Showing papers by "Carleton University published in 1992"

The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review.

Abstract: Objective The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of information accumulated over the past 26 years regarding the psychometric properties and utility of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Participants The reviewed studies assessed a wide variety of subjects, ranging from cognitively intact community residents to those with severe cognitive impairment associated with various types of dementing illnesses. Main Outcome Measures The validity of the MMSE was compared against a variety of gold standards, including DSM-III-R and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, clinical diagnoses, Activities of Daily Living measures, and other tests that putatively identify and measure cognitive impairment. Results Reliability and construct validity were judged to be satisfactory. Measures of criterion validity showed high levels of sensitivity for moderate-to-severe cognitive impairment and lower levels for mild degrees of impairment. Content analyses revealed the MMSE was highly verbal, and not all items were equally sensitive to cognitive impairment. Items measuring language were judged to be relatively easy and lacked utility for identifying mild language deficits. Overall, MMSE scores were affected by age, education, and cultural background, but not gender. Conclusions In general, the MMSE fulfilled its original goal of providing a brief screening test that quantitatively assesses the severity of cognitive impairment and documents cognitive changes occurring over time. The MMSE should not, by itself, be used as a diagnostic tool to identify dementia. Suggestions for the clinical use of the MMSE are made.

A simple method for the analysis of clustered binary data.

Abstract: A simple method for comparing independent groups of clustered binary data with group-specific covariates is proposed It is based on the concepts of design effect and effective sample size widely used in sample surveys, and assumes no specific models for the intracluster correlations It can be implemented using any standard computer program for the analysis of independent binary data after a small amount of preprocessing The method is applied to a variety of problems involving clustered binary data: testing homogeneity of proportions, estimating dose-response models and testing for trend in proportions, and performing the Mantel-Haenszel chi-squared test for independence in a series of 2 x 2 tables and estimating the common odds ratio and its variance Illustrative applications of the method are also presented

A simple computer program with statistical tests for the analysis of enzyme kinetics.

Abstract: A simple computer program that calculates the kinetic parameters of enzyme reactions is described. Parameters are determined by nonlinear, least-squares regression using either Marquardt-Levenberg or Gauss-Newton algorithms to find the minimum sum of squares. Three types of enzyme reactions can be analyzed: single substrate reactions (Michaelis-Menten and sigmoidal kinetics), enzyme activation at a fixed substrate value or enzyme inhibition at a fixed substrate value. The user can monitor goodness of fit through nonparametric statistical tests (performed automatically by the computer) and through visual examination of the pattern of residuals. The program is unique in providing equations for activator and inhibition analysis as well as in enabling the user to fix some of the parameters before regression analysis. The simplicity of the program makes it extremely useful for quickly determining kinetic parameters during the data-gathering process.

Jackknife variance estimation with survey data under hot deck imputation

Abstract: SUMMARY Hot deck imputation is commonly employed for item nonresponse in sample surveys. It is also a common practice to treat the imputed values as if they are true values, and then compute the variance estimates using standard formulae. This procedure, however, could lead to serious underestimation of the true variance, when the proportion of missing values for an item is appreciable. We propose a jackknife variance estimator for stratified multistage surveys which is obtained by first adjusting the imputed values for each pseudo-replicate and then applying the standard jackknife formula. The proposed jackknife variance estimator is shown to be consistent as the sample size increases, assuming equal response probabilities within imputation classes and using a particular hot deck imputation.

The detector simulation program for the OPAL experiment at LEP

Abstract: The Monte Carlo program for the OPAL experiment at the LEP ee collider is described. This program is based on the GEANT simulation package. The general organization of the program is outlined, and a description is given of the techniques used for simulating the various subdetectors of OPAL. The performance of the program is illustrated by comparisons with recent data recorded by OPAL at LEP. (Submitted to Nucl. Instr. and Meth.) School of Physics and Space Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK Dipartimento di Fisica dell' Universit a di Bologna and INFN, Bologna, 40126, Italy CNAF-INFN, Bologna, Italy Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn, D-5300 Bonn 1, FRG Department of Physics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 USA Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK Carleton University, Dept of Physics, Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada Centre for Research in Particle Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada CERN, European Organisation for Particle Physics, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Enrico Fermi Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago Illinois 60637, USA Fakult at f ur Physik, Albert Ludwigs Universitat, D-7800 Freiburg, FRG Universitat Hamburg/DESY, II Inst. f ur Experimental Physik, 2000 Hamburg 52, FRG Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Heidelberg, Heidelberg, FRG Queen Mary and West eld College, University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK Department of Physics, Schuster Laboratory, The University, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA Laboratoire de Physique Nucl eaire, Universit e de Montr eal, Montr eal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK DPhPE, CEN Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France International Centre for Elementary Particle Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH UK Nuclear Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel Present address: EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland Present address: Applied Silicon Inc, Ottawa, Canada Present address: Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK On leave from Birmingham University, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Present address: Culham Laboratory, Culham, Oxfordshire, UK Present address: Meiji Gakuin University, Yokohama 244, Japan

60- and 72-month follow-up of children prenatally exposed to marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol: cognitive and language assessment.

Abstract: Cognitive and receptive language development were examined in 135 60-month-old and 137 72-month-old children for whom prenatal exposure to marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol had been ascertained. Discriminant Function analysis revealed an association between prenatal cigarette exposure and lower cognitive and receptive language scores at 60 and 72 months. This paralleled and extended observations made with this sample at annual assessments at 12 to 48 months of age. Unlike observations made at 48 months, prenatal exposure to marijuana was not associated with the cognitive and verbal outcomes. Relatively low levels of maternal alcohol consumption did not have significant relationships with the outcome variables. The importance of assessing subtle components rather than global cognitive and language skills to detect potential behavioral teratogenic effects of the drugs being examined is discussed.

Work—family conflict: A comparison of dual‐career and traditional‐career men

Abstract: This research examines differences in the antecedents and consequences of work—family conflict — a form of interrole conflict that occurs when the demands of work and family are mutually incompatible in some respect — for two groups of career‐oriented men: those with a homemaker wife (called traditional‐career men) and those with a spouse in a career‐oriented job (labelled dual‐career men). Using a model built on the work of Kopelman, Greenhaus and Connolly (1983), the responses from 136 dual‐career men and 137 traditional‐career men were compared. The primary conclusion of this research is that maternal career employment has a significant effect on the antecedents of work — family conflict. Dual‐career men appear to experience a significant negative spillover from their work domain. We suggest that this spillover is due to a lack of structural flexibility in the workplace, outdated organizational policies that operate on the myth of separate worlds' and a lack of social support for the male dual‐career role which contradicts societal norms. Copyright

Natural Freeze Tolerance in Ectothermic Vertebrates

Abstract: Amphibians and reptiles living in seasonally cold regions of the earth face several challenges to their continued survival. These include short summer seasons for the development of eggs and juveniles, long periods of fasting when food supplies are interrupted by winter, and months of cold exposure at environmental temperatures often well below the freezing point (FP) of their body fluids (21, 41, 64). This review focuses on one strategy of winter cold hardiness: freeze tolerance. A number of terrestrially-hibernating reptiles and amphibians have developed the ability to endure the freezing of extracellular body fluids and can revive after days or weeks spent with as much as 65% of their total body water locked in ice (41, 52, 61). All ectothermic vertebrates living in seasonally cold regions of the earth seek the shelter of thennally-buffered, relatively wann hibernacula. For most species, hibernation sites underwater or deep underground position the an­ imals to spend the winter without fear of freezing (21, 41, 64). Various species, however, hibernate at sites that are less well insulated; for example, several species of frogs hibernate on the forest floor. Here, coverings of leaf litter and snow insulate animals from the most extreme winter air tempera­ tures, but extended periods of subzero exposure, sometimes as low as -8°C, may occur (32, 35, 36). Species hibernating in such sites need additional

Investigations into cochannel interference in microcellular mobile radio systems

Abstract: A microcell interference model termed the Nakagami m/sub x//m/sub y/ model is introduced. The desired signal and the cochannel interferers are assumed to have Nakagami statistics but with different amounts of fading. A special case of this model is obtained when the desired signal has Nakagami statistics while the cochannel interferers are subject to Rayleigh fading. The probability density function of the signal-to-interference ratio in the Nakagami model is derived. This model is also compared with a Rician/Rayleigh microcellular model. Expressions for the outage probabilities in microcell systems are derived. Numerical results show that, compared to medium/large cell systems, the microcellular systems have a lower outage probability. The impact of diversity on the microcellular system is also studied. An improvement of the outage probability due to diversity is observed. >

Frequency and Severity of Psychological Abuse in a Dating Population

Abstract: The Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory was modified and used to assess the occurrence of psychological abuse in 1,625 college-age males and females. Six reliable factors were extracted from the scale reflecting the following concepts: positive behaviors, diminishment of self-esteem, verbal abuse, social and emotional control, jealousy, and withdrawal. Males currently involved in a relationship at the time the questionnaire was administered reported higher levels of psychological abuse and fewer positive behaviors than did females. However, the occurrence of psychologically abusive behaviors within a relationship were likely to result in a lower relationship satisfaction rating for both males and females. In addition, women in more formally committed relationships were most likely to report psychological abuse. Finally, the termination of a relationship was associated with an absence of positive behaviors, rather than a high frequency of negative behaviors. These findings are discussed with resp...

After-Hours Telecommuting and Work-Family Conflict: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract: After-hours telecommuting AHT is a work arrangement where job-relevant work is done at home on a computer outside of regular office hours. This study examined how after-hours telecommuting affects an individual's ability to balance work and family demands measured as role overload, spillover of interference from work to family and spillover of interference from family to work. It also examined the impact of gender and maternal career employment on these relationships. The analysis showed that men and women who performed after-hours telecommuting worked significantly more hours per week and a greater number of hours of overtime at home than did individuals without computers at home. After controlling for total work hours of both spouses, significant gender differences and differences due to performing after-hours telecommuting were found. These differences were associated with role overload and spillover of interference from work to family.

Measurement of the π + -->e + ν branching ratio

Abstract: A new measurement of the ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{e}}^{+}$\ensuremath{ u} branching ratio gives ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}\mathit{e}\ensuremath{ u}}$=\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{ u}+\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{ u}\ensuremath{\gamma})/\ensuremath{\Gamma} (\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{ u}+\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{ u}\ensuremath{\gamma}) =[1.2265\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0034(stat)\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0044(sys)]\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$. This result is in agreement with standard model calculations and confirms the hypothesis of electron-muon universality at the 0.2% level.

Inhibitory influence of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus on binaural responses in the rat's inferior colliculus

Abstract: The contribution of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) to binaural processing was examined by recording single-unit activity in the rat9s inferior colliculus before, during, and after a reversible block of the excitatory activity in DNLL by local injection of kynurenic acid. Recordings were made from the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus with glass micropipettes filled with 3 M sodium acetate. Kynurenic acid (2 mM in Locke9s solution) was injected into the DNLL through one side of a double-barreled glass pipette. The other side of the pipette was filled with Locke9s solution for making control injections and recording neural activity. Pressure injection of 0.7–2.0 microliter of kynurenic acid resulted in the complete cessation of tone- evoked responses in DNLL for periods of 45 min to 1 hr. Tone bursts were delivered separately to the two ears through headphones fitted to the external auditory meatus. Binaural responses in the inferior colliculus were determined by comparing the effects of monaural and binaural stimulation. Attention was focused on neurons that were excited by contralateral stimulation and inhibited by ipsilateral stimulation. Interaural intensity difference (IID) functions were generated by holding contralateral sound pressure constant at 10 dB above threshold while increasing ipsilateral sound pressure level. Prior to kynurenic acid injection, ipsilateral stimulation caused a pronounced suppression of contralaterally evoked single-unit activity. Unilateral injection of kynurenic acid into DNLL reduced the strength of binaural suppression in the contralateral inferior colliculus. In every cell tested, the IID curve in inferior colliculus was shifted following contralateral DNLL injection. The IID curve returned to normal after recovery of neural activity in DNLL. In contrast, no effect was seen in the inferior colliculus ipsilateral to the kynurenic acid injection. The injection of Locke9s solution into DNLL had no effect on IID curves in the inferior colliculus. These data suggest that the DNLL plays a role in binaural processing through an inhibitory influence on responses in the contralateral inferior colliculus.

The effects of sleep deprivation on divergent thinking and attention processes

Abstract: SUMMARY Twelve male undergraduate students were deprived of sleep for one night and were tested with a series of cognitive tasks. Their performance was compared to the performance of thirteen control subjects. Two hourly tasks and three occasional tasks were administered in order to examine cognitive performance following sleep loss. In an attempt to replicate the findings of Horne (1988a), the figural form of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking was administered. To explore the effects of short-term sleep deprivation on attention, the following tasks were also administered: a working memory task, a trail-making task, a vowel/consonant discrimination task, and a letter recognition task. Results of the Torrance test, trail-making task and letter recognition task revealed decreases in cognitive abilities following sleep loss, although all tasks required less than 10 minutes to administer. The results of this study suggest that cognitive measures following sleep deprivation have not been adequately explored. Results support the hypothesis that sleep serves a function of cognitive restitution, particularly in the maintenance of attentional mechanisms.

Personality and Personal Projects: Linking Big Five and PAC Units of Analysis

Abstract: This article examines the relationships between classical trait units as represented by the five-factor model (eg, Digman, 1990) and personal action construct (PAC) units as measured by Personal Projects Analysis (Little, 1983) One hundred and forty-seven students were administered the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985) and two components of Personal Projects methodology during their first term in university Neuroticism and Conscientiousness were related to problematic and positive project systems, respectively, with these effects generalizing across the academic and interpersonal project domains Extraversion and Agreeableness were also associated with positive evaluations of personal projects, particularly in the interpersonal domain Openness was distinctively linked with project initiation and value congruency We suggest theoretical and applied implications of using PAC methods to expand and refine the classical trait research agenda

A resampling procedure for complex survey data

Abstract: In complex survey data, often the sampling design induces a non-iid structure to the data (e.g., without replacement sampling, stratification, multistage, or unequal probability of selection). Though techniques for variance estimation and confidence intervals do exist, they often are cumbersome to implement or do not extend to complex designs. It would be desirable to have resampling methods that reuse the existing estimation system repeatedly, using computing power to avoid theoretical work, and that can be applied to such data. In recognition of this need, various resampling procedures for variance estimation and confidence intervals in sample survey data (where the sampling is without replacement) have been proposed in the literature. These include the jackknife, the with-replacement bootstrap (BWR), the without-replacement bootstrap (BWO), and the rescaling bootstrap. The BWR and BWO are applicable only to simple sampling designs. Others have shown the asymptotic consistency of jackknife vari...

Radical Feminist Therapy: Working in the Context of Violence

Abstract: The Radical Feminist Foundations Psychiatry Basics and Beginnings General Empowerment Work Difference Working With Lesbians Native Women African American Women Jewish Women Immigrant Women Women with Disabilities Problematic Territory Heterosexual Couples The Family Working With Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse, and the Special Situation of Ritual Abuse Extreme Partner Abuse Where the Partner is Male Other Extreme Violation in Adulthood Working with Women Subjected to Extreme Partner Abuse Where the Partner is a Woman Abuse by Pimps Extreme Sexual Abuse in Adulthood: Stranger Rape and Date Rape Sexual Violation by Therapists Self-Mutilation Troubled Eating Anorexia Bulimia 'Over'weight/'Over'eating Drinking Problems Working With Psychiatric Survivors Clients Who Are Considering Ending Their Lives

Foucault's Expulsion of Law: Toward a Retrieval

Abstract: This essay argues that there is an important sense in which Foucault gets law wrong—that the pursuit of Foucault's own objectives had the unintended consequence of inhibiting a fruitful interrogation of the place of law in modernity. His immediate concern was with the emergence of distinctive manifestations of modern power that constitute a new configuration, the disciplinary society. The most distinctive feature of his account of the historical emergence of modernity was his expulsion of law from modernity. This “expulsion of law” is found in his metahistorical thesis that law constituted the primary form of power in the premodern era, and that although law lingers on in the doctrine of sovereignty, it is supplanted by discipline and government as the key embodiments of modernity. The essay proposes an exercise in retrieval, a “retrieval of law,” to recuperate much in Foucault's thought that is suggestive for our understanding of law's role in the constitution of modern society. It rejects Foucault's opposition of law and discipline and makes use of his treatment of government and governmentality toward that end. It argues that a more adequate grasp of the place of law in modernity can be developed by establishing that law and discipline are complementary and characteristically combine in the ubiquitous presence of regulation as the mark of the modem condition.

Comparing three bootstrap methods for survey data

Abstract: Various bootstrap methods for variance estimation and confidence intervals in complex survey data, where sampling is done without replacement, have been proposed in the literature. The oldest, and perhaps the most intuitively appealing, is the without-replacement bootstrap (BWO) method proposed by Gross (1980). Unfortunately, the BWO method is only applicable to very simple sampling situations. We first introduce extensions of the BWO method to more complex sampling designs. The performance of the BWO and two other bootstrap methods, the rescaling bootstrap (Rao and Wu 1988) and the mirror-match bootstrap (Sitter 1992), are then compared through a simulation study. Together these three methods encompass the various bootstrap proposals. Differentes variantes de la methode du bootstrap ont ete proposees afin d'estimer la variance et construire des intervalles de confiance dans le contexte de sondages complexes ou l'echantillonnage se fait sans remise. La plus ancienne et probablement la plus naturelle est le bootstrap sans remise (BWO) propose par Gross (1980). Malheureusement cette methode n'est applicable qu'a des plans d'echantillonnage tres simples. Nous proposons une generalisation de la methode BWO a des plans d'echantillonnage plus complexes. Cette nouvelle methode et deux autres variantes du bootstrap, proposees respectivement par Rao et Wu (1988) et Sitter (1992), sont comparees a l'aide de simulations. Ces trois methodes englobent plusieurs des differentes variantes proposees.

Depression as a consequence of inadequate neurochemical adaptation in response to stressors.

Abstract: Stressors induce behavioural disturbances and neurochemical changes in animals, some of which are reminiscent of the symptoms and presumed neurochemical concomitants of depression in humans. Just as in humans, where considerable inter-individual variability is evident in the symptom profile of depression, there is marked inter-individual and inter-strain variability in the behavioural effects of stressors in animals. It is proposed that stressors induce adaptive neurochemical changes, failure of which may engender behavioural disturbances. Variability in the symptoms of depression and in the efficacy of its pharmacological treatment may reflect the biochemical heterogeneity of the illness. Inter-individual differences in vulnerability to stressor-provoked neurochemical changes may contribute to the behavioural profiles observed.

Improved search for massive neutrinos in π + → e + ν decay

Abstract: Evidence of massive neutrinos was sought in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{ u}$ decay spectrum with the background from the $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e$ decay chain highly suppressed. Upper limits (90% C.L.) were set on the neutrino mixing parameter ${|{U}_{\mathrm{ei}}|}^{2}l{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ in the mass region $50l{m}_{\ensuremath{ u}}l130$ MeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$.

Petrological and geochemical characteristics of the Pleasant Ridge zinnwaldite-topaz granite, southern New Brunswick, and comparisons with other topaz-bearing felsic rocks

Abstract: AssrRAct The Pleasant Ridge pluton and adjacent tin-mineralized cupola at Bonny fuver, in southern New Brunswick, were emplaced around 360 Ma, well after the cessation of tectonothermal activity associated with the Acadian Orogeny. Granites from the Pleasant Ridge and Bonny River plutons are fine- to medium-grained, equigranular to seriate textured, with essential quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, lithian mica, and topaz. Accessory minerals include zhcon, niobian rutile, columbite-tantalite, cassiterite, uraninite, monazite, and bastniisite. The granites contain primary albite (An0-3) and axe subsolvus in type. Both the topaz (17.6-19.4 wt.tlo F) and lithian mica (5.9-7.4 wt.qo F) are F-rich. The lithian mica Q84 w.Vo Li2O) resembles zinnwaldite. The granites are weakly peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.0-1.2) with normative (Qtz+Kfs+Ab) contents greater than 96t/0, and in the Qtz-Ab-Or system with excess water they plot close to the minimum (T : 690'C) at I kbar with I wt.9o added fluorine. The granites are fluorine-rich (F : 0.7 to 1.0 wt.qo, F/Cl>70), high-silica (SiO2 >75 r't.90) types with extremely elevated contents of Li(703-1124 ppm), Rb (1444-1752 ppm), Y (79-97 ppm), Sn (9-16 ppm), Cs (28-53 ppm), Ta (ll-28 FFm)' W (3-27 ppm), and U (ll-35 ppm), and depletions of TiOr ( 73 wt. q0) contents, and (2) its higher abundances of REE, Y, and Th. It is thus representative of a "low-P" subtype of topaz granite, which is geochemically distinct from its "high-P" (P2Oj >0.4 wt.Vo, Al2O3 > 14.5 wt.Vo, SiO2 <73 wt.Vo, very low REE, Y, and Th) counterparts (ag., St. Austell).