by their failure to use nitrate as terminal electron acceptor during anaerobic growth, in addition to the selection procedure based on the chlorate resistance of nar - mutants. Transduction studies with phage P1 and nar - mutants from both sources demonstrated the existence of at least three nar genes in the gal region of the E. coli linkage map, their relative positions being: gal .... narF .... bio .... narD .... narE. Using λ phage cotransduction of narD with bio was observed and several independently-isolated defective λ-transducing phages were examined. Phage λ also transduced the narF gene with gal linkage but the narE gene was not λ-transducible.

57 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
T. Khosla1, C.R. Lowe1
TL;DR: It seems that cohorts of increasingly obese young men are moving into the adult population, so a table of the body-weigh per in.


Journal ArticleDOI
C.F. Forster1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the electrophoretic mobility of activated sludge particles and found that the average mobility was directly proportional to the sludge volume index, which in turn was a logarithmic function of the ratio of ammonia-nitrogen to soluble phosphate in the liquors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Erythrocyte glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity is reduced in patients with iron deficiency anaemia and can be restored in vitro by the pyridoxal phosphate co‐enzyme, but this abnormality is related to the presence of oral epithelial lesions rather than to the degree of anaemia.
Abstract: Summary Erythrocyte glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity is reduced in patients with iron deficiency anaemia and can be restored in vitro by the pyridoxal phosphate co-enzyme. This abnormality is related to the presence of oral epithelial lesions rather than to the degree of anaemia. It is suggested that pyridoxine deficiency may be associated with the occurrence of oral lesions in anaemic patients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In three separate series, samples were examined for salmonellas by culture in selenite F broths incubated at 37 and 43° C, and in each series the higher temperature gave better results.
Abstract: In three separate series, samples were examined for salmonellas by culture in selenite F broths incubated at 37 and 43° C. The samples used were:(1) Gauze swabs placed in sewage.(2) Gauze swabs placed in drains in abattoirs.(3) Sewage-polluted river water.In each series the higher temperature gave better results.The modification of tetrathionate broth for incubation at 43° C. and the adjustment of the incubation temperature to suit more inhibitory enrichment broths is discussed. The medium of Rappaport, Konforti & Navon (1956) is not suited to incubation at 43° C.We should like to acknowledge the help of Prof. Scott Thomson in the preparation of this paper, and the capable technical assistance of Mr T. R. Liddington and Mr John Morgan. We are also indebted to Dr H. Campbell, Senior Lecturer in Medical Statistics in the Welsh National School of Medicine, for his advice and to Mr M. C. Finniear, Deputy Public Analyst of the Glamorgan County Public Health Laboratory, for the calculation of molar tetrathionate in Rolfe's tetrathionate broth.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three electronic methods have been used by the authors to study the tremor motion of the eyes which occurs during normal fixation and the results show the angular velocity of the eye as a function of time.
Abstract: Three electronic methods have been used by the authors to study the tremor motion of the eyes which occurs during normal fixation The first method depends on the use of a capacitance gauge for recording the motion of the corneal protuberance in relation to a fixed probe which is placed near to the eye The second involves the use of a piezoelectric strain gauge which is placed in contact with the sclera The third involves the use of an accelerometer which is fixed to a contact lens The merits and demerits of the three techniques are compared A description is given of the methods which have been used to calibrate the transducers A typical tremor record is given; this shows the angular velocity of the eye as a function of time The velocity spectral density curve is also given Although the transducers have been used mainly for studying fixation tremor, they can be used to record other small eye movements Involuntary saccades, nystagmoid movements, and those eye movements which are caused by vibrations are easily examined

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a thermodynamic upper bound for the energy efficiency of light energy output to pump energy input is obtained, which is of a general form, and is applied to lasers and to electroluminescent diodes when these are in a steady state.
Abstract: A thermodynamic upper limit for the energy efficiency $\ensuremath{\eta}$ of light energy output to pump energy input is obtained. It is of a general form, and is applied to lasers and to electroluminescent diodes when these are in a steady state. The theory generalizes previous work, notably the results $\ensuremath{\eta}l\frac{1\ensuremath{-}T}{{T}_{p}}$ (Mazurenko, lasers) and $\ensuremath{\eta}l{[\frac{1\ensuremath{-}T}{{T}_{L}}]}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (Weinstein, diodes), where ${T}_{p}$ and ${T}_{L}$ are effective temperatures associated with the pumping system and the emitted light, respectively. For a GaAs diode, experimental work at the ambient temperature $T={300}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$K has been analyzed to yield $\ensuremath{\eta}=0.1$ to 6% for various forward currents. The internal entropy generation rate for the same diode, per electron crossing the device, is estimated at 30 to 50 Boltzmann constants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This investigation indicates that PEG 4000 is not absorbed by the healthy or diseased large intestine.

Journal ArticleDOI
C R Lowe1
TL;DR: The authors showed that miners and ex-miners had significantly more chronic bronchitis and lower ventilatory capacity than men who had never worked in the mines and that the differences could not be attributed to smoking habits because the distribution by smoking habits was the same in miners and nonminers.
Abstract: ardized for other factors, such as cigarette smoking, or for having shown only that the distribution by smoking habits ofthe groups being compared was similar. In 1956 I, for example, showed that the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in a group of coal miners aged 45-64 in the USA was 33 5% compared with 11 3 and 12-2% in two control groups ofnon-miners. In this survey it was found that the coal miners smoked considerably less than the other two groups but standardization for smoking was not carried out. Similarly Higgins et al. (1956) showed in Leigh that 'miners and ex-miners had significantly more \"chronic bronchitis\" and a lower ventilatory capacity than men who had never worked in the mines' and that the differences could not be attributed to smoking habits because the distribution by smoking habits was the same in miners and non-miners. In a study in Staveley, Higgins et al. (1959) showed that miners and ex-miners had a higher prevalence of bronchitis (not statistically significant) than workers in non-dusty jobs. Comparison of the occupational groups after standardization for cigarette smoking was not reported in this study and it is possible that differences in smoking habits may have obscured a more marked difference in respiratory symptoms between miners and non-miners. The study did, however, confirm the importance of smoking as a cause of chronic bronchitis in the whole group. In a later study of respiratory symptoms in miners and non-miners, in the Rhondda Fach, Higgins & Cochrane (1961), showed that between the ages of 35 and 64 the prevalence of bronchitis was three to four times as high in miners as in non-miners and that this order of difference remained after standardization for smoking. Sluis-Cremer et al. (1967) have shown that bronchitis is significantly higher in gold miners than in those not exposed to dust in the mines in all smoking categories except non-smokers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of a serial study of the spontaneous activity of the uterus in normal human pregnancy are given, with particular reference to the amount of activity found during pregnancy in patients whose labour began spontaneously before or after full term.




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The number of cells thought to be shed from the fetal sebaceous glands are related to the length of gestation by Brosens and Gordon (1966), which found that the percentage of these cells increased sharply after 38 weeks gestation.

Journal ArticleDOI
P. C. Elwood1
01 Mar 1968
TL;DR: The evidence presented by epidemiologists of a negatively skewed distribution of haemoglobin levels in women, though not in adolescents and probably not in males, is of importance only if it is shown that low levels significantly often indicate disease or ill-health.
Abstract: Importance Iron deficiency anaemia, as conventionally defined in clinical practice, for example the criteria in WHO (1959), has been shown to be common in this country in women of all ages (Kilpatrick, 1961), and in the elderly o f both sexes (Kilpatrick & Hardisty, 1961; Parsons, Withey & Kilpatrick, 1965). However the evidence presented in these and many other similar studies is based simply on the proportion of persons found to have levels of circulating haemoglobin below ‘the lower limit of the normal range’ and this point in the distribution of haelnoglobin levels is usually chosen in an arbitrary manner. The use of such a concept has been shown to be misleading (Murphy & Abbey, 1967), and indeed any single diagnostic criterion of anaemia in terms of a level of circulating haemoglobin concentration is unreasonable unless it is shown that Ievels below this are significantly often correlated with ill-health. Furthermore the definition of a single level of circulating haemoglobin within each sex as a criterion of iron deficiency is unreasonable in view of the significant associations of haemoglobin level with other variates such as age, body-weight and phase within the menstrual cycle. Again, the evidence presented by epidemiologists of a negatively skewed distribution of haemoglobin levels in women (Elwood, 1964; Elwood, Waters, Greene & Wood, 1967), though not in adolescents (Elwood, Withey & Kilpatrick, 1964) and probably not in males, is of importance only if it is shown that low levels significantly often indicate disease or ill-health. I n an attempt to assess the importance of low haemoglohin levels in a population, we recently conducted a large Community screening survey in which we saw just over 1000 women (Table I). Forty-four women were found to have haemoglobin levels below 10.0 g/Ioo ml blood and, of these, thirty-seven who were not already being treated by their general practitioners agreed to be referred to a hospital outpatient department for further examination and investigation by consultant physicians. I n eight cases further action of probable relevance to the iron deficiency was advised. One woman had injections for haemorrhoids, one who could not tolerate oral iron was admitted for blood transfusion, and six were advised to have uterine dilation and curettage. One hundred and twenty women were found to have haemoglobin levels below 12.0 g, and these were asked to supply three specimens of faeces for testing for occult blood. To enable the results of these tests to be evaluated a representative sample of a similar number of women with haemoglobin levels above 12.0 g

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cysts produced in the magnesium chloride replacement medium are viable and readily excyst when resuspended in the growth medium, and differ from the amoebae in their greater resistance to induced lysis and mechanical injury.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. The behavior of the amoeba H. castellanii was investigated in various carbon and nitrogen deficient media with a view to developing a satisfactory replacement medium for the study of encystment and excystment. Media which had been devised for other soil amoebae did not cause H. castellanii to encyst. In these media there was an efflux of material from the cells which was independent of osmolarity but which was minimized by the addition of magnesium. Maximal encystment occurred in a medium containing magnesium chloride alone. The cysts produced in the magnesium chloride replacement medium are viable and readily excyst when resuspended in the growth medium. The cysts contain cellulose, which is not present in the vegetative amoebae, and differ from the amoebae in their greater resistance to induced lysis and mechanical injury.

Journal ArticleDOI
J C Brown1, B Howlett1
TL;DR: A re‐investigation of the salivatory nuclei in the rat by the thiocholine method in conjunction with three‐dimensional reconstructions shows that two topographically related cholinesterasepositive pathways are present at facial levels.
Abstract: Shute and Lewis ('60) presented the first definite evidence for the localization of the superior salivatory nucleus by means of the thiocholine method for demonstrating cholinestrase. The outflow from this nucleus postulated by these workers is questionable in the light of other observations (Brown, '64). A re-investigation of the salivatory nuclei in the rat by the thiocholine method in conjunction with three-dimensional reconstructions shows that two topographically related cholinesterasepositive pathways are present at facial levels. These are the visceral motor (salivatory) rootlets and the olivo-cochlear tract. The reconstructions decisively indicate a typical visceral motor outflow to the nervus intermedius from the superior salivatory nucleus and endorse Rasmussen's description of the olivo-cochlear tract.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Viscosity studies of aqueous solutions of the hydrochloride, DHBr, hydriodide, and nitrate (DHNO3) salts of 2-dodecylaminoethanol have been conducted.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: I wondered if any part of the reduction in infant deaths from congenital abnormalities in recent years might reasonably be attributed to the withdrawal of thalidomide.
Abstract: F. J. C. Roe: I realise that the limb deformities commonly associated with thalidomide exposure in utero are not normally fatal during the first year of life. Nevertheless, I wondered if you could say whether any part of the reduction in infant deaths from congenital abnormalities in recent years might reasonably be attributed to the withdrawal of thalidomide? Also, is there any evidence that the incidence of hydrocephalus has fallen because of a lowered prevalence of toxoplasmosis? It used to be thought that women who handled rabbit meat were at special risk of giving birth to babies affected congenitally with the organism. This may be less of a hazard today. Finally, has prophylactic abortion in cases of rubella infection in early pregnancy had any impact on the figures given in Table 2 of your paper?