Showing papers by "Cardiff University published in 1979"
847 citations
TL;DR: There is a strong and specific negative association between ischaemic heart-disease deaths and alcohol consumption and this is shown to be wholly attributable to wine consumption.
663 citations
TL;DR: A simple prognostic index based on a multivariate analysis using a Weibull survival model is presented which allows one to assess the joint effects of the prognostic variables and indentifies patients with markedly different survival probabilities.
520 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of the results of three randomized controlled trials of aspirin and secondary mortality in patients who had had a myocardial infarction indicates that the estimate of benefit of 17% in one of the trials is almost certainly an underestimation.
328 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an O star near the surface of an extended molecular cloud ionizes a H II region which is radiationbounded on the inner side (towards the cloud centre) and density-bounded in the outer side; consequently the ionized gas can stream away into space on outer side, and this in turn enables the ionization front to advance faster into the cloud, thus eroding a large cavity around the O star.
Abstract: We evaluate the efficiency with which O stars disperse the molecular clouds from which they form. An O star near the surface of an extended molecular cloud ionizes a H II region which is radiation-bounded on the inner side (towards the cloud centre) and density-bounded on the outer side; consequently the ionized gas can stream away into space on the outer side, and this in turn enables the ionization front on the inner side to advance faster into the cloud, thus eroding a large cavity around the O star. This process may be very effective in destroying molecular clouds; if ∼ 4 per cent of a cloud&s material were converted into new stars with a Salpeter Initial Mass Function, the remaining 96 per cent could be broken up and dispersed by the ionizing radiation from the O stars
217 citations
TL;DR: A survey was made from the clinical records of 72 patients diagnosed as suffering from dental erosion of nonindustrial origin and a new classification of erosion is proposed and the different types of lesions are described.
Abstract: A survey was made from the clinical records of 72 patients diagnosed as suffering from dental erosion of nonindustrial origin. The information surveyed included dietary history, relevant medical history, clinical examination, and color photographs of the affected teeth. A new classification of erosion is proposed and the different types of lesions are described.
211 citations
TL;DR: Plasma concentrations of desferrioxamines and ferrioxamine were measured following bolus injections of Desferri oxamine and during 24 h infusions of the drug to study the effects of infusions on plasma concentrations of these drugs and their metabolites.
Abstract: Plasma concentrations of desferrioxamine and ferrioxamine were measured following bolus injections of desferrioxamine and during 24 h infusions of the drug. [59Fe]ferrioxamine clearance and urinary iron excretion were also measured. Higher plasma ferrioxamine concentrations were found in iron loaded subjects and higher desferrioxamine concentrations in subjects with normal ironloads. There is a correlation between the circulating concentration of ferrioxamine during an infusion and the 48 h urinary iron excretion. The data suggests that the amount of iron chelated in vivo is related to an increase in the size of an intermediate chelatable pool rather than the total amount of the iron load. The well-recognized delay in urinary iron excretion appears to be related to active tubular reabsorption of ferrioxamine.
188 citations
TL;DR: This chapter reviews the nature of the details of scent gland structure and function among Heteroptera and discusses Mechanisms of self-protection against the scent substances and comparisons between scent glands and other epidermal glands.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The scent glands are epidermal glands and, as invaginations formed from epidermis, are lined with a cuticle continuous with that of body wall. There is wide variation in the details of scent gland structure and function among Heteroptera. This chapter reviews the nature of these details and their significance for physiological and ecological studies on Heteroptera. The scent glands consist of integument similar in basic structure to that forming the body wall. There are three basic layers; a relatively thin, extracellular, basal layer called basement membrane; a middle layer consisting of epithelial cells arranged as in a monolayer; a relatively thick, extracellular, apical layer—the gland lining cuticle or gland cuticular intima. Postulated functions include defense against predators; defense against microorganisms; and release of specific patterns of behavior. A protective role for the scent glands against small vertebrate and invertebrate predators has been established for coreid and pentatomid bugs. Corixid larvae similarly may be protected against the small predator Plea. Mechanisms of self-protection against the scent substances and comparisons between scent glands and other epidermal glands have been discussed.
176 citations
TL;DR: The findings show that the prevalence of incontinence is particularly high among residents of old people's homes and geriatric hospitals, but that the majority of cases occur within the general community.
Abstract: A study to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence in a random sample of a total elderly community is described. The prevalence of incontinence in women aged 65 years or more was found to be 17% and in men 11%. The findings show that the prevalence of incontinence is particularly high among residents of old people's homes and geriatric hospitals, but that the majority of cases occur within the general community. The prevalence increases with age in both sexes; associations with a history of cerebrovascular disease, certain surgical procedures, multiple hospital admissions and drug usage are described. The findings of a follow-up study suggest that, although the disorder is long-standing and severe in a proportion of subjects, it is transient in approximately a third of all elderly subjects with the condition.
152 citations
TL;DR: The œstrogen-receptor content of a primary breast cancer appears to be an independent guide to early recurrence of the disease.
135 citations
TL;DR: The results support the association of sustained attention with the functions of the right hemisphere and suggest that there are different mental mechanisms for selective and sustained attention.
TL;DR: Tea, red wine and port produced rapid and heavy staining on test specimens which was highly significantly increased when compared to control specimens and coffee similarly produced more staining of test specimens compared to contrl specimens; however, the intensity of staining was coniderably less.
Abstract: A spectrophotometric measurment technique was employed to investigate the role of dietary factors in the aetiology of chlorhexidine staining. Standard solutings were prepared form a range of dietary components. Test perspex specimens were maintained n the standard solutions throughout a five day period being removed from the solutions three times a day and soaked in a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution. Control specimens were similarily treated but not exposed to chlorhexidine gluconate. Daily optical density recording demonstrated some staining of specimens by all dietary components. However of most there was no significant difference between test and control specimens and in visual terms such staining was very minimal. Navertheless, tea, red wine and port produced rapid and heavy staining on test specimens which was highly significantly increased when compared to control specimens. Coffee similarly produced more staining of test specimens compared to contrl specimens; however, the intensity of staining was coniderably less. Employing the sake experimental method, both cigarette smoke and cigarette smoke in colution Produced significantly more staining of control specimens compared to test specimens.
TL;DR: The results showed that the aberration of the lens does not systematically neutralize that of the cornea or vice-versa.
01 Nov 1979
TL;DR: In this article, the extinction cross section for an arbitrary spherical particle that is embedded in an absorbing medium is derived by considering that which is measured in an actual extinction experiment, and the resultant "optical theorem" is similar in form to the optical theorem for particles in a nonabsorbing medium.
Abstract: The extinction cross section for an arbitrary spherical particle that is embedded in an absorbing medium is derived by considering that which is measured in an actual extinction experiment. The resultant “optical theorem” is similar in form to the optical theorem for particles in a nonabsorbing medium. Calculations of extinction by germanium particles that are embedded in a polyethylene medium at room temperature have been performed for far-infrared frequencies (50–200 cm−1). If the imaginary part of the medium refractive index is ignored, then particulate extinction is underestimated by factors of between 2 and 4 over the frequency range of interest for 0.02-μm-radius spheres. In addition, there is a significant shift of a bulk germanium absorption maximum, which is not predicted when the medium is assumed to be nonabsorbing. For larger particles, the relative error decreases but still may be significant.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have observed that the ease with which TRM is acquired is dependent on the angle at which the remagnetising field is applied, and that the hardest direction is perpendicular to the plane of the pottery.
Abstract: WHILST measuring the thermoremanent magnetism (TRM) of ancient pottery to determine the field magnitude at the time of firing, by using a modification of the Thellier thermal remagnetisation technique1, we have observed that the ease with which TRM is acquired is dependent on the angle at which the remagnetising field is applied. As a general rule it seems that the hardest direction is perpendicular to the plane of the pottery and that to a rough approximation there is an ‘easy plane’ lying in the plane of the pottery. The effect is apparently distinct from that due to the demagnetising field associated with sample shape, because the anisotropy effect is observed for sample shapes for which there would be no variation of demagnetising field with change of angle of applied field (such as a cylindrical sample being magnetised at various azimuthal angles in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder), as well as for samples for which the specific magnetisation is too weak for demagnetising fields to be significant. The anisotropy effect has been observed also in alternating field (750 Hz) measurement of instantaneous susceptibility.
TL;DR: Isoelectric focusing of preparations of serum ferritin from patients with primary haemochromatosis shows that theferritin fraction binding to concanavalin A consists, predominantly, of the more acidic isoferritins, which suggest that carbohydrate residues may be added to ferrit in during its secretion into the plasma.
Abstract: 1. A high proportion of the ferritin in normal serum binds to concanavalin A. Binding is prevented by the addition of alpha-D-methylglucoside to the reaction mixture. 2. Ferritin in extracts of normal heart, liver and spleen or serum ferritin from patients with massive hepatic necrosis does not bind to concanavalin A. 3. Isoelectric focusing of preparations of serum ferritin from patients with primary haemochromatosis shows that the ferritin fraction binding to concanavalin A consists, predominantly, of the more acidic isoferritins. 4. These findings suggest that carbohydrate residues may be added to ferritin during its secretion into the plasma. Glycosylation may account for the heterogeneity of serum ferritin on isoelectric focusing. 5. Direct release of intracellular ferritin from damaged tissue may be indicated by an increase in the proportion of circulating ferritin which does not bind to concanavalin A. Such an increase has been found in sera from patients with iron overload.
TL;DR: It was found that preterm delivery and low birth weight were commoner and the mean duration of labour longer in women who had a cone biopsy than amongst matched controls.
TL;DR: Curves of life survival show that women with E.R.R.-positive tumours live longer than those withE.R-negative tumours, and the content of the primary tumour was measured in 133 postmenopausal women with operable breast cancer.
Book•
01 Jan 1979TL;DR: This chapter discusses the basic principles of the radiation chemistry of carbohydrates, and describes the chemical changes induced by the radiation that may be electromagnetic or corpuscular (α-rays and β-rays), and the final transfer of energy occurs by way of charged particles.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic principles of the radiation chemistry of carbohydrates. Biological action of radiations, chemical utilization of fission-product radiations, and the use of radiation in the sterilization of food stimulated an intensive study into the effects of ionizing radiations on organic compounds. The radiation chemistry embraces photochemistry––the chemistry of reactions that occur in electrical discharges and reactions in the atomic nucleus by the agency of neutrons and high-energy radiations. The chapter describes the chemical changes induced by the radiation that may be electromagnetic (x-rays and γ-rays) or corpuscular (α-rays and β-rays), and the final transfer of energy occurs by way of charged particles. With electromagnetic radiation, interaction of high-energy quanta with atoms of the medium through which they pass leads to ionization, because the energy of the quanta is substantially greater than the binding energy of an electron.
TL;DR: The successful labelling of antibodies to rabbit IgG with a chemiluminescent molecule and the development of an immunological assay using chemilUMinescence as a means of monitoring reagent distribution are described.
Abstract: RADIOISOTOPES, in particular 125I, have been used for many years as labels for monitoring the distribution of reagents in immunological assay systems. Satisfactory labelled derivatives are not always easily produced as iodination frequently produces severe molecular disruption. Moreover, iodinated proteins have a limited shelf life and sometimes require extended counting times for accurate quantitation. Recently, non-radioactive labels such as bacteriophages1,2, enzymes3,4, stable free radicals5 and fluorescent groups6 have been used in attempts to overcome some of these problems. We describe here the successful labelling of antibodies to rabbit IgG with a chemiluminescent molecule and the development of an immunological assay using chemiluminescence as a means of monitoring reagent distribution.
TL;DR: The results suggest that this compound may be of potential value for the oral therapy of iron overload and is able to remove iron from Chang cells.
Abstract: When isoniazid and pyridoxal are mixed in equimolar quantities a hydrazone is formed which is able to complex with iron. The oral administration of this compound to rats in single doses of 25--100 mg/kg leads to an increase in faecal iron excretion up to 8 times the normal level. In tissue culture the compound is able to remove iron from Chang cells. The results suggest that this compound may be of potential value for the oral therapy of iron overload.
TL;DR: The constancy of stratum corneum thickness suggests an ordered decrease in intracorneal cohesion binding forces and that anatomical changes take place in the corneocytes as they progress towards the surface.
Abstract: The constancy of stratum corneum thickness suggests an ordered decrease in intracorneal cohesion binding forces. In this study, intracorneal cohesion was measured in the vertical dimension by cohesography and the number of cells released after applying a standardized stimulus was determined before and after repeated stripping of the same sites with adhesive tape. In addition, surface replicas and the corneocytes from different levels were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and differential phase interference microscopy. The results indicate a gradual loss of cohesion within the stratum corneum towards the surface and that anatomical changes take place in the corneocytes as they progress towards the surface.
TL;DR: A questionnaire survey of the expectations of orthodontic treatment was conducted and the central finding was the high expectations of the effects of treatment shared by both groups.
Abstract: A questionnaire survey of the expectations of orthodontic treatment was conducted among 200 orthodontic patients and parents in South Wales. The results were compared with those of a similar study in St Louis, Missouri. The central finding was the high expectations of the effects of treatment shared by both groups.
TL;DR: The development of a children's Life events Inventory is reported, using a similar method to Cochrane and Robertson's adult Life Events Inventory, with high agreement between groups of raters (paediatricians, teachers and social workers and individual raters.
TL;DR: The marginal carbonate facies of the Miocene Ries meteorite crater lake in southern Germany contain bioherms up to 7 m high and 15 m across built by the green alga Cladophorites.
Abstract: The marginal carbonate facies of the Miocene Ries meteorite crater lake in southern Germany contain bioherms up to 7 m high and 15 m across built by the green alga Cladophorites. The algae were externally encrusted during life by micrite, probably precipitated in response to photosynthetic uptake of CO2, which produced tufts of fine (100 μm diameter), calcareous tubes. Coalescence of tufts, together with incorporation of peloidal and skeletal sand, created nodules and cones of algal tufa which in turn formed larger masses some of which are in the form of compound cones up to 2 m high. The bioherms are constructed by beds and groups of these cones and masses, and are surrounded by poorly cemented peloid, ostracod and gastropod sands. Five depositional and diagenetic stages of development can be distinguished: (1) growth and calcification (probably calcitic) of Cladophorites in shallow fresh- or slightly brackish water; (2) emergence due to a temporary fall in lake level and veneering of the algal tufa and adjacent sediments by laminated sinter; (3) resubmergence and deposition of peloidal and skeletal sands; (4) burial and partial phreatic dolomitization, together with dissolution of aragonite and penecontemporaneous deposition of thin isopachous rims of dolomite rhombs; (5) local vadose cementation by rhombs, spar and spikes of low-magnesian calcite. Stages 1–3 probably occurred several times. Most of the biohermal and surrounding sediments were produced by biological processes in the lake; subaerial sinter deposition and meteoric cementation have contributed relatively minor amounts of material and the majority of the sediments retain porosities of 10–30%.
01 Dec 1979
TL;DR: The three long barrows described in this report were totally excavated between 1959 and 1967 as mentioned in this paper, and they have been presented in a single report because they had several features in common: they were in close proximity; they were built as single phase monuments; two conformed to a common specification which required elaborate internal structures; and they produced no evidence of funerary function or intent.
Abstract: The three long barrows described in this report were totally excavated between 1959 and 1967. They have been presented in a single report because they had several features in common: they were in close proximity; they were built as single phase monuments; two conformed to a common specification which required elaborate internal structures; and they produced no evidence of funerary function or intent. There are four sections: I. The Horslip (or Windmill Hill) Long Barrow (P. A.). II. The Beckhampton Road Long Barrow (I.F.S.). III. The South Street Long Barrow (J.G.E.). The fourth section (IV) deals with the environmental history of the area as revealed in the long barrow soils and sediments (J.G.E.).
TL;DR: Dietary analysis indicated that other factors ar important to development of chlorhexidine staining and some apeared particularly chromogenic in this respect.
Abstract: An in vivo study was carried out to investigate the role of tea, coffe and cigarette smoking upon the staining of teeth associated with the use of chlorhexidine gluconate. Three groups of volunteers, one of which consisted of cigarette smokers, rinsed with a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash three times a day throughout two 10 day periods. The two non smoking groups were allocated tea and coffe respectively for consumptionduring on 10 day period. The smoking group were allocated coffee during one 10 day period. During the other 10 day periods the volunteers refrained from all hot beverages. A fourth group refrained from all hot bevrages during a 21 day period. The staining which developed on the previously cleaned teeth and tongues of the volnteers at the end of the respective rinsing periods was scored. All volunteers kept a diet record throughout the whole study. The drinking of tea and coffe significantly increased staining of teeth and tongue when compared with not drinking. Staining by tea was significantly worse than staining by coffee. Cigarette smoking appeard to have an additive effect on the staining. Dietary analysis indicated that other factors ar important to development of chlorhexidine staining and some apeared particularly chromogenic in this respect.
TL;DR: There was a direct relationship between staining and the frequency of exposure to chlorhexidine and with increasing chlor hexidine concentration staining increased to an optimum at 0.1%.
Abstract: A previously developed spectrophotometric measurement technique was employed to study factors which may affect the development of tea staining on chlorhexidine treated perspex specimenas. Thus the effects of the frequency of exposure of the specimens to, and the concentration of, the chlorhexidine gluconate solution on the development of staining, was assessed. Furthermore, the staining of test and control specimens previously esposed to pooled humna saliva was measured. All three parameters investgated had a significant effect upon tea staining of chlorhexidine treated specimens. Thus, there was a direct relationship between staining and the frequency of exposure to chlorhexidine. With increasing chlorhexidine concentration staining increased to an optimum at 0.1%. Pretreatment of specimens with saliva increased significantly the staining of both test and control specimens. however, the staining of test specimens remained significantly greater than the control specimens.