Showing papers by "Carleton University published in 1990"

Basic Hypergeometric Series

Abstract: Foreword Preface 1. Basic hypergeometric series 2. Summation, transformation, and expansion formulas 3. Additional summation, transformation, and expansion formulas 4. Basic contour integrals 5. Bilateral basic hypergeometric series 6. The Askey-Wilson q-beta integral and some associated formulas 7. Applications to orthogonal polynomials 8. Further applications 9. Linear and bilinear generating functions for basic orthogonal polynomials 10. q-series in two or more variables 11. Elliptic, modular, and theta hypergeometric series Appendices References Author index Subject index Symbol index.

Does correctional treatment work? a clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis *

Abstract: Careful reading of the literature on the psychology of criminal conduct and of prior reviews of studies of treatment effects suggests that neither criminal sanctioning without provision of rehabilitative service nor servicing without reference to clinical principles of rehabilitation will succeed in reducing recidivism. What works, in our view, is the delivery of appropriate correctional service, and appropriate service reflects three psychological principles: (1) delivery of service to higher risk cases, (2) targeting of criminogenic needs, and (3) use of styles and modes of treatment (e.g., cognitive and behavioral) that are matched with client need and learning styles. These principles were applied to studies of juvenile and adult correctional treatment, which yielded 154 phi coefficients that summarized the magnitude and direction of the impact of treatment on recidivism. The effect of appropriate correctional service (mean phi = .30) was significantly (p <.05) greater than that of unspecified correctional service (.13), and both were more effective than inappropriate service (−.06) and non-service criminal sanctioning (−.07). Service was effective within juvenile and adult corrections, in studies published before and after 1980, in randomized and nonrandomized designs, and in diversionary, community, and residential programs (albeit, attenuated in residential settings). Clinical sensitivity and a psychologically informed perspective on crime may assist in the renewed service, research, and conceptual efforts that are strongly indicated by our review.

Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology.

Abstract: Four principles of classification for effective rehabilitation are reviewed: risk, need, responsivity, and professional override. Many examples of Case x Treatment interactions are presented to ill...

The estimation of the mean squared error of small-area estimators

Abstract: Small-area estimation has received considerable attention in recent years because of a growing demand for reliable small-area statistics. The direct-survey estimators, based only on the data from a given small area (or small domain), are likely to yield unacceptably large standard errors because of small sample size in the domain. Therefore, alternative estimators that borrow strength from other related small areas have been proposed in the literature to improve the efficiency. These estimators use models, either implicitly or explicitly, that connect the small areas through supplementary (e.g., census and administrative) data. For example, simple synthetic estimators are based on implicit modeling. In this article, three small-area models, of Battese, Harter, and Fuller (1988), Dempster, Rubin, and Tsutakawa (1981), and Fay and Herriot (1979), are investigated. These models are all special cases of a general mixed linear model involving fixed and random effects, and a small-area mean can be expr...

Metabolic rate depression and biochemical adaptation in anaerobiosis, hibernation and estivation

Abstract: For many animals, the best defense against harsh environmental conditions is an escape to a hypometabolic or dormant state. Facultative metabolic rate depression is the common adaptive strategy of anaerobiosis, hibernation, and estivation, as well as a number of other arrested states. By reducing metabolic rate by a factor ranging from 5 to 100 fold or more, animals gain a comparable extension of survival time that can support months or even years of dormancy. The present review focuses on the molecular control mechanisms that regulate and coordinate cellular metabolism for the transition into dormancy. These include reversible control over the activity state of enzymes via protein phosphorylation or dephosphorylation reactions, pathway regulation via the association or dissociation of particle-bound enzyme complexes, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate regulation of the use of carbohydrate reserves for biosynthetic purposes. These mechanisms, their interactions, and the regulatory signals (e.g., second messenger molecules, pH) that coordinate them form a common molecular basis for metabolic depression in anoxia-tolerant vertebrates (goldfish, turtles) and invertebrates (marine molluscs), hibernation in small mammals, and estivation in land snails and terrestrial toads.

Realized reproductive success of polygynous red-winged blackbirds revealed by DNA markers.

Abstract: Hypervariable genetic markers, including a novel locus-specific marker detected by a mouse major histocompatibility complex probe, reveal that multiple paternity is common in families of polygynous red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Almost half of all nests contained at least one chick resulting from an extra-pair fertilization, usually by a neighboring male. Genetically based measures of reproductive success show that individual males realize more than 20% of their overall success from extra-pair fertilizations, on average, and that this form of mating behavior confounds traditional measures of male success. The importance of alternative reproductive tactics in a polygynous bird is quantified, and the results challenge previous explanations for the evolution of avian polygny.

36- and 48-month neurobehavioral follow-up of children prenatally exposed to marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol.

Abstract: Aspects of neurobehavioral development were examined in 133 36-month- and 130 48-month-old children for whom prenatal exposure to marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol had been previously ascertained and who have been assessed since birth. Parallelling earlier observations made with this sample at 12 and 24 months, prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking was significantly associated with poorer language development and lower cognitive scores at both 36 and 48 months after statistically controlling for confounding factors. Relatively low levels of maternal alcohol consumption, which had measurable effects at 24 and 36 months, no longer had significant relationships with outcome variables at 48 months of age. At 48 months, significantly lower scores in verbal and memory domains were associated with maternal marijuana use after adjusting for confounding variables. This negative relationship is the first reported association beyond the neonatal stage, and may represent a long-term effect of the drug upon complex behavior that, at a younger age, had not developed and/or could not be assessed.

Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide induces panic attacks in patients with panic disorder.

Abstract: Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide (CCK-4) and placebo were injected to 11 panic disorder patients. CCK-4 induced a panic attack identical to spontaneous panic attacks in all patients; placebo did not in...

Tansley Review No. 22 What becomes of the transpiration stream

Abstract: SUMMARY Changes of view on the course of the transpiration stream beyond the veins in leaves are followed from the imbibition theory of Sachs, through the (symplastic) endosmotic theory of Pfeffer (which prevailed almost unquestioned until the late 1930s), to Strugger's experiments with fluorescent dye tracers and the epifluorescence microscope. This latter work persuaded many to return to the apoplastic-(wall)-path viewpoint, which, despite early and late criticisms that were never rebutted, is still widely held. Tracer experiments of the same kind are still frequently published without consideration of the evidence that they do not reveal the paths of water movement. Experiments on rehydration kinetics of leaves have not produced unequivocal evidence for either path. The detailed destinies of the solutes that reach the leaf in the transpiration stream have received little attention. Consideration of physical principles governing flow and evaporation in a transpiring leaf emphasizes that: (1) Diffusion over interveinal distances at the rates in water will account for substantial solute movement in a few minutes, even in the absence of flow. (2) Diffusion can occur also against opposing now. (3) Volume fluxes in veins are determined by the diameter of the largest leaves examined contain high conductance supply veins which are tapped into by low-conductance distributing veins. (4) Edges and teeth of leaves will be places of especially rapid evaporation, and they often have high-conductance veins leading to them. (5) Solutes in the stream will tend to accumulate at leaf margins. On the basis of recent work, the view is maintained that the water of the stream enters the symplast through cell membranes very close to tracheary elements. Also, that this occurs locally over a small area of membrane. Many solutes in the stream are left outside in the apoplast. This produces regions of high solute concentration in the apoplast and an enrichment of solutes in the stream as it perfuses the leaf. Solutes that enter the symplast are not so easily tracked. Suggestions about where some of them may go can be gained from a fluorescent probe that identifies particular cells (scavenging cells) as having H+-ATPase porter systems to scrub selected solutes from the stream. Unpublished case-histories are presented which illustrate many aspects of these processes and principles. These are: (1) Maize leaf veins, where the symplastic water path starts at the parenchyma sheath; (2) Lupin veins, where the symplastic path starts at the bundle sheath and where solutes are concentrated in blind terminations; (3) The edges of maize leaves where flow is enhanced by a large vein (open to the apoplast), and solutes are deposited in the apoplast by evaporation; (4) Poplar leaf teeth, which receive strong flows, and where the epithem cells are scavenging cells; (5) Mimosa leaf marginal hairs, which have scavenging cells at their base; (6) Active hydathodes, whose epithem cells are scavenging cells; (7) Pine needle transfusion tissue, which is a site of both solute enrichment (in the tracheids), and scavenging (in the parenchyma); (8) Estimates are made of diffusion coefficients of a solute both along and at right angles to the major diffusive pathway in wheat leaves. The first is 1000 times the second, but is 1/100 of free diffusion in water. Five general themes of the behaviour and organization of the transpiration stream are induced from the facts reviewed. These are: (1) The stream is channelled into courses of graded intensities by the interplay of the physical forces with the anatomical features, each course with a distinct contribution to the processing of the stream. (2) Water enters the symplast at precise locations as close as possible to the tracheary elements. (3) As the stream moves through the leaf its solute concentration is enriched many-fold at predictable sites. (4) Solutes excluded from the symplast diffuse from these sources of high concentration in specially formed wall paths, in precise patterns, at rates which can be measured, and which are low compared with diffusion in water. (5) Other solutes permeate the symplast, often over the surfaces of groups of cells which are organized into recognized structural features.

Break-points on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced by intravenous cocaine increase following depletion of forebrain serotonin.

Abstract: The effect of intracerebral injections of 5,7-dihydroxy-tryptamine (5,7-DHT) on cocaine self-administration behavior was assessed. Rats were tested on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule for cocaine reinforcement. The first response on the lever each day produced an IV infusion of cocaine (0.6 mg/injection) after which the requirements of the schedule escalated with each reinforcement until the behavior extinguished. The final ratio completed was defined as the breaking point. Bilateral injections of 5,7-DHT into either the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) or amygdala (AMY) significantly increased the breaking points on the PR schedule compared to vehicle-injected control animals. We interpret these data to indicate that depletion of forebrain serotonin increases the incentive value of cocaine.

Reexamining the cruel and unusual punishment of prison life

Abstract: It has been widely assumed that prison is destructive to the psychological and emotional well-being of those it detains. However, this assumption has rarely been critically examined. The present report evaluated the evidence pertaining to the effects of imprisonment. Studies on the effects of prison crowding, long-term imprisonment and short-term detention, solitary confinement, death row, and the health risks associated with imprisonment provide inconclusive evidence regarding the “pains of imprisonment.” Rather, the evidence points to the importance of individual differences in adapting to incarceration. As the use of incarceration is unlikely to decrease in the near future, research on its effects is urgently needed and a situation-by-person approach may be the most fruitful research strategy.

The elements of connectivity where corridor quality is variable

Abstract: Small mammals in heterogeneous environments have been found to disperse along corridors connecting habitat patches. Corridors may have different survivability values depending on their size and the degree of cover they provide.

Outage probability analysis for microcell mobile radio systems with cochannel interferers in Rician/Rayleigh fading environment

Abstract: A microcell mobile radio system where the desired signal within a cell experiences Rician fading while interfering signals from cochannel cells experience Rayleigh fading is studied. This model is named a Rician/Rayleigh fading environment. Expressions of outage probabilities are presented for the mobile radio system in the Rician/Rayleigh fading environment.

Analysis of high-speed VLSI interconnects using the asymptotic waveform evaluation technique

Abstract: The asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) technique provides a generalized approach to lumped RLC circuit response approximations. Two results are described: (1) generalization of the AWE method to handle interconnect models which contain distributed elements; and (2) application of the generalized AWE technique to the case where the distributed elements can be modeled as lossy coupled transmission lines. The generalized AWE technique is useful for delay and crosstalk estimation and can be used to evaluate transient responses of high-speed interconnect circuits with negligible error compared with conventional circuit simulators, while being two to three orders of magnitude faster. >

Two-photon production of pion pairs.

Abstract: We present a new high-statistics measurement of the cross section for the process {ital e}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital e}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}} at a center-of-mass energy of 29 GeV for invariant pion-pair masses {ital M}({pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}}) between 350 MeV/{ital c}{sup 2} and 1.6 GeV/{ital c}{sup 2}. We observe the {ital f}{sub 2}(1270) and measure its radiative width to be 3.15{plus minus}0.04{plus minus}0.39 keV. We also observe an enhancement in the {pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}} spectrum near 1 GeV. General agreement is found with unitarized models of the {gamma}{gamma}{r arrow}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}} reaction that include final-state interactions.

Mouse strain differences in plasma corticosterone following uncontrollable footshock.

Abstract: Exposure to acute inescapable footshock provoked marked increases of plasma corticosterone concentrations in six strains of mice (A/J, Balb/cByJ, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J and CD-1). However, the magnitude of the increase, as well as the time required for corticosterone to return to control values, varied appreciably across strains. Moreover, it appeared that the strain-specific corticoid increases ordinarily observed after acute shock were also evidence following a chronic stressor regimen. The data were related to previously observed strain differences in stressor-induced alterations of brain norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin, as well as variations in performance in several behavioral paradigms.

Discretized pursuit learning automata

Abstract: The problem of a stochastic learning automaton interacting with an unknown random environment is considered. The fundamental problem is that of learning, through interaction, the best action allowed by the environment (i.e. the action that is rewarded optimally). By using running estimates of reward probabilities to learn the optimal action, an extremely efficient pursuit algorithm (PA), which is presently among the fastest algorithms known, was reported in earlier works. The improvements gained by rendering the PA discrete are investigated. This is done by restricting the probability of selecting an action to a finite and, hence, discrete subset of (0, 1). This improved scheme is proven to be epsilon -optimal in all stationary environments. Furthermore, the experimental results seem to indicate that the algorithm presented is faster than the fastest nonestimator learning automata reported to date, and also faster than the continuous pursuit automaton. >

Time-domain analysis of lossy coupled transmission lines

Abstract: A novel method based on numerical inversion of the Laplace transform is presented for the analysis of lossy coupled transmission lines with arbitrary linear terminal and interconnecting networks. The formulation of the network equations is based on a Laplace-domain admittance stamp for the transmission line. The transmission line stamp can be used to formulate equations representing arbitrarily complex networks of transmission lines and interconnects. These equations can be solved to get the frequency-domain response of the network. Numerical inversion of the Laplace transform allows the time-domain response to be calculated directly from Laplace-domain equations. This method is an alternative to calculating the frequency-domain response and using the fast Fourier transform to obtain the time-domain response. The inversion technique is equivalent to high-order, numerically stable integration methods. Numerical examples showing the general application of the method are presented. It is shown that the inverse Laplace technique is able to calculate the step response of a network. The time-domain independence of the solution is exploited by an efficient calculation of the propagation delay of the network. >

Hierarchical interconnection networks for multicomputer systems

Abstract: A performance analysis of a class of hierarchical interconnection networks is presented. The analysis includes both static analysis (i.e. queueing delays are neglected) and queueing analysis. In both cases, the hierarchical networks are shown to have better cost-benefit ratios. The queueing analysis is also validated by several simulation experiments. The impact of two performance enhancement schemes-replication of links and improved routing algorithms-on hierarchical interconnection network performance is also presented. >

Corridor use by small mammals: field measurement for three experimental types of Peromyscus leucopus

Abstract: Eighteen mice of each of 3 types were radio-tagged and released at 6 standard points in farmland fencerows. Mice were residents (trapped on site) or translocated from distant forest or from distant corn fields. Of total (net) distance moved, most was in fencerows; 77% for residents, 83% for mice translocated from cropland and 92% for mice translocated from forest. Structurally complex fencerows were preferred significantly over intermediate or simple structures by all types of mice. Time spent in movement was not a linear function of distance moved and averaged from 12.5 to 16.5% of total available activity time. Total distance moved in 2 nights averaged 287 to 422 m and area explored averaged 0.67 to 1.15 ha and ranged to 11.0 ha; both exceed literature values for this species in forest. This enlarged scale of landscape use illustrates the potential importance of landscape-specific behaviour. The measurement of rate of corridor use also is discussed.

Church Courts, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1570-1640.

Abstract: List of tables List of maps Preface Conventions and abbreviations Introduction Part I. The Legal and Social Background: 1. The structure of ecclesiastical justice 2. Economic and social structures 3. Religion and the people 4. Sex and marriage: laws, ideals and popular practice Part II. Sex and Marriage: The Pattern of Prosecutions: 5. Matrimonial causes: (i) the breakdown of marriage 6. Matrimonial causes: (ii) marriage formation 7. Prenuptial fornication and bridal pregnancy 8. Incest, adultery and fornication 9. Aiding and abetting sexual offences 10. Sexual slander Part III. Church Courts and Society: 11. The effectiveness of ecclesiastical justice 12. Church courts and society in 1640: retrospect and prospect Bibliography Index.

Multivariable self-tuning autopilots for autonomous and remotely operated underwater vehicles

Abstract: The effectiveness of subsea intervention has been found to be dependent upon the capability of an autonomous underwater vehicle's (AUV's) or remotely operated underwater vehicle's (ROV's) auto-positioning system. However, these vessel's dynamics vary considerably with operating condition, and are strongly coupled; they are expensive and difficult to derive, theoretically or through conventional testing, making the design of conventional autopilots difficult to achieve. Multi-input-multi-output self-tuning controllers offer a possible solution. Two such schemes are presented. The first is an implicit linear quadratic online, self-tuning controller, and the other uses a robust control law based on a first-order approximation of the open-loop dynamics and online recursive identification. The controllers' performance is evaluated by examining their behavior when controlling a comprehensive nonlinear simulation of an ROV and its navigation system. An interesting offshoot of this study is the application of recursive system identification techniques to the derivation of ROV models from data gathered from the trials; the potential advantages of this method are discussed. >

Intertidal benthic foraminiferal biofacies on the Fraser River delta, British Columbia; modern distribution and paleoecological importance

Abstract: Six foraminiferal biofacies from the marshes and tidal flats of the Fraser Delta, British Columbia vary in faunal makeup according to differences in elevation, salinity and organic content of surficial sediments. Based on the distribution of these biofacies, the marsh may be divided into two major faunal zones: a High Marsh Zone [=>0.8m above mean sea level (a.m.s.l.)], and a Low Marsh Zone (=0.0 to 0.8m a.m.s.l.). The fauna from the High Marsh Zone includes the Jadammina macrescens Biofacies, indicative of low salinity, and the Jadammina macrescenslTrochammina inflata Biofacies, indicative of higher salinity. The Low Marsh Zone is characterized by the Ammonia beccarii Biofacies. A Higher Low Marsh Zone ( +0.5 to +0.8m a.m.s.l.) is characterized by the presence of the Cribroelphidium gunteri Biofacies, whereas a Lower Low Marsh Zone ( 0.0 to +0.5m a.m.s.l.) is delineated by the Miliammina fusca Biofacies. The Trochammina pacifica Biofacies, as well as the Miliamminafusca Biofacies, occur outside the marshes in tidal flats vegetated by Zostera marina (eel grass). The Trochammina pacifica Biofacies may have developed in response to the high organic content of some sediments.

Transformation of Brassica napus canola cultivars with Arabidopsis thaliana acetohydroxyacid synthase genes and analysis of herbicide resistance.

Abstract: A survey of selected crop species and weeds was conducted to evaluate the inhibition of the enzyme acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) and seedling growth in vitro by the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorsulfuron, DPX A7881, DPX L5300, DPX M6316 and the imidazolinone herbicides AC243,997, AC263,499, AC252,214. Particular attention was given to the Brassica species including canola cultivars and cruciferous weeds such as B. kaber (wild mustard) and Thlaspi arvense (stinkweed). Transgenic lines of B. napus cultivars Westar and Profit, which express the Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type AHAS gene or the mutant gene csr1-1 at levels similar to the resident AHAS genes, were generated and compared. The mutant gene was essential for resistance to the sulfonylurea chlorsulfuron but not to DPX A7881, which appeared to be tolerated by certain Brassica species. Cross-resistance to the imidazolinones did not occur. The level of resistance to chlorsulfuron in transgenic canola greatly exceeded the levels that were toxic to the Brassica species or cruciferous weeds. Direct selection of transgenic lines with chlorsulfuron sprayed at field levels under greenhouse conditions was achieved.

Perceptions of Wife Abuse: Effects of Gender, Attitudes toward Women, and Just-World Beliefs among College Students

Abstract: The effects of 157 university students' gender, attitudes toward women (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1973), and just-world beliefs (Lerner, 1980) on their perceptions and attributions regarding the perpetrator and victim of an instance of wife abuse were examined. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed two patterns of results, each differentially associated with participants' gender. Consistent with Heider's (1958) balance theory, males blamed and derogated the wife/victim more as their attitudes toward women became less favorable. Among females, in contrast, those with positive attitudes toward women blamed, but did not derogate, the wife/victim more as their just-world beliefs became stronger. The latter finding is interpreted in view of research which suggests that women may blame a victim of violence toward women in an effort to gain perceived control over the possibility of their own potential victimization. The implications of these findings for understanding and changing people's perceptions of t...