Showing papers by "Carleton University published in 1981"
TL;DR: The effect of stratification and clustering on the asymptotic distributions of standard Pearson chi-squared test statistics for goodness of fit and independence in a two-way contingency table, denoted as X 2 and XI 2, respectively, is investigated in this article.
Abstract: The effect of stratification and clustering on the asymptotic distributions of standard Pearson chi-squared test statistics for goodness of fit (simple hypothesis) and independence in a two-way contingency table, denoted as X 2 and XI 2, respectively, is investigated It is shown that both X 2 and XI 2 are asymptotically distributed as weighted sums of independent χ1 2 random variables The weights are then related to the familiar design effects (deffs) used by survey samplers A simple correction to X 2, which requires only the knowledge of variance estimates (or deffs) for individual cells in the goodness-of-fit problem, is proposed and empirical results on the performance of corrected X 2 provided Empirical work on XI 2 indicated that the distortion of nominal significance level is substantially smaller with XI 2 than with X 2 Some results under simple models for clustering are also given
950 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derive a transaction theory of trade credit from the motives of trading partners to economize on the joint costs of exchange and derive a demand by firms to hold inventories of both goods and money.
Abstract: This paper derives a transactions theory of trade credit use from the motives of trading partners to economize on the joint costs of exchange. In the formal analysis, uncertain delivery time is used to generate a demand by firms to hold inventories of both goods and money. Trade credit is viewed as a mechanism that separates the exchange of money from the uncertainty present in the exchange of goods. By forewarning both trading partners of the timing of money flows, credit permits a reduction in precautionary money holdings and the more effective management of net money accumulations.
598 citations
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412 citations
TL;DR: The use of frequency, duration, and patterns of frequency change over time to identify 39 species of North American and African bats by their search phase echolocation calls is described.
Abstract: The use of frequency, duration, and patterns of frequency change over time to identify 39 species of North American and African bats by their search phase echolocation calls is described. The data were obtained from an oscilloscope display of the cells presented by a zero-crossing period meter when the calls had been detected by a broadband microphone. Species using high intensity calls are more easily sampled than those using calls of intermediate intensity; bats using low intensity calls are not readily sampled by this system. Identification of bats in the field by their calls requires observation of known individuals under field conditions. The echolocation calls included frequency components from 8 to 210 kHz. At all sites, species using frequency modulated (FM) calls with frequencies from 25 to 65 kHz predominated; larger faunas exhibited greater variability in types of calls. The identification of echolocating bats by their calls depends upon the size of the bat fauna, the levels of bat activity, and inherent characteristics of the calls.
373 citations
01 Jun 1981-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: The data suggest that aerobic metabolism with continued polyol synthesis is fully active in these larvae at temperatures as low as −10°C, however, below −10 °C, the temperature at which hemolymph freezing takes place, mitochondria appear to be metabolically inactive.
Abstract: 1.
The levels of glycogen, lipid, protein, polyols (glycerol and sorbitol), sugars, amino acids, adenylates, and other intermediary metabolites were measured in the overwintering, third instar larvae of the gall fly,Eurosta solidaginis, sampled at specified temperatures during a controlled (1°C per day decrease) low temperature acclimation of the larvae from 15° to − 30°C.
2.
Glycogen reserves were depleted as temperature was decreased, the decrease in glycogen fully accounting for the observed increases in glycerol, sorbitol, glucose, and trehalose in the larvae at low temperatures. Protein and total glyceride reserves of the larvae, however, were not altered during low temperature acclimation.
3.
Temperature specific patterns of glycerol and sorbitol accumulation were found. Glycerol concentrations, which were 65% of maximum at 15°C, reached a plateau in concentration of 235 μmol/g wet wt. between 5 and 0°C. Sorbitol first appeared in larvae at 5° C and then increased in concentration rapidly as temperature decreased further to reach a plateau level of 145 μmol/g wet wt. by −10°C.
4.
The free amino acid pool increased in size by 50% during acclimation from 15 to −5°C, this increase due largely to a 24 μmol/g wet wt. increase in proline concentration and a smaller 4.4 μmol/g wet wt. increase in alanine.
5.
Arginine phosphate and ATP levels, as well as energy charge and the ratio [ATP]/[ADP]·[Pi], remained high and constant in larvae acclimated to temperatures as low as −5°C but in larvae acclimated to −30°C phosphagen and ATP levels had declined by 54 and 29% respectively and energy charge had decreased from 0.92 to 0.82.
6.
The data suggest that aerobic metabolism with continued polyol synthesis is fully active in these larvae at temperatures as low as −10°C. However, below −10°C, the temperature at which hemolymph freezing takes place, mitochondria appear to be metabolically inactive. Evidence for this includes the cessation of polyol, sugar, and amino acid accumulation by this temperature and the drop in arginine phosphate, ATP, and energy charge and build-up of lactate at −30°C.
7.
The regulation of metabolism inE. solidaginis larvae during low temperature acclimation is discussed with particular emphasis on the possible metabolic ‘switches’ regulating the flow of carbon to glycerol versus sorbitol synthesis.
142 citations
TL;DR: In this article, generalized tilted algebras of type an are considered. But they are not considered in the context of algebraic geometry, and they do not have a fixed number of vertices.
Abstract: (1981). Generalized tilted algebras of type an. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 9, No. 20, pp. 2101-2125.
135 citations
TL;DR: The phloem exudation technique using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was evaluated in studies of amino acid translocation in Pisum sativum L. seedlings, and loading of amino acids appeared to be relatively unimpaired.
Abstract: The phloem exudation technique using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was evaluated in studies of amino acid translocation in Pisum sativum L. seedlings. Exudation of phloem sap from cut petioles of fully expanded leaves was enhanced by EDTA (20 millimolar disodium salt [pH 7.0]). Amino acids (mainly asparagine, homoserine, glutamate, and also aspartate and serine) were present in petiole exudates from EDTA-treated leaves at levels which were commonly 5- to 10-fold (or more) higher compared with water-treated controls. Exudation was greater from darkened leaves, and the pattern of amino acids was markedly different from the more uniform mixture leaking from water-treated controls.After feeding (14)C-labeled amino acids to the leaf blade, distribution of radioactivity in components of the exudate differed from that of the leaf tissue, suggesting selectivity of amino acid loading. [(14)C]Asparagine was converted to 2-hydroxysuccinamic acid and to other amino acids by the leaf, but was recovered in exudate mainly as asparagine (60%) and aspartate (30%). Similarly, in the exudate, 65 to 70% of the label from [(14)C]-aspartate was in amino acids, although in the leaf tissue 50% was in the organic acid fraction and only 11% remained as aspartate. Metabolism of asparagine and aspartate was essentially the same in intact leaf blades as in EDTA-treated leaves. Despite the possibility of EDTA damage in the petiole, phloem loading of amino acids appeared to be relatively unimpaired. Although the amount of labeled material appearing in the exudate is less than the amount translocated in the intact plant, the technique is useful in the study of amino acid transport.
125 citations
TL;DR: It was hypothesized that amphetamine-induced psychosis and the symptomatology associated with schizophrenia are related to alterations in both norepinephrine and dopamine activity.
107 citations
TL;DR: Phenoxybenzamine, the α-norepinephrine receptor blocker, was found to enhance escape behavior and to eliminate the disruptive effects of both inescapable shock and haloperidol, while the dopamine-β-hydroxylase inhibitor, FLA-63, disrupted performance.
Abstract: The effects of norepinephrine receptor blockade on the deficits of escape behavior induced by haloperidol and by inescapable shock were evaluated. Phenoxybenzamine, the α-norepinephrine receptor blocker, was found to enhance escape behavior and to eliminate the disruptive effects of both inescapable shock and haloperidol. In contrast, the β-norepinephrine receptor antagonist, propranolol, was without effect on behavior under any of these conditions, while the dopamine-β-hydroxylase inhibitor, FLA-63, disrupted performance. Like phenoxybenzamine, the norepinephrine receptor stimulant, clonidine, was found to eliminate the behavioral disruption produced by haloperidol. These somewhat paradoxical findings were discussed in terms of the contribution of DA-NE interactions in determining behavioral change in aversive paradigms.
86 citations
TL;DR: The activities of some enzymes of intermediary metabolism, including those involved in glycerol and sorbitol synthesis, were measured in the third instar larvae of the gall fly,Eurosta solidaginis during a controlled low temperature acclimation of the larvae from 15 to 30°C.
Abstract: 1.
The activities of some enzymes of intermediary metabolism, including those involved in glycerol and sorbitol synthesis, were measured in the third instar larvae of the gall fly,Eurosta solidaginis sampled during a controlled (1°C per day decrease) low temperature acclimation of the larvae from 15 to 30°C.
2.
Low temperature acclimation resulted in increased activities of three key enzymes of carbohydrate catabolism: phosphorylase, hexokinase and phosphofructokinase while other enzymes of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle were unaffected by low temperature acclimation.
3.
Other enzymes whose activities were altered by low temperature acclimation included 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme of fatty acid oxidation, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase. These latter two enzymes are involved in the synthesis of proline and alanine, amino acids which are accumulated in the larvae at low temperatures.
4.
Polyol dehydrogenase activites catalyzing the NADPH-dependent reduction of glyceraldehyde, glucose or fructose were found inE. solidaginis as well as an NADH-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase. The activities of both sorbitol dehydrogenase and polyol dehydrogenase were increased in the larvae with decreasing acclimation temperature, paralleling the production of sorbitol in these overwintering, freezingtolerant larvae.
5.
The larvae displayed activities of phosphatases utilizing (in descending order of activity) glucose-6-P, fructose-6-P, glucose-1-P, glyceraldehyde-3-P, sorbitol-6-P and glycerol-3-P as substrates. Glyceraldehyde-3-P phosphatase showed a decrease in activity with decreasing acclimation temperature while the C6 sugar phosphate phosphatases showed a decreased activity only at the lowest, −30°C temperature.
6.
The probable pathways for the synthesis of the cryoprotectant polyols, glycerol and sorbitol, inE. solidaginis are outlined and the control of intermediary metabolism during low temperature acclimation in these larvae is discussed.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present and test empirically an explanation for the U-shaped distribution of the income velocity of money in Canada, the United States, Great Britain, Norway and Sweden.
Abstract: The income velocity of money in Canada, the United States, Great Britain, Norway and Sweden displays a U-shaped pattern over the last one hundred years. This paper presents and tests empirically an explanation for this secular pattern emphasizing the influence on velocity of institutional changes. The inclusion into a simple velocity function of institutional developments such as the process of monetization, the spread of commercial banking, financial development and the growth of economic stability improves the explanation of long-run movements in velocity provided by a regression of velocity on real permanent income per head and the interest rate.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined aggressive fantasy of students in traditional karate dojos and found that longer training is associated with lower aggressiveness, in contrast to the theoretical predictions.
Abstract: This study examines aggressive fantasy of students in traditional karate dojos. These data are of both theoretical and humanistic interest. The theoretical interest derives from the conventional wisdom that perceives such training as leading to a decrease in aggressiveness, in contrast to current theory which would expect such training to increase aggressiveness. Such an inquiry is of humanistic interest because it offers practitioners of nonviolence the option of acquiring defensive competences without at the same time becoming more aggressive. Interviews with 42 students at various belt levels found that longer training is associated with lower aggressiveness, in contrast to the theoretical predictions. Four plausible mechanisms of such a change were examined: self-control, self-assertiveness, self-esteem, and self-confidence. None of these was found to qualify as an intervening variable, though one subscale of self-assertiveness, "constructiveness," was found, like training, to be associated with lower...
TL;DR: In this paper, the morphology, development, mineralogy and hydrology of coastal sabkhas have been briefly reviewed and geotechnical properties and problems associated with sabkha deposits have been described.
Abstract: Summary The sedimentary and evaporative environment that has prevailed on the southern shores of the Arabian (Persian) Gulf region, has produced salt encrusted flat areas known as ‘sabkha’, along the coast and in some nearby depressions. In this paper the morphology, development, mineralogy and hydrology of coastal sabkhas have been briefly reviewed. Geotechnical properties and problems associated with sabkha deposits have been described. The authors9 general view of sabkha as cemented and uncemented layers of varying thickness and properties has been confirmed by a limited field study in terms of pits and boreholes carried out near Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Calcium carbonate and more recent diagenetic minerals such as gyp-sum serve as the primary cementing agents. Laboratory experiments aimed at simulating the development of cementation in sabkha material, by chemically precipitating calcium carbonate and calcium sulphate within pluviated sand samples, have shown that marked increase in static penetration resistance is exhibited with the addition of 2-5% precipitate (by weight of sand) as compared to uncemented sands. The results also demonstrate the potential advantages of using static cone pentrometers in the field to assess the strength and layering of sabkha.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the literature pertaining to the phenomenology of suggested visual hallucinations is presented, where suggested hallucinations are conceptualized as cognitive-social enactments; as imaginings generated by co-operative subjects to meet the social demands of the experimental test situation.
Abstract: Research pertaining to the phenomenology of hypnotic (suggested) visual hallucinations is reviewed within a cognitive-social psychological framework. Suggested hallucinations are conceptualized as cognitive-social enactments; as imaginings generated by co-operative subjects to meet the social demands of the experimental test situation. These imaginings differ from corresponding perceptions even in highly responsive (i.e., susceptible) subjects, and when provided with the opportunity to do so, the majority of subjects describe such experiences as “imagined” rather than as “seen.” The few subjects who report that they “saw” the suggested object and believed that it was actually there appear to be highly absorbed in their imaginings. Consequently, they fail to attend to information that contradicts the status of their imaginings as external (i.e., “real”) happenings. Responsiveness to hallucination suggestions is no more strongly facilitated by hypnotic procedures than by short instructions aimed at ensuring...
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of falling film flow and heat transfer characteristics on horizontal tubes using integral methods is presented, and the application of the results to an assessment of the stability of the films on the calandria tubes following a loss-of-coolant accident with impaired emergency coolant injection flow is discussed.
Abstract: Knowledge of falling film flow and heat transfer characteristics on horizontal tubes is required in the assessment of certain CANDU reactor accident sequences for those CANDU reactors which use moderator dump as one of the shut-down mechanisms. In these reactors, subsequent cooling of the calandria tubes is provided by falling films produced by sprays. This paper describes an analysis of falling film flow and heat transfer characteristics on horizontal tubes using integral methods. The application of the results to an assessment of the stability of the films on the calandria tubes following a loss-of-coolant accident with impaired emergency coolant injection flow is discussed.
La connaissance des caracteristiques de debit et de transfert de chaleur d'un film tombant a la surface des tubes horizontaux est necessaire pour etablir les sequences d'accident du reacteur CANDU, pour les modeles qui utilisent la vidange du moderateur au cours du processus d'arret. Dans ces reacteurs le refroidissement subsequent des tubes de la calandre est effectue grâce a des films tombants obtenus par pulverisation. Cet article decrit une analyse des caracteristiques de debit et de transfert de chaleur du film tombant sur des tubes horizontaux, utilisant des methodes integrales. On discute l'application des resultats obtenus a l'evaluation de la stabilite des films sur les tubes de la calandre, a la suite d'un accident impliquant une perte de caloporteur, et dans le cas d'une alteration du systeme d'injection du caloporteur d'urgence.
TL;DR: On both immersions copers reported less pain and exhibited higher pain tolerance than exaggerators and the analgesia suggestion was associated with reductions in reported pain only when it transformed baseline exaggerators into posttest copers.
Abstract: Pain magnitude and pain tolerance for arm immersion in ice water were assessed during a baseline and posttest session. Before the posttest half the subjects received (and half did not receive) an analgesia suggestion. On the basis of their written testimony, subjects were classified as having either predominantly coped (e.g., imagined events inconsistent with pain; made positive self-statements) or predominantly exaggerated (e.g., worried about and exaggerated the noxious aspects of the situation) during each immersion. On both immersions copers reported less pain and exhibited higher pain tolerance than exaggerators. Moreover, the suggestion was associated with reductions in reported pain only when it transformed baseline exaggerators into posttest copers. Theoretical implications are discussed.
TL;DR: Ventricular myocardial cells isolated from adult rats, by simultaneous enzymatic and mechanical treatment, were established in long term primary culture and their characteristic sequence of morphological development is described.
TL;DR: Inhibitor studies with aminooxyacetate and methionine sulfoximine confirm that the aminotransferase is the main enzyme involved in asparagine utilisation in the leaf.
Abstract: Asparagine, a major transport compound, is metabolized in Pisum sativum by two enzymes, asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1) and asparagine-pyruvate aminotransferase. The relative amount of the two enzymes varies between tissues. In developing seeds, there are very high levels of asparaginase but only trace amounts of the aminotransferase. Asparaginase is high in young leaves but falls rapidly during leaf growth; the aminotransferase remains high throughout development. Inhibitor studies with aminooxyacetate and methionine sulfoximine confirm that the aminotransferase is the main enzyme involved in asparagine utilisation in the leaf. Root tissue has low levels of asparaginase and only trace amounts of the aminotransferase. The asparaginase is potassium dependent, but is also partially activated by ammonium ions. The leaf aminotransferase has a lower K m for asparagine (4.5 mM) than the leaf asparaginase (8 mM). The seed asparaginase has a lower K m for asparagine (3 mM) than the leaf asparaginase.
TL;DR: Data confirm the importance of NE in amygdala kindling, and indicate that the normalcy in kindling of the 30-min-6-OH group was related to the protection of their NE by DMI and not to a long-term antiepileptic action of DMI.
TL;DR: Experimental work on subjects' reports of being hypnotized is reviewed, using an attribution theory framework, to represent the outcome of a complex interaction involving contextual information, self-observation, and pre-conceptions concerning hypnosis.
Abstract: We will here review experimental work on subjects' reports of being hypnotized, using an attribution theory framework. Subjective experiences accompanying a hypnotic induction procedure and test suggestions are ambiguous, and, therefore, subjects rely on contextual information in order to label these experiences. Thus, subjects are most likely to define themselves as hypnotized when the situation is convincingly defined as hypnosis and when they observe that their responses are consistent with their conception of hypnosis. Other variables which influence subjects' reports include expert opinion and the wording of the scales used to assess subjective experiences. Rather than accurately reflecting a unique state of the person, reports of being hypnotized appear to represent the outcome of a complex interaction involving contextual information, self-observation, and pre-conceptions concerning hypnosis.
TL;DR: The authors performed a content analysis of the coverage given to a selected sample of 158 incidents of transnational terrorism in two major daily newspapers of the Western world: The New York Times and The Times of London.
Abstract: This paper seeks to analyze transnational terrorism as a political resource or, more specifically, as a means of political communication. In order to examine how terrorists have used the media, we have performed a content analysis of the coverage given to a selected sample of 158 incidents of transnational terrorism in two major daily newspapers of the Western world: The New York Times and The Times of London. Our findings indicate that while transnational terrorism does generate a considerable amount of press attention, the particular type of coverage it receives would appear to undermine the effectiveness of terrorism as a communications strategy.
TL;DR: It was concluded that pimozide has a general response debilitating effect and that dopaminergic neurons probably are not involved in subserving associative processes.
Abstract: The effects of pimozide (0.06, 0.18, 0.30 mg/kg), a dopamine receptor blocker, on nondiscriminated and discriminated performance were assessed in pigeons using a Latin Square design. In Experiment 1 a dose-dependent decrease in responding was observed with a variable interval 3-min schedule of reinforcement. More detailed analyses showed that total response rate, running respose rate, and post-reinforcement pause all showed the same dosedependent relationship. In Experiment 2 a successive discrimination task was employed to determine if pimozide affects a previously learned association between environmental stimuli. Each pigeon was first trained on the discrimination and then injected with the same doses as in Experiment 1. Although pimozide reduced responding in a dose-related fashion, a corresponding decrease in accuracy of responding was not evident. It was concluded that pimozide has a general response debilitating effect and that dopaminergic neurons probably are not involved in subserving associative processes.
TL;DR: Three types of matroid connectivity, including Tutte's, are defined and shown to generalize corresponding notions of graph connectivity, which are generalized to matroids.
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical method for predicting the pressure distribution beneath a tracked vehicle under static conditions is presented, which can provide a means whereby the effects of vehicle design parameters and terrain conditions on ground pressure distribution can be assessed quantitatively.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: For instance, the authors argued that traditional distinctions between the spatial senses and, for that matter, between afferent sensory perception and efferent motor control are arbitrary and unhelpful (e.g., Bornstein, 1936; Freedman, 1968; von Hornbostel, 1927).
Abstract: Philosophers and psychologists have sometimes argued that traditional distinctions between the spatial senses and, for that matter, between afferent sensory perception and efferent motor control are arbitrary and unhelpful (eg, Bornstein, 1936; Freedman, 1968; von Hornbostel, 1927) Conceptual and experimental isolation of visual, auditory, and somesthetic processes (ultimately based upon Muller’s so-called “law of specific nervous energies”) led, undoubtedly, to a tremendous increase in knowledge of peripheral sensory physiology and to more or less detailed descriptions of sensory pathways to the central nervous system Yet such work seemed to imply that human beings and other creatures see, hear, feel, and so on as isolated independent acts, as though individuals could only be known to each other as distinct independent visual, auditory, and sentient persons Moreover ordinary language does not make the distinctions between modality dimensions which any treatment of, say, sight, hearing, and touch as isolated and distinct ways of knowing the world would seem to require (Ordinary language is in fact shot through with synesthetic comparisons See, eg, Marks, 1975, for a recent discussion of synesthesia) Of course, knowledge is perceptually based, but it is not obvious that it is visually based or (pace Berkeley) tactually based
TL;DR: Two pretests of a network sampling instrument in a favourable setting with a relatively representative population indicate that network sampling is indeed viable in such settings, and some suggestions for successful applications are offered.
TL;DR: The procedure is an adaptation of a procedure used originally for Escherichia coli and later for Agrobacterium tumefaciens and will be useful for molecular cloning of genes in R. meliloti.
TL;DR: Single clicks and paired clicks with small time differences were used to evaluate perceptual deficits in sound localization in children with temporal lobe epilepsy, normal children and children with monaural hearing losses.
09 Mar 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of vaneless diffuser radius ratio on the occurrence of self-excited flow oscillations in a centrifugal compression system were investigated and two rotating pressure patterns were observed.
Abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of vaneless diffuser radius ratio on the occurrence of self-excited flow oscillations in a centrifugal compression system. Analysis of the results indicated the successive occurrence of two types of diffuser rotating pressure patterns as the flow rate in the system was gradually decreased. The rotational speed of the latter pattern was higher than that of the initial pattern and both speeds varied inversely with diffuser radius ratio. The critical flow angle at which each pattern was first observed increased with diffuser radius ratio. However, for diffuser radius ratio equal to and larger than 1.75 the rate of change of the critical angle with radius ratio decreased significantly. The results also showed that the minimum diffuser radius ratio necessary for self excitation of each pattern were different. Occurrence of two rotating pressure patterns confirms analytical results presented in a previous investigation.Copyright © 1981 by ASME
TL;DR: It was argued that the interference of escape following uncontrollable stress was due to nonassociative motor deficits, and alterations of the escape deficits by scopolamine were due to elimination of the motor disruption.
Abstract: A series of experiments assessed the potential role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the escape interference produced by inescapable shock. Treatment with the anticholinesterase, physostigmine, succesfully mimicked the effects of inescapable shock. That is, the drug disrupted performance when escape was prevented for 6 s on any given trial, thereby necessitating sustained active responding. When escape was possible upon shock onset, the drug treatment did not influence performance. The centrally acting anticholinergic scopolamine hydrobromide antagonized the effects of physostigmine, and when administered prior to escape testing antagonized the disruptive effects of previously administered inescapable shock. In contrast, the peripherally acting agent scopolamine methylbromide did not influence the effects of these treatments, suggesting that the effects of physostigmine and inescapable shock involved central ACh changes. Scopolamine hydrobromide administered prior to inescapable shock did not prevent the escape interference from subsequently appearing, but this effect could not be attributed to state dependence. It was argued that the interference of escape following uncontrollable stress was due to nonassociative motor deficits. Alterations of the escape deficits by scopolamine were due to elimination of the motor disruption.