Showing papers by "Carleton University published in 2008"
Curtin University1, University of Western Australia2, Lund University3, University of Adelaide4, Geological Survey of Canada5, Carleton University6, University of Brasília7, University of Bergen8, University of New Mexico9, Macquarie University10, Stockholm University11, University of Copenhagen12, Russian Academy of Sciences13
TL;DR: A brief synthesis of the current state of knowledge on the formation and break-up of the early Neoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia and the subsequent assembly of Gondwanaland is presented in this paper.
2,790 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a revised definition of large Igneous provinces (LIPs) is proposed, which is based on the definition of LIP events from other melting events of the upper mantle, and reassess and revise how we define LIPs.
698 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the record of large igneous provinces (LIPs) emplaced during the 1600-700-Ma interval and identify such spatially separated but coeval LIPs at 1460, 1380, 1270, and 1115-1070-Ma.
435 citations
TL;DR: A review of the history of microstructure investigation in unsaturated soils and the engineering significance of this research to date can be found in this article, where the authors focus on the evaluation of the current state of use and the development of two widely used techniques to study the micro-structure of partially saturated soils.
Abstract: With the advent of modern microstructural testing techniques and microstructure based constitutive models the microstructural characterisation of soils is gaining prominence. This paper reviews the history of microstructure investigation in unsaturated soils and discusses the engineering significance of this research to date. After a brief overview of the main microstructural techniques, the paper focuses on the evaluation of the current state of use and the development of two widely used techniques to study the microstructure of partially saturated soils, namely mercury intrusion porosimetry and the environmental scanning electron microscopy. The details of these techniques, their advantages and limitations, are first covered, followed by the presentation of selected test results. These results highlight the use of these techniques for understanding different hydro-mechanical behavioural features observed at macroscopic scale. Specifically, the paper shows the use of these techniques to explore the fundamental properties of water retention characteristics, water permeability, and micro and macrostructural interactions along different hydro-mechanical paths.
405 citations
TL;DR: An evaluation of a new biometric based on electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms that has a classification accuracy of 89%, outperforming the other methods by nearly 10%.
Abstract: In this paper, the authors present an evaluation of a new biometric based on electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. ECG data were collected from 50 subjects during three data-recording sessions on different days using a simple user interface, where subjects held two electrodes on the pads of their thumbs using their thumb and index fingers. Data from session 1 were used to establish an enrolled database, and data from the remaining two sessions were used as test cases. Classification was performed using three different quantitative measures: percent residual difference, correlation coefficient, and a novel distance measure based on wavelet transform. The wavelet distance measure has a classification accuracy of 89%, outperforming the other methods by nearly 10%. This ECG person-identification modality would be a useful supplement for conventional biometrics, such as fingerprint and palm recognition systems.
377 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study combined longitudinal prospective and experience sampling methods to examine the relationship between happiness and self-reported productivity among Directors employed in the public and private sectors, concluding that people were more productive when they were happier.
Abstract: Despite extensive research on the subject spanning over 70 years, uncertainty still remains as to whether happier workers are in fact more productive. This study combined longitudinal prospective and experience sampling methods to examine the relationship between happiness and self-reported productivity among Directors employed in the public and private sectors. Analyses at a trait level suggested happy people were more productive. Similarly, at the state level of analysis, people were more productive when they were happier. Among the happiness indicators examined (job satisfaction, quality of work life, life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect) positive affect was most strongly, but not exclusively, tied to productivity at both the state and trait levels. Discussion focuses on reconciling a long history of mixed findings regarding the happy-productive worker thesis.
371 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide greater substance to destination image research by contextualizing and expanding the scope of relevant constructs through the use of knowledge gained in product-country research, and this platform enables the application of them in an examination of effects on touristic intentions.
366 citations
TL;DR: It is proved that the iterative solution always converges to the exact solution for any initial values.
338 citations
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory1, Carleton University2, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory3, National Center for Atmospheric Research4, Goddard Space Flight Center5, University of Utah6, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory7, Norwegian Institute for Air Research8, University of Washington9
TL;DR: In this paper, a summary of the short-lived pollutants that impact Arctic climate including methane, ozone, and tropospheric aerosols is presented. And the authors provide the first seasonally averaged forcing and corresponding temperature response estimates focused specifically on the Arctic.
Abstract: Several short-lived pollutants known to impact Arctic climate may be contributing to the accelerated rates of warming observed in this region relative to the global annually averaged temperature increase. Here, we present a summary of the short-lived pollutants that impact Arctic climate including methane, tropospheric ozone, and tropospheric aerosols. For each pollutant, we provide a description of the major sources and the mechanism of forcing. We also provide the first seasonally averaged forcing and corresponding temperature response estimates focused specifically on the Arctic. The calculations indicate that the forcings due to black carbon, methane, and tropospheric ozone lead to a positive surface temperature response indicating the need to reduce emissions of these species within and outside the Arctic. Additional aerosol species may also lead to surface warming if the aerosol is coincident with thin, low lying clouds. We suggest strategies for reducing the warming based on current knowledge and discuss directions for future research to address the large remaining uncertainties.
325 citations
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: The authors compared the spatial representation of numbers in three groups of adults: Canadians who read both English words and Arabic numbers from left to right, Palestinians who read Arabic words from right to left, and Israelis who read Hebrew words from Hebrew words but Arabic numbers.
Abstract: This study compared the spatial representation of numbers in three groups of adults: Canadians who read both English words and Arabic numbers from left to right; Palestinians who read Arabic words and Arabic-Indic numbers from right to left; and Israelis who read Hebrew words from right to left but Arabic numbers from left to right. Canadians associated small numbers with left and large numbers with right space (the SNARC effect), Palestinians showed the reverse association, and Israelis had no reliable spatial association for numbers. These results suggest that reading habits for both words and numbers contribute to the spatial representation of numbers.
324 citations
TL;DR: The 1.78 Ga Xiong'er Volcanic Province (XVP) and coeval North China giant mafic Dyke Swarm (NCDS) are the most important magmatic events occurring after the amalgamation of the North China craton (NCC) as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) used an array of He3 proportional counters to measure the rate of neutral-current interactions in heavy water and precisely determined the total active (x) B8 solar neutrino flux as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) used an array of He3 proportional counters to measure the rate of neutral-current interactions in heavy water and precisely determined the total active (x) B8 solar neutrino flux. This technique is independent of previous methods employed by SNO. The total flux is found to be 5.54-0.31+0.33(stat)-0.34+0.36(syst)106cm-2s-1, in agreement with previous measurements and standard solar models. A global analysis of solar and reactor neutrino results yields m2=7.59-0.21+0.1910-5eV2 and =34.4-1.2+1.3 degrees. The uncertainty on the mixing angle has been reduced from SNO's previous results.
TL;DR: Relations between shyness and certain indices of maladjustment were stronger among children with mothers characterized by higher neuroticism, BIS sensitivity, and an overprotective parenting style, and weaker for mothers characterize by high agreeableness and an authoritative parenting style.
Abstract: The goal of this study was to explore the moderating role of maternal personality and parenting characteristics in the links between shyness and adjustment in kindergarten. Participants were 197 children enrolled in kindergarten programs (and their mothers and teachers). Multisource assessment was employed, including maternal ratings, behavioral observations, teacher ratings, and individual child interviews. Results indicated that shyness was associated with a wide range of socio-emotional and school adjustment difficulties in kindergarten. Moreover, support for the moderating role of parenting was also found. Relations between shyness and certain indices of maladjustment were stronger among children with mothers characterized by higher neuroticism, BIS sensitivity, and an overprotective parenting style, and weaker for mothers characterized by high agreeableness and an authoritative parenting style.
TL;DR: Data show that DNMT mRNA expression was altered in suicide brain, and this change in expression in the frontopolar cortex was associated with increased methylation of a gene whose mRNA expression has previously been shown to be reduced.
TL;DR: The view is taken that synergy between stressors and inflammatory factors may promote pathological outcomes through their actions on neuropeptides and several neurotransmitters.
TL;DR: The premise of this paper is that biotelemetry and biologging have much to offer and should be embraced by the conservation science community to aid in assessment of threats and endangerment status and can reduce uncertainty in the assignment of conservation status.
Abstract: The current biodiversity crisis is characterized by the decline and extinction of numer- ous animal populations and species world-wide. To aid in understanding the threats and causes of population decline and the assessment of endangerment status of a species, conservation scientists and practitioners are increasingly relying on remote assessments using biotelemetry (radio telemetry, acoustic telemetry, satellite tracking) and biologging (archival loggers) or hybrid technologies (e.g. pop-up satellite tags). These tools offer increasingly sophisticated means (e.g. large-scale telemetry arrays, fine-scale positioning, and use of physiological and environmental sensors) of evaluating the behaviour, spatial ecology, energetics, and physiology of free-living animals in their natural environ- ment. Regional, national, and international threat assessments (e.g. the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List) require basic knowledge of animal distribution, emigration, behaviour, reproductive potential, mortality rates, and habitat use, which in many cases can all be obtained through biotelemetry and biologging studies. Such studies are particularly useful for under- standing the basic biology of animals living in harsh environments (e.g. polar regions, aquatic envi- ronments), for rapidly moving or cryptic animals, and for those that undertake large-scale move- ments/migrations (e.g. birds, insects, marine mammals and fish). The premise of this paper is that biotelemetry and biologging have much to offer and should be embraced by the conservation science community to aid in assessment of threats and endangerment status. It is crucial that studies on endangered species must not further contribute to species decline or retard recovery. As such, there are complicated ethical and legal considerations that must be considered prior to implementing tracking studies on endangered wildlife. Furthermore, as many endangered animal species occur in developing countries, there is a need to develop capacity (financial support for the research and tech- nical telemetry skills) for designing and conducting tracking studies. To stem the loss of biodiversity and aid in the recovery of endangered animal populations, there is a need for innovative and inter- disciplinary research, monitoring programs and research initiatives to inform decision makers. It is clear that biotelemetry and biologging are not a panacea; however, they are valuable tools available to conservation practitioners. Used appropriately, biotelemetry and biologging have the potential to provide data that is often unattainable using other techniques, and can reduce uncertainty in the assignment of conservation status.
TL;DR: In this article, a neural network inverse model is proposed for microwave modeling and design using the concept of inverse modeling where the inputs to the inverse model are electrical parameters and outputs are geometrical parameters.
Abstract: In this paper, systematic neural network modeling techniques are presented for microwave modeling and design using the concept of inverse modeling where the inputs to the inverse model are electrical parameters and outputs are geometrical parameters. Training the neural network inverse model directly may become difficult due to the nonuniqueness of the input-output relationship in the inverse model. We propose a new method to solve such a problem by detecting multivalued solutions in training data. The data containing multivalued solutions are divided into groups according to derivative information using a neural network forward model such that individual groups do not have the problem of multivalued solutions. Multiple inverse models are built based on divided data groups, and are then combined to form a complete model. A comprehensive modeling methodology is proposed, which includes direct inverse modeling, segmentation, derivative division, and model combining techniques. The methodology is applied to waveguide filter modeling and more accurate results are achieved compared to the direct neural network inverse modeling method. Full electromagnetic simulation and measurement results of Ku-band circular waveguide dual-mode pseudoelliptic bandpass filters are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed neural network inverse modeling methodology.
TL;DR: It is suggested that guillemots specialize on a single foraging strategy regardless of whether chick-provisioning and self-feeding and the development of individual specialization may be an important precursor to diversification among seabirds.
Abstract: Summary 1. We studied chick diet in a known-age, sexed population of a long-lived seabird, the Brunnich’s guillemot ( Uria lomvia ), over 15 years ( N = 136; 1993‐2007) and attached time‐depth‐temperature recorders to examine foraging behaviour in multiple years ( N = 36; 2004‐07). 2. Adults showed specialization in prey fed to offspring, described by multiple indices calculated over 15 years: 27% of diet diversity was attributable to among-individual variation (withinindividual component of total niche width = 0·73); average similarity of an individual’s diet to the overall diet was 65% (mean proportional similarity between individuals and population = 0·65); diet was significantly more specialized than expected for 70% of individuals (mean likelihood = 0.53). These indices suggest higher specialization than the average for an across-taxa comparison of 49 taxa. 3. Foraging behaviour varied along three axes: flight time, dive depth and dive shape. Individuals showed specialized individual foraging behaviour along each axis. These foraging strategies were reflected in the prey type delivered to their offspring and were maintained over scales of hours to years. 4. Specialization in foraging behaviour and diet was greater over short time spans (hours, days) than over long time spans (years). Regardless of sex or age, the main component of variation in foraging behaviour and chick diet was between individuals. 5. Plasma stable isotope values were similar across years, within a given individual, and variance was low relative to that expected from prey isotope values, suggesting adult diet specialized across years. Stable isotope values were similar among individuals that fed their nestlings similar prey items and there was no difference in trophic level between adults and chicks. We suggest that guillemots specialize on a single foraging strategy regardless of whether chick-provisioning and self-feeding. With little individual difference in body mass and physiology, specialization likely represents learning and memorizing optimal feeding locations and behaviours. 6. There was no difference in survival or reproductive success between specialists and generalists, suggesting these are largely equivalent strategies in terms of evolutionary fitness, presumably because different strategies were advantageous at different levels of prey abundance or predictability. The development of individual specialization may be an important precursor to diversification among seabirds.
TL;DR: In a recent review as mentioned in this paper, a compendium of water-balance research from 39 high-latitude catchments reveals the strengths and limitations of the available results, most of which are restricted to only a few years of study at small watershed scale.
Abstract: Increased attention directed at the permafrost region has been prompted by resource development and climate change. This review surveys advances in permafrost hydrology since 2000. Data shortage and data quality remain serious concerns. Yet, there has been much progress in understanding fundamental hydrologic processes operating in a wide range of environments, from steep mountainous catchments, to the Precambrian Shield with moderate relief, to the low-gradient terrain of plains, plateaus and wetlands. Much of the recent research has focused on surface water, although springs and groundwater contribution to streamflow have also been studied. A compendium of water-balance research from 39 high-latitude catchments reveals the strengths and limitations of the available results, most of which are restricted to only a few years of study at the small watershed scale. The response of streamflow to climate receives continued if not increasing attention, from the occurrence of extreme hydrologic events to the changing regimes of river flow at a regional scale. The effect of climate change and the role of permafrost on the changing discharge of large boreal rivers are major topics for further investigation. Extended field and modelling research on physical processes will improve knowledge of permafrost hydrology and enhance its relevance to societal needs. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that theoretical impasses between critical and constructed subjects can be addressed through the evolving concept of narrated subject, and they suggest that this concept needs to be further interrogated by asking what can be known about narrated subjects both inside and outside of narrative.
Abstract: This article grapples with the question of 'what can be known?' about research subjects and how we can come to know them. Set against a backdrop of theoretical tensions over the concept of subjectivity in feminist theory, our article makes a three-fold argument. First, we argue that theoretical impasses between critical and constructed subjects can be addressed through the evolving concept of a narrated subject. Second, we suggest that this concept needs to be further interrogated by asking what can be known about narrated subjects both inside and outside of narrative. Third, we argue that greater attention must be given to how narrated subjects can be operationalized within research methodology, and we suggest that an emerging interpretive approach, the Listening Guide, provides a multi-layered way of tapping into methodological, theoretical, epistemological, and ontological dimensions of the narrated subject.
TL;DR: The authors examined the consequences of remembering historical victimization for emotional reactions to a current adversary and discussed why remembering the ingroup's past affects responses to outgroups in the present.
Abstract: The authors examined the consequences of remembering historical victimization for emotional reactions to a current adversary. In Experiment 1, Jewish Canadians who were reminded of the Holocaust accepted less collective guilt for their group's harmful actions toward the Palestinians than those not reminded of their ingroup's past victimization. The extent to which the conflict was perceived to be due to Palestinian terrorism mediated this effect. Experiment 2 illustrated that reminding Jewish people, but not non-Jewish people, of the Holocaust decreased collective guilt for current harm doing compared with when the reminder concerned genocide committed against another group (i.e., Cambodians). In Experiments 3 and 4, Americans experienced less collective guilt for their group's harm doing in Iraq following reminders of either the attacks on September 11th, 2001 or the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor compared with a historical victimization reminder that was irrelevant to the ingroup. The authors discuss why remembering the ingroup's past affects responses to outgroups in the present.
TL;DR: This paper studies a hard task for a set of weak robots and shows that the tasks that such a system of robots can perform depend strongly on their common agreement about their environment, i.e. the readings of their environment sensors.
TL;DR: In this article, a finite element code (LitMod) is used to produce 2-D forward models from the surface to the 410-km discontinuity, which combines data from petrology, mineral physics, and geophysical observables within a selfconsistent framework.
Abstract: [1] A combined geophysical-petrological methodology to study the thermal, compositional, density, and seismological structure of lithospheric/sublithospheric domains is presented. A new finite-element code (LitMod) is used to produce 2-D forward models from the surface to the 410-km discontinuity. The code combines data from petrology, mineral physics, and geophysical observables within a self-consistent framework. The final result is a lithospheric/sublithospheric model that simultaneously fits all geophysical observables and consequently reduces the uncertainties associated with the modeling of these observables alone or in pairs, as is commonly done. The method is illustrated by applying it to both oceanic and continental domains. We show that anelastic attenuation and uncertainties in seismic data make it unfeasible to identify compositional variations in the lithospheric mantle from seismic studies only. In the case of oceanic lithosphere, plates with thermal thicknesses of 105 ± 5 km satisfy geophysical and petrological constraints. We find that Vp are more sensitive to phase transitions than Vs, particularly in the case of the spinel-garnet transition. A low-velocity zone with absolute velocities and gradients comparable to those observed below ocean basins is an invariable output of our oceanic models, even when no melt effects are included. In the case of the Archean subcontinental lithospheric mantle, we show that “typical” depleted compositions (and their spatial distribution) previously thought to be representative of these mantle sections are compatible neither with geophysical nor with petrological data. A cratonic keel model consisting of (1) strongly depleted material (i.e., dunitic/harzburgitic) in the first 100–160 km depth and (2) less depleted (approximately isopycnic) lower section extending down to 220–300 km depth is necessary to satisfy elevation, geoid, SHF, seismic velocities, and petrological constraints. This highly depleted (viscous) upper layer, and its chemical isolation, may play a key role in the longevity and stability of cratons.
TL;DR: In this paper, the contribution of shared reading and parent literacy to a variety of child outcomes including measures of expressive vocabulary, morphological and syntax comprehension, and narrative ability for book stories as well as personal stories was tested.
Abstract: Books can be a rich source of learning for children and adults alike. In the present study, the contribution of shared reading and parent literacy to a variety of child outcomes was tested. Child outcomes included measures of expressive vocabulary, morphological and syntax comprehension, and narrative ability (story grammar, cohesion, and language complexity) for book stories as well as personal stories. A total of 106 English-speaking 4-year-old children and their parents participated. As predicted, shared reading accounted for unique variance in children's expressive vocabulary and morphological knowledge after controlling for child nonverbal intelligence, parent education, and parent literacy (i.e., book exposure). Although shared reading predicted syntax comprehension, the effect was mediated by parents' own level of literacy. Contrary to expectation, shared reading was not correlated with any of the narrative measures. Interestingly, the narrative measures for telling stories from a book and telling ...
TL;DR: In this article, the experimental and theoretical status of electromagnetic and strong transitions in quarkonia is discussed, with some reference to processes involving $Q\overline{Q}$ annihilation.
Abstract: Valuable data on quarkonia (the bound states of a heavy quark $Q=c,b$ and the corresponding antiquark) have recently been provided by a variety of sources, mainly ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collisions, but also hadronic interactions. This permits a thorough updating of the experimental and theoretical status of electromagnetic and strong transitions in quarkonia. The $Q\overline{Q}$ transitions to other $Q\overline{Q}$ states are discussed, with some reference to processes involving $Q\overline{Q}$ annihilation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the development of the State Self-Forgiveness Scales and the test of a model of self-forgiveness' relation to psychological well-being in the context of the unwanted end of a romantic relationship.
Abstract: lthough considerable empirical attention has recently focused on forgiveness, less work has been done on examining self-forgiveness. A major stumbling block for self-forgiveness research has been the lack of a measure to assess self-forgiveness for specific transgressions. This article reports the development of the State Self-Forgiveness Scales and the test of a model of self-forgiveness' relation to psychological well-being in the context of the unwanted end of a romantic relationship. In Study 1, factor analysis revealed a 2-factor structure to the self-forgiveness data. Study 2 found that self-blame predicted depressive affect to the extent that participants forgave the self. The implications of state self-forgiveness for both basic research and therapy are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared self-reported and measured body measurements and found that most respondents under-reported weight and over-reported height and these biases were compounded in the BMI formula and affected the accuracy of self-reports as a tool for identifying weight problems.
Abstract: Objective: Community health surveys often collect self-report data on body height and weight for the purposes of calculating the Body Mass Index (BMI) and identifying cases of overweight and obesity. The aim of the study was to test the validity of this method and to describe age and gender trends in self-report bias in height, weight, and BMI. Methods: This population survey included 4,615 adolescents and adults from across Canada who were interviewed and then measured in their homes. Overweight and obesity were identified using self-reports and cut points in BMI. Results: Self-reports correlated highly with body measurements but on average, selfreported height was 0.88 cm greater than measured height, self-reported weight was 2.33 kg less than measured weight, and BMI derived from self-reports was 1.16 lower than BMI derived from measurements. Consequently, self-reports yielded lower rates of overweight (31.87%) and obesity (15.32%) than measurements (33.67% and 22.92%, respectively). The magnitude and variability of self-report bias in BMI were related to female gender, older age, and the presence of overweight or obesity. Discussion: Comparison of self-reported and measured height and weight indicated that most survey respondents under-reported weight and over-reported height. Intentional or not, these biases were compounded in the BMI formula and affected the accuracy of selfreports as a tool for identifying weight problems. Self-reports may be easier to collect than body measurements but should not be used exclusively as an obesity surveillance tool.
20 Feb 2008-Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment
TL;DR: The challenges relating to chronic contamination of small grains and maize with deoxynivalenol and related compounds, fumonisin and the use of ensiled cereals in cool dairy areas are reviewed.
Abstract: This paper reviews the challenges relating to chronic contamination of small grains and maize with deoxynivalenol and related compounds, fumonisin and the use of ensiled cereals in cool dairy areas. Uncertainties in the tolerable daily intakes for deoxynivalenol and fumonisin are discussed as they have the potential to affect current regulatory limits. In addition, climate change is resulting in more extreme rainfall and drought events which favour formation of deoxynivalenol and fumonisin, respectively. The development and refinement of models for predicting mycotoxin accumulation from weather data will become an essential tool for managing these events. Such models are also important for providing timely food aid to developing countries, which experience increased occurrence of acute toxicities, especially in children. Chronic contamination of silage in some areas with some Penicillium toxins deserves more attention in terms of their economic effects and possible implications for the purity of milk.
TL;DR: Charmonium, the spectroscopy of mesons, has recently enjoyed a renaissance with the discovery of several missing states and numerous unexpected charmonium-like resonances as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Charmonium, the spectroscopy of mesons, has recently enjoyed a renaissance with the discovery of several missing states and numerous unexpected charmonium-like resonances. These discoveries were made possible by the extremely large data samples made available by the B factories at SLAC and KEK, as well as CESR. Conventional states are well described by quark potential models; however, many of the newly discovered charmonium-like mesons do not seem to fit into the conventional spectrum. There is growing evidence that at least some of these new states are exotic, e.g., new forms of hadronic matter such as mesonic molecules, tetraquarks, and/or hybrid mesons. In this review we describe expectations for the properties of conventional charmonium states and the predictions for molecules, tetraquarks, and hybrids and the various processes that produce them. We examine the evidence for the new candidate exotic mesons, possible explanations, and experimental measurements that might reveal the nature of these states.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted an asystematic review of available literature to better understand the effects of river regulation on fish and fish habitat, and identified opportunities for future research.
Abstract: Globally, rivers are increasingly being subjected to various levels of physical alteration and river regulation to provide humans with services such as hydropower, freshwater, flood control, irrigation and recreation. Although river regulation plays an important role in modern society, there are potential consequences which may negatively affectfish andfish habitat. While much effort has been expended examining the response of fish to fluctuating flow regimes in different systems, there has been little in the way of a comprehensive synthesis. In an effort to better understand the effects of river regulation on fish and fish habitat, we conducted asystematic reviewofavailableliteraturewiththreegoals:(1)summarizethevarious researchmethodologiesusedby regulated river researchers, (2) summarize the effects found on fish and fish habitat and (3) identify opportunities for future research. The results of the synthesis indicate that a wide variety of methodologies are being employed to study regulated river science, yet there is a gap in incorporating methodologies that examine effects on fish at a cellular level or those techniques that are interdisciplinary (e.g. behaviour and physiology). There is a clear consensus that modified flow regimes in regulated rivers areaffectingfishandfishhabitat,buttheseverityanddirectionoftheresponsevarieswidely.Futurestudydesignsshouldinclude methodsthattargetallbiologicallevelsoffishresponse,andinwhichdetailed statisticalanalysescanbeperformed.Thereisalso a need for more rigorous study designs including the use of appropriate controls and replicates. Data on physical variables that co-vary with flow should be collected and examined to add explanatory power to the results. Increased multi-stakeholder collaborations provide the greatest promise of balancing ecological concerns with economic needs. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.