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Institution

Carleton University

EducationOttawa, Ontario, Canada
About: Carleton University is a education organization based out in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Large Hadron Collider. The organization has 15852 authors who have published 39650 publications receiving 1106610 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of models for assessing intraurban exposure under six classes, including proximity-based assessments, statistical interpolation, land use regression models, line dispersion models, integrated emission-meteorological models, and hybrid models combining personal or household exposure monitoring with one of the preceding methods is presented.
Abstract: The development of models to assess air pollution exposures within cities for assignment to subjects in health studies has been identified as a priority area for future research. This paper reviews models for assessing intraurban exposure under six classes, including: (i) proximity-based assessments, (ii) statistical interpolation, (iii) land use regression models, (iv) line dispersion models, (v) integrated emission-meteorological models, and (vi) hybrid models combining personal or household exposure monitoring with one of the preceding methods. We enrich this review of the modelling procedures and results with applied examples from Hamilton, Canada. In addition, we qualitatively evaluate the models based on key criteria important to health effects assessment research. Hybrid models appear well suited to overcoming the problem of achieving population representative samples while understanding the role of exposure variation at the individual level. Remote sensing and activity-space analysis will complement refinements in pre-existing methods, and with expected advances, the field of exposure assessment may help to reduce scientific uncertainties that now impede policy intervention aimed at protecting public health.

1,023 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that an “applied forward reasoning” approach is better suited for social scientists seeking to address climate change, which is characterized as a “super wicked” problem comprising four key features: time is running out, those who cause the problem also seek to provide a solution, the central authority needed to address it is weak or non-existent, and policy responses discount the future irrationally.
Abstract: Most policy-relevant work on climate change in the social sciences either analyzes costs and benefits of particular policy options against important but often narrow sets of objectives or attempts to explain past successes or failures. We argue that an “applied forward reasoning” approach is better suited for social scientists seeking to address climate change, which we characterize as a “super wicked” problem comprising four key features: time is running out; those who cause the problem also seek to provide a solution; the central authority needed to address it is weak or non-existent; and, partly as a result, policy responses discount the future irrationally. These four features combine to create a policy-making “tragedy” where traditional analytical techniques are ill equipped to identify solutions, even when it is well recognized that actions must take place soon to avoid catastrophic future impacts. To overcome this tragedy, greater attention must be given to the generation of path-dependent policy interventions that can “constrain our future collective selves.” Three diagnostic questions result that orient policy analysis toward understanding how to trigger sticky interventions that, through progressive incremental trajectories, entrench support over time while expanding the populations they cover. Drawing especially from the literature on path dependency, but inverting it to develop policy responses going forward, we illustrate the plausibility of our framework for identifying new areas of research and new ways to think about policy interventions to address super wicked problems.

1,013 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
12 Jun 2015-Science
TL;DR: A brave new world with a wider view Researchers have long attempted to follow animals as they move through their environment, but such efforts were limited to short distances and times in species large enough to carry large batteries and transmitters, while new technologies have opened up new frontiers in animal tracking remote data collection.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Global aquatic environments are changing profoundly as a result of human actions; consequently, so too are the ways in which organisms are distributing themselves through space and time. Our ability to predict organism and community responses to these alterations will be dependent on knowledge of animal movements, interactions, and how the physiological and environmental processes underlying them shape species distributions. These patterns and processes ultimately structure aquatic ecosystems and provide the wealth of ecosystem services upon which humans depend. Until recently, the vast size, opacity, and dynamic nature of the aquatic realm have impeded our efforts to understand these ecosystems. With rapid technological advancement over the past several decades, a suite of electronic tracking devices (e.g., acoustic and satellite transmitters) that can remotely monitor animals in these challenging environments are now available. Aquatic telemetry technology is rapidly accelerating our ability to observe animal behavior and distribution and, as a consequence, is fundamentally altering our understanding of the structure and function of global aquatic ecosystems. These advances provide the toolbox to define how future global aquatic management practices must evolve. ADVANCES Aquatic telemetry has emerged through technological advances in miniaturization, battery engineering, and software and hardware development, allowing the monitoring of organisms whose habitats range from the poles to the tropics and the photic zone to the abyssal depths. This is enabling the characterization of the horizontal and vertical movements of individuals, populations, and entire communities over scales of meters to tens of thousands of kilometers and over time frames of hours to years and even over the entire lifetimes of individuals. Electronic tags can now be equipped with sensors that measure ambient physical parameters (depth, temperature, conductivity, fluorescence), providing simultaneous monitoring of animals’ environments. By linking telemetry with biologgers (e.g., jaw-motion sensors), it is possible to monitor individual feeding events. In addition, other devices on instrumented animals can communicate with one another, providing insights into predator-prey interactions and social behavior. Coupling telemetry with minute nonlethal biopsy allows understanding of how trophic dynamics, population connectivity, and gene-level basis for organismal health and condition relate to movement. These advances are revolutionizing the scope and scales of questions that can be addressed on the causes and consequences of animal distribution and movement. OUTLOOK Aquatic animal telemetry has advanced rapidly, yet new challenges present themselves in coordination of monitoring across large-spatial scales (ocean basins), data sharing, and data assimilation. The continued advancement of aquatic telemetry lies in establishing and maintaining accessible and cost-effective infrastructure and in promoting multidisciplinary tagging approaches to maximize cost benefits. A united global network and centralized database will provide the mechanism for global telemetry data and will promote a transparent environment for data sharing that will, in turn, increase global communication, scope for collaboration, intellectual advancement, and funding opportunities. An overarching global network will realize the potential of telemetry, which is essential for advancing scientific knowledge and effectively managing globally shared aquatic resources and their ecosystems in the face of mounting human pressures and environmental change.

1,011 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model has been shown to reduce offender recidivism by up to 35% as mentioned in this paper, which describes who should receive services (moderate and higher risk cases), appropriate targets for rehabilitation services (criminogenic needs), and powerful influence strategies for reducing criminal behavior.
Abstract: For over 30 years, criminal justice policy has been dominated by a “get tough” approach to offenders. Increasing punitive measures have failed to reduce criminal recidivism and instead have led to a rapidly growing correctional system that has strained government budgets. The inability of reliance on official punishment to deter crime is understandable within the context of the psychology of human conduct. However, this knowledge was largely ignored in the quest for harsher punishment. A better option for dealing with crime is to place greater effort on the rehabilitation of offenders. In particular, programs that adhere to the Risk-NeedResponsivity (RNR) model have been shown to reduce offender recidivism by up to 35%. The model describes: a) who should receive services (moderate and higher risk cases), b) the appropriate targets for rehabilitation services (criminogenic needs), and c) the powerful influence strategies for reducing criminal behavior (cognitive social learning). Although the RNR model is well known in the correctional field it is less well known, but equally relevant, for forensic, clinical, and counseling psychology. The paper summarizes the empirical base to RNR along with implications for research, policy, and practice.

994 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The simulations suggest that the first priority for conservation should be habitat preservation and restoration, information on movement rates of organisms is critical for predicting extinction thresholds and conservation strategies should consider the quality of the whole landscape, including the matrix.

986 citations


Authors

Showing all 16102 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
George F. Koob171935112521
Zhenwei Yang150956109344
Andrew White1491494113874
J. S. Keller14498198249
R. Kowalewski1431815135517
Manuella Vincter131944122603
Gabriella Pasztor129140186271
Beate Heinemann129108581947
Claire Shepherd-Themistocleous129121186741
Monica Dunford12990677571
Dave Charlton128106581042
Ryszard Stroynowski128132086236
Peter Krieger128117181368
Thomas Koffas12894276832
Aranzazu Ruiz-Martinez12678371913
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202389
2022381
20212,299
20202,243
20192,017
20181,841