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Showing papers by "Carleton University published in 1978"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All primitive Paleozoic pterygote nymphs are now known to have had articulated, freely movable wings reinforced by tubular veins, which suggests that the wings of early Pterygota were engaged in flapping movements, and that the immobilized, fixed, veinless wing pads of Recentnymphs have resulted from a later adaptation affecting only juveniles.
Abstract: In contemporary entomology the morphological characters of insects are not always treated according to their phylogenetic rank. Fossil evidence often gives clues for different interpretations. All primitive Paleozoic pterygote nymphs are now known to have had articulated, freely movable wings reinforced by tubular veins. This suggests that the wings of early Pterygota were engaged in flapping movements, that the immobilized, fixed, veinless wing pads of Recent nymphs have resulted from a later adaptation affecting only juveniles, and that the paranotal theory of wing origin is not valid. The wings of Paleozoic nymphs were curved backwards in Paleoptera and were flexed backwards at will in Neoptera, in both to reduce resistance during forward movement. Therefore, the fixed oblique-backwards position of wing pads in all modern nymphs is secondary and is not homologous in Paleoptera and Neoptera. Primitive Paleozoic nymphs had articulated and movable prothoracic wings which became in some modern insects transformed into prothoracic lobes and shields. The nine pairs of abdominal gillplates of Paleozoic mayfly nymphs have a venation pattern, position, and development comparable to that in thoracic wings, to which they are serially homologous. Vestigial equivalents of wings and legs were present in the abdomen of all primitive Paleoptera and primitive Neoptera. The ontogenetic development of Paleozoic nymphs was confluent, with many nymphal and subimaginal instars, and the metamorphic instar was missing. The metamorphic instar originated by the merging together of several instars of old nymphs; it occurred in most orders only after the Paleozoic, separately and in parallel in all modern major lineages (at least twice in Paleoptera, in Ephemeroptera and Odonata; separately in hemipteroid, blattoid, orthopteroid, and plecopteroid lineages of exopterygote Neoptera; and once only in Endopterygota). Endopterygota evolved from ametabolous, not from hemimetabolous, exopterygote Neoptera. The full primitive wing venation consists of six symmetrical pairs of veins; in each pair, the first branch is always convex and the second always concave; therefore costa, subcosta, radius, media, cubitus, and anal are all primitively composed of two separate branches. Each pair arises from a single veinal base formed from a sclerotized blood sinus. In the most primitive wings the circulatory system was as follows: the costa did not encircle the wing, the axillary cord was missing, and the blood pulsed in and out of each of the six primary, convex-concave vein pair systems through the six basal blood sinuses. This type of circulation is found as an archaic feature in modern mayflies. Wing corrugation first appeared in preflight wings, and hence is considered primitive for early (paleopterous) Pterygota. Somewhat leveled corrugation of the central wing veins is primitive for Neoptera. Leveled corrugation in some modern Ephemeroptera, as well as accentuated corrugation in higher Neoptera, are both derived characters. The wing tracheation of Recent Ephemeroptera is not fully homologous to that of other insects and represents a more primitive, segmental stage of tracheal system. Morphology of an ancient articular region in Palaeodictyoptera shows that the primitive pterygote wing hinge in its simplest form was straight and composed of two separate but adjoining morphological units: the tergal, formed by the tegula and axillaries; and the alar, formed by six sclerotized blood sinuses, the basivenales. The tergal sclerites were derived from the tergum as follows: the lateral part of the tergum became incised into five lobes; the prealare, suralare, median lobe, postmedian lobe and posterior notal wing process. From the tips of these lobes, five slanted tergal sclerites separated along the deep paranotal sulcus: the tegula, first axillary, second axillary, median sclerite, and third axillary. Primitively, all pteralia were arranged in two parallel series on both sides of the hinge. In Paleoptera, the series stayed more or less straight; in Neoptera, the series became V-shaped. Pteralia in Paleoptera and Neoptera have been homologized on the basis of the fossil record. A differential diagnosis between Paleoptera and Neoptera is given. Fossil evidence indicates that the major steps in evolution, which led to the origin first of Pterygota, then of Neoptera and Endopterygota, were triggered by the origin and the diversification of flight apparatus. It is believed here that all above mentioned major events in pterygote evolution occurred first in the immature stages.

229 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an elastic Kπ partial-wave analysis is presented based on high statistics data for the reactions K±p → K±π+n and K ±p → k±π−Δ++ at 13 GeV obtained in a spectrometer experiment performed at SLAC.

194 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The intense fluorescence induced in the traditional “callose” sites, sieve plates, around pitfields and in new cell walls is probably related to localized differences in the structural packing of wall polymers.
Abstract: Commercial aniline blue dyes are heterogeneous and variable. We have isolated and purified the fluorochrome from water soluble aniline blue. This fluorochrome fluoresces weakly with a maximum emission around 455 nm but the fluorescence is shifted to longer wavelengths (500–506 nm) when complexed with isolated β-1,3-glucans, cellulose or mixed-linked glucans. A similar intense fluorescence is observed in sieve plates, new cell walls and around pitfields in the presence of the fluorochrome. The fluorescence induced by the aniline blue fluorochrome does not specifically indicate the presence of β-1,3-glucans. Indeed most wall features are induced to fluoresce to some extent by the fluorochrome. However, fluorescence is modified by lignins and phenolics. Furthermore the intense fluorescence induced in the traditional “callose” sites, sieve plates, around pitfields and in new cell walls is probably related to localized differences in the structural packing of wall polymers.

190 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fixation of cells of petiolar hairs of tomato was monitored by phase contrast and Nomarski interference contrast microscopy and it was very desirable that images of fixed cells be compared to the structure of similar cells which are still alive.
Abstract: SUMMARY The fixation of cells of petiolar hairs of tomato was monitored by phase contrast and Nomarski interference contrast microscopy. Because the cuticle covering these hairs is relatively impermeable some fixatives enter only the base of the hair so that a ‘fixation front’ can be followed through a single cell. The basal end of such a cell may be immobilized by the fixative while the apical end is still streaming. A variety of fixatives were tested at room temperature and at 273–278 K. All procedures tested failed to stabilize a pleomorphic canalicular system that is a dominant feature of these cells so that no clue to the presence of this system can be seen in sectioned material. It is therefore very desirable that images of fixed cells be compared to the structure of similar cells which are still alive.

159 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: An algorithm for finding an optimum weight perfect matching in a graph is described, used to prove that, if the weights are integers, then the dual problem has an optimal solution which is integer-valued.
Abstract: An algorithm for finding an optimum weight perfect matching in a graph is described. It differs from Edmonds’ “blossom” algorithm in that a perfect matching is at hand throughout the algorithm, and a feasible solution to the dual problem is obtained only at termination. In many other respects, including its efficiency, it is similar to the blossom algorithm. Some advantages of this “primal” algorithm for certain post-optimality problems are described. The algorithm is used to prove that, if the weights are integers, then the dual problem has an optimal solution which is integer-valued. Finally, some graph-theoretic results on perfect matchings are derived.

157 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: The response of an organism to environmental stimulation is largely dependent upon the potential consequences of the stimuli on the organism’s well being, and the term stress should be considered as stimulation that requires behavioral and/or physiological adjustments.
Abstract: The response of an organism to environmental stimulation is largely dependent upon the potential consequences of the stimuli on the organism’s well being. If the stimulation is not associated with either alimentary or aversive consequences, then habituation should occur without the organism experiencing any adverse effects. However, when stimulation threatens biological equilibrium, then adaptive mechanisms need to be called upon in order to resurrect the original state of affairs. As suggested by Barry and Buckley (1966), the term stress should be considered as stimulation that requires behavioral and/or physiological adjustments.

122 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Newborn guinea pigs tested to determine their ability to approach an auditory stimulus early in development showed a pronounced tendency to orient toward and approach a tape-recorded signal of guinea pig vocalizations, and directional approach responses to sound were evident at this age.
Abstract: Newborn guinea pigs were tested to determine their ability to approach an auditory stimulus early in development. Observations of the behavior of 1-4-day-old animals in a circular eight-choice maze revealed a pronounced tendency to orient toward and approach a tape-recorded signal of guinea pig vocalizations. The occurrence of approach responses was reduced to chance in animals tested with one ear occluded by wax ear plugs which attenuated but did not totally eliminate sound. The effect of monaural ear blocks was more severe than binaural blocks, which reflects the importance of binaural cues in the maintenance of approach responses to sound. In a second study, the ability of older animals, 11-31 days of age, was examined. Directional approach responses to sound were also evident at this age, and ear plugs disrupted performance only under monaural conditions. Furthermore, in animals raised from birth with monaural ear blocks but tested without ear plugs, there was a subsequent disruption of performance for at least 21 days. These results indicate the importance of binaural cues in the development of early auditory spatial responses and suggest the need for appropriate binaural experience for subsequent localization of sounds.

89 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Prior staining with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction, toluidine blue O, Congo red, or Calcofluor White M2R New, or reduction by NaBH4 do not interfere with aniline blue-induced fluorescence of sieve plates, new cell walls, pit fields or tracheids in compression wood of conifers.
Abstract: Prior staining with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction, toluidine blue O, Congo red, or Calcofluor White M2R New, or reduction by NaBH4 do not interfere with aniline blue-induced fluorescence of sieve plates, new cell walls, pit fields or tracheids in compression wood of conifers. Detail of such fluorescent structures is improved by these treatments because of increased contrast, reduced flare, and a quenching of autofluorescence.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that “spatial ability” is not unitary and that test-based sex differences in spatial ability largely reflect differences in rotation speed or in a factor underlying rotation speed.
Abstract: Three tests of spatial ability — speeded mental rotation and the Card Rotation and Revised Minnesota Form Board Tests — were examined with 32 college students. The slope of the linear function relating response time to angle of rotation in the mental rotation task was stimulus-dependent, increasing with stimulus symmetry. Males strongly dominated females on the Card Rotation Test and in speed of mental rotation, but not on the Minnesota Form Board Test or in the intercept of the judgment-time by angle-of-rotation plot. Practice with the simple forms used in the mental rotation task substantially improved scores with the many more complex forms used in the Card Rotation Test, but did not improve scores on the Minnesota Form Board Test. These results are not due to speed-accuracy tradeoff strategy differences. They suggest that “spatial ability” is not unitary and that test-based sex differences in spatial ability largely reflect differences in rotation speed or in a factor underlying rotation speed.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main Ethiopian and Stefanie rifts are relatively symmetrical and lie at the crests of basement arches; gneisses are exposed at 2750 m a.s.l..

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The physical and kinetic properties of plant aminotransferases such as their molecular weight, sedimentation coefficient, subunit composition, pyridoxal phosphate requirement, effect of pH and cations on activity, and their mechanism of action are reviewed and compared to similar observations from animal and bacterial aminosferases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated four extraction methods for fractionation of metals in sediment: dilute HNO3 (total specifically-adsorbed metal), 1 M NH4Cl (ion-exchangeable), H2O2 (organic), and density separation using bromoform.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored the exact nature of the differences and will attempt to resolve some of the main issues among British historians on the precise extent and timing of literacy changes in eighteenthand nineteenth-century Britain and their relationship to economic growth.
Abstract: Sharp differences of judgement appear to persist on the precise extent and timing of literacy changes in eighteenthand nineteenth-century Britain and their relationship to economic growth. This article will explore the exact nature of the differences and will attempt to resolve some of the main issues. Recent research among British historians seems to have been sensitive to the seminal work of the American economists M. J. Bowman and C. A. Anderson in 1963.1 From statistics of cross-sectional comparisons of literacy rates in the 1950ʹs they generalized that a literacy rate of 30-40 per cent was a necessary condition for a country to make a significant breakthrough in per capita income. Several British historians seem to have been uneasy about Bowman and Andersonʹs inclusion of eighteenth and nineteenth-century Britain as one of the many ʺindustrial and literacy successʺ examples. Their critical response to the American authors has included the following three arguments: first, that literacy deteriorated in the Industrial Revolution; second, that growth produced literacy, not vice versa; and third, that private educational activities were inadequate. This response has probably been conditioned by the long-established tradition in British history that the Industrial Revolution, especially in its early stages, was generally inimical to reasonable material comforts, let alone educational improvements, among the working class. Typical of the originators of this tradition, for instance, were the Hammonds. Their conclusion was that in the new manufacturing towns of the Industrial Revolution:

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicated that the hyperactives, retardates, their siblings and parents had equal numbers of MPA that were significantly higher than in the normal control children and their families who did not differ from each other.
Abstract: Summary Hyperactive, retarded and normal children as well as their siblings and parents were examined for the frequency of minor physical anomalies (MPA), The results indicated that the hyperactives, retardates, their siblings and parents had equal numbers of MPA that were significantly higher than in the normal control children and their families who did not differ from each other. It was noted that there were more fathers absent due to divorce or separation in the two patient groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the extent to which licensing promotes technology transfer and future technological self-reliance in 47 metalworking and 43 chemical firms located in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia was explored.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: The role of the monoamines, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotoin (5-HT), has been evaluated across numerous behavioral situations, ranging from apparently simple response patterns, e.g., locomotor activity, to complex ones involving associations between stimulus events and response consequences.
Abstract: The role of the monoamines, norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotoin (5-HT), has been evaluated across numerous behavioral situations, ranging from apparently simple response patterns, e.g., locomotor activity, to complex ones involving associations between stimulus events and response consequences. Not surprisingly, theorizing concerning the relations between monoamines and behavior has extended beyond models involving infrahuman animals, and has been employed to account for a variety of aberrant human behaviors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Histological analysis indicated that the lesions in each of the four brain-damaged rats destroyed primary auditory cortex as well as surrounding belt areas, and for the rat, auditory cortex was not found to be essential for discrimination of the spatial locations of auditory stimuli.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, large-signal S-parameters are reviewed and transistors of Class-C are employed, and the predicted and measured output power are compared, and suitable conclusions are duly recorded.
Abstract: In this paper, large-signal S-parameters are reviewed, and transistors of Class-C are employed. Problems are encountered in obtaining large-signal parameters S/sub 12/ and S/sub 21/. A novel method is concisely developed based on theory presented herein. The acquired S-parameters are applied to amplifier design accordingly. The predicted and measured output power are compared, and suitable conclusions are duly recorded.


Journal ArticleDOI
John Myles1
TL;DR: Results indicate that, given comparable levels of illness and disability, the institutionalized elderly are less likely to incorporate the illness label into their definition of self.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to identify the effects of institutionalization on patterns of sick role identification among the aged. The paper is an effort to test empirically the implications of Goffman's (1961) general analysis of total institutions and Freidson's (1970) analysis of the social organization of illness within such contexts. These analyses argue that the institutional organization of being ill tends to reinforce patterns of illness behavior among clients by constraining the individual increasingly to adopt attitudes and behavior consistent with the assumption of the sick role. With data drawn from the 1971 Aging in Manitoba study (n = 4,805), an empirical test of this theory is presented by contrasting patterns of illness responses among the institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly. Specifically, the extent to which institutionalization alters the association between respondents' objective health status and respondents' self-definition of health status is analyzed. Contrary to the expectations of the theory, the results indicate that, given comparable levels of illness and disability, the institutionalized elderly are less likely to incorporate the illness label into their definition of self. In a subsequent section, the implications of these findings for the individual's overall level of life satisfaction also are identified and discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that 2-hydroxysuccinamate is a major intermediate in the metabolism of the carbon skeleton of asparagine following transamination, an important route for as parparagine ultilisation.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1978-Cortex
TL;DR: A signal detection analysis was made of single letter recognition in the right and left visual fields and there were no significant differences between the fields in perceptual accuracy independent of bias when the subject maintained a central fixation point.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The temporal separation of the feeding times of the two species of bats may provide a basis for the partitioning of a single species food resource in Rhodesia.
Abstract: We studied the movements and foraging behaviour of Epomophorus gambianus and Rousettus aegyptiacus during the dry season in Rhodesia. The nightly activity of both species was concentrated in the riparian forest where they fed on the fruits of Diospyros senensis. Epomophorus gambianus roosted during the day high in the thick canopy of Trichelia emetica or Kigelia africana along the river banks and began foraging, each one in a preferred D. senensis shrub, before 1845 hrs. Rousettus aegyptiacus arrived in the study area approximately one hour later and appeared to forage in groups. The temporal separation of the feeding times of the two species of bats may provide a basis for the partitioning of a single species food resource.

Journal ArticleDOI
L. Morris1
TL;DR: It is concluded that for floating-point software implementations on the class of general purpose computers considered, the WFTA offers neither time nor space advantages over the radix-4 FFT.
Abstract: Time efficient autogen software implementations of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the Winograd Fourier transform algorithm (WFTA) are examined and compared in detail. Both high-level language (optimized Fortran IV) and assembler implementations are considered on two general purpose computers, the DEC PDP-11/55 and the IBM- 370/168, both having floating-point multiply/add time ratios of about 1.17. It is shown that although the WFTA reduces the number of multiplications relative to the FFT, a substantial increase in data transfer, both memory/register and register/register, together with a smaller increase in additions and data reordering overhead, combine to give WFTA execution times about 20-40 percent longer than those for the FFT. These results are explained by examining the internal computational kernel structure for both algorithms and relating the arithmetic operation sequencing to the computer instructions necessary to implement the software. It is concluded that for floating-point software implementations on the class of general purpose computers considered, the WFTA offers neither time nor space advantages over the radix-4 FFT.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper assess the role of medium of communication on leadership differentiation in discussion groups and find that in face-to-face conditions, role differentiation tendencies were sharply curtailed, and the relationship of sociometric indexes with indexes of verbal output was greatly diminished.
Abstract: An attempt was made to assess the role of medium of communication on leadership differentiation in discussion groups. Groups of undergraduates met on five different occasions to solve human relations problems, either in face-to-face discussion situations or over video conferencing networks. In face-to-face conditions development of leadership took almost a classic form, with sociometric measures systematically related to behavioral indexes; in the video (teleconference) conditions, role differentiation tendencies were sharply curtailed, and the relationship of sociometric indexes with indexes of verbal output were greatly diminished. Speculations about how mediated communication may affect differentiation processes are offered.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Treatment with d-amphetamine produced a dose-dependent increase in startle amplitude in response to a buzzer, and the data of the present investigation, together with earlier reports, suggests that tolerance occurs to those behaviors that involve a noradrenergic component.
Abstract: Treatment with d-amphetamine produced a dose-dependent increase in startle amplitude in response to a buzzer. This increase appeared to be a reflection of a sensitization effect, i.e., enhanced responsivity as a function of repeated stimulus presentations. Treatment with α-methyl-p-tyrosine, which reduced whole brain concentrations of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), or treatment with FLA-63, which reduced only NE, antagonized the effects of d-amphetamine on the startle reflex, suggesting a role of NE in this behavior. Startle amplitude was also reduced following chronic d-amphetamine treatment. The effect of d-amphetamine on startle was found to be independent of changes in drug-induced locomotor excitation. The data of the present investigation, together with earlier reports, suggests that tolerance occurs to those behaviors that involve a noradrenergic component.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pea phloem sap was collected from excised pea aphid stylets and analysed chemically and apparently has lower sugar content and higher total amino acid content than woody perennials and most other herbs.
Abstract: Pea phloem sap was collected from excised pea aphid stylets and analysed chemically. The only sugar found was sucrose, at an average concentration of 5.6±0.82% w/w. Total amino acid content was 4.5% w/w, 98.9% as free amino acid. Phloem sap of young pea plants apparently has lower sugar content and higher total amino acid content than woody perennials and most other herbs. These amounts may be related to the developmental stage of the pea plants and may change with age. Average rate of exudation from cut stylets was 0.41 mm3/h. At this rate, total potential energy available to an adult aphid is 4.6 cal/day. Pressure within the plant necessary to force sap through the stylets at this rate was calculated to be 16 atm.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that many of the conventional estimators are "optimal" in the sense of minimum average mean square error (MSE) in a general class of linear estimators.