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Showing papers by "Case Western Reserve University published in 1970"


Journal Article
TL;DR: Changes in the tissue compartmentation of adenine nucleotides probably play a major role in producing the previously observed increase of cyclic adenosine 39,59-phosphate during electrical stimulation of slices.
Abstract: The content cyclic adenosine 39,59-phosphate in guinea pig cerebral cortex slices increases 20-30-fold after a 5-min exposure to a medium containing 0.05 mM adenosine. A similar increase was observed upon exposure to adenine nucleotides. The effect appeared to be specific for adenine ribose monomers. Methylxanthines (0.5 mM) blocked the effect of adenosine, but the blockade could be surmounted by increasing the adenosine concentration. Mutual potentiation of effects was observed when norepinephrine or histamine was added together with adenosine. Nucleotidase activity was observed in slices and homogenates. While this may be related to the mechanism of the adenosine effect, a direct effect of adenosine on adenyl cyclase or cyclic 39,59-nucleotide phosphodiesterase could not be implicated in homogenates. Changes in the tissue compartmentation of adenine nucleotides probably play a major role in producing the previously observed increase of cyclic adenosine 39,59-phosphate during electrical stimulation of slices.

834 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1970

704 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A series of regression analyses indicated that axon caliber correlates best with the sum of the number of neurofilaments and microtubules per fiber, which was only slightly better than that for neurofilament alone.
Abstract: The number of neurofilaments and microtubules present in nerve fibers was determined for sciatic nerves from adult mice and from rats of three different ages. More microtubules than neurofilaments were found in nonmyelinated fibers; the ratio of tubules/filaments was reversed in myelinated fibers and was found to change with axon caliber independent of the presence of a myelin sheath. A series of regression analyses indicated that axon caliber correlates best with the sum of the number of neurofilaments and microtubules per fiber. This correlation was only slightly better than that for neurofilaments alone. Axon caliber also correlated better with the filament-tubular material than with the thickness of the myelin sheath. The results were similar for both rats and mice, and age differences were not apparent in the samples of nerves analyzed.

523 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined surface samples of shales ranging in age from Pleistocene to Eocene obtained from five Gulf Coast oil wells to determine the nature and extent of burial diagenesis in pelitic sediments.
Abstract: Subsurface samples of shales ranging in age from Pleistocene to Eocene obtained from five Gulf Coast oil wells were examined mineralogically and chemically to determine the nature and extent of burial diagenesis in pelitic sediments. Illite/montmorillonite dominates the mineralogy and undergoes a monotonic decrease in expandability from about 80 to a limit of 20 per cent montmorillonite layers with increasing depth. The interstratification changes from random to ordered at about 35 per cent expanded layers. Discrete illite and kaolinite phases are ubiquitous and judged detrital. The discrete illite (mica) content of the whole rock decreases with depth, while the kaolinite shows no systematic variation. Chlorite occurs in appreciable amounts in only one well and there only in samples from the shallow water facies. This chlorite is also considered detrital.

521 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A soluble material has been isolated from schistosome eggs which in minute quantities without the addition of adjuvant induces sensitization to a delayed hypersensitivity type of granuloma forming around intact schistOSome eggs.
Abstract: A soluble material has been isolated from schistosome eggs which in minute quantities without the addition of adjuvant induces sensitization to a delayed hypersensitivity type of granuloma forming around intact schistosome eggs. This material is secreted by intact eggs and is found in high concentration in the fluid released during the hatching process. When adsorbed to bentonite particles this substance elicits hypersensitivity type granuloma formation in specifically sensitized animals. The granuloma sensitizing factor also both induces and elicits delayed footpad swelling in mice. Quantities which sensitize with respect to these delayed type reactions do not induce antibody formation detectable by a sensitive hemagglutination. technique within the duration of the above experiments.

496 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a correlation exists between the Raman spectrum of the fiber surface and the shear strength of the graphite and carbon fibers, which is used for fiber characterization.
Abstract: Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the fiber surface of graphite and carbon fibers. A correlation exists between the Raman spectrum of the fiber surface and the shear strength of the com po...

433 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The author believes that the killing of a newborn baby is a separate entity from other filicides, differing in regard to the diagnosis, motives, and legal disposition of the murderer.
Abstract: The author believes that the killing of a newborn baby is a separate entity from other filicides, differing in regard to the diagnosis, motives, and legal disposition of the murderer Whereas most filicides are committed for "altruistic" reasons, most neonaticides are carried out simply because the child is not wanted The author notes the different psychological characterisctics of mothers who commit these two crimes Legal considerations and the present status of neonaticide are also discussed

388 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A technique which combined several important features of previous interstimulus familiarization methods was developed to explore infant retention for visual stimuli and infants in the age range from 3 to 6 months demonstrated differential fixation time to novel and familiar targets.

383 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper studies certain sets, functions, and relations on trees using natural generalizations of ordinary automata theory using Thatcher and Wright's algebraic formalism to give succinct descriptions of linguistic constructions in the tree case.
Abstract: Recent developments in the theory of automata have pointed to an extension of the domain of definition of automata from strings to trees. Here we study certain sets, functions, and relations on trees using natural generalizations of ordinary automata theory. Why pursue such a generalization? First, because enlarging the domain of automata theory may strengthen and simplify the subject in the same way that emphasizing strings rather than natural numbers already has done. Second, because parts of mathematical linguistics can be formalized easily in a tree-automaton setting. The theories of transformational grammars and of syntax-directed compilation are two examples. A two-dimensional automata theory seems better suited to handle concepts arising in these areas than does the conventional theory. The algebraic properties of finite automata on trees have been extensively studied; see Brainerd [5], Doner [8], Mezei and Wright [12], Thatcher [15], Thatcher and Wright [17], and Arbib and Give'on [4]. The notion of recognizable set is central to these papers. A finite checking scheme (automaton) is used on an inp/lt tree. The scheme analyzes a tree from the bottom (leaves) up to the top (root), classifying the tree as acceptable or not. The recognizable set associated with the automaton is the set of all acceptable trees. Here we will define sets of trees produced by finite-state generative schemes. In this respect, making automata work from the top down instead of the bottom up is convenient. Rabin [13] was the first to use this idea; his purpose was to define recognizable sets of infinite trees. We do not consider such trees here; our emphasis is on generation, but the top-down concept is important for all our definitions. We use Thatcher and Wright's algebraic formalism to give succinct descriptions of linguistic constructions in the tree case. Using these constructions, we investigate decision problems and closure properties. Our results should clarify

369 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data showed that the mean LH concentrations in patients with PCO were consistently and significantly higher than themean LH concentration observed during the follicular phase of the normal cycle, and the mean serum FSH concentrations were remarkably constant and were significantly lower than the mean F SH concentrations observed.
Abstract: The concentrations and the pattern of gonadotropin secretion were determined in 16 patients with documented polycystic ovarian disease (PCO). Sequential measurements of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum by specific radioimmunoassays were made. The data showed that the mean LH concentrations in patients with PCO were consistently and significantly higher than the mean LH concentration observed during the follicular phase of the normal cycle. There was random fluctuation. By contrast, the mean serum FSH concentrations were remarkably constant and were significantly lower than the mean FSH concentrations observed during the early follicular phase, but comparable to the levels of FSH during the late follicular phase of the normal cycle. The daily concentrations of LH in individual patients were highly variable. Likewise, the pattern of LH secretion varied markedly from patient to patient. In general, the serum LH pattern was that of an erratic fluctuation with a...

351 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Stimulation by concanavalin A of DNA synthesis is suppressed by addition of methyl alpha- d -mannoside to the culture medium even after 20 h.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hand muscles of 115 normal subjects electromyographically were tested to determine the function of these muscles in power grip and precision handling and the findings warrant the following conclusions.
Abstract: We tested the hand muscles of 115 normal subjects electromyographically to determine the function of these muscles in power grip and precision handling. In power grip all the intrinsics and extrinsics were tested in detail (ten subjects per muscle); in precision handling the intrinsics of the thumb and first two fingers were tested; other intrinsics and extrinsics were spot-checked. In the experimental laboratory, activities were developed to represent resisted motions performed by the hand in activities of daily living. Graded resistances were tested and various sizes of simulated objects were used. The classifications of motion were: (1) power grip, including squeeze, disc, hook, and spherical grips, (2) precision handling, including rotation and translation, and (3) pinch. Our findings warrant the following conclusions: 1. In power grip the extrinsics provide the major gripping force. All of the extrinsics are involved in power gripping and are used in proportion to the desired force to be used against the external force. The major intrinsic muscles of power grip are the interossei, used as phalangeal rotators and metacarpophalangeal flexors. The lumbricales, with the exception of the fourth, are not significantly used in power grip. The thenar muscles are used in all forms of power grip except hook grip. 2. In precision handling, specific extrinsic muscles provide gross motion and compressive forces. In rotation motions the interossei are important in imposing the necessary rotational forces on the object to be rotated; the motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint which provides this rotation is abduction or adduction, not rotation of the first phalanx. The lumbricales are interphalangeal joint extensors as in the unloaded hand, and additionally are first phalangeal abductor-adductors and rotators. In translation motions towards the palm, the interossei provide intrinsic compression and rotation forces for most efficient finger positioning; the lumbricalis is not active. Moving away from the palm the handled object is driven by interossei and lumbricales to provide intrinsic compression and metacarpophalangeal-joint flexion and interphalangeal-joint extension. The thenar muscles in precision handling act as a triad of flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and abductor pollicis brevis to provide adduction across the palm, internal rotation of the first metacarpal, and maintenance of web space depth. The adductor pollicis is used in specific situations when force is required to adduct the first metacarpal towards the second. 3. In pinch, compression is provided primarily by the extrinsic muscles. Phalangeal rotational position is adjusted by the interossei and perhaps also by the lumbricales. Compression is assisted by the metacarpophalangeal-joint flexion force of the interossei and flexor pollicis brevis and by the adducting force of the adductor pollicis. The opponens assists through rotational positioning of the first metacarpal.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To assess fully whether PGs are normally involved in gut function it will be necessary to determine the site and mechanism of prostaglandin storage release action and metabolism and the rates of turnover during activity and at rest and to see how normal gut activity is affected by PGs by alteration of their tissue levels and rate of metabolism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the capacity of electrodes prepared from high pressure stress-annealed pyrolytic graphite has been examined in aqueous solutions using an a.c. impedance bridge.
Abstract: : The non-faradaic capacity of electrodes prepared from high pressure stress-annealed pyrolytic graphite has been examined in aqueous solutions using an a.c. impedance bridge. SUCH MATERIALS HAVE A ROCKING ANGLE (x-ray diffraction) as small as 0.4 degrees and the properties of surfaces oriented parallel to the basal plane approach rather closely those of single crystal graphite. The differential capacity measured on this surface has a near parabolic dependence on electrode potential with no evidence of a hump and a minimum of about 3 microfarads/sq. cm in 0.9 M NaF. This low value is explained on the basis that a substantial fraction of the potential change between the electrode bulk and the solution bulk occurs across a space charge layer within the graphite.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To determine the effect of a drill hole on the strength of long bones and on the fracture resulting from rapidly applied torsional loads, paired canine femora were tested, and the following results were obtained.
Abstract: To determine the effect of a drill hole on the strength of long bones and on the fracture resulting from rapidly applied torsional loads, paired canine femora were tested, and the following results were obtained: 1. The presence of a 2.8-millimeter or a 3.6-millimeter drill hole in the femoral mid-shaft significantly weakens the bone as measured by a mean reduction in energy-absorbing capacity of 55.2 per cent. 2. The drill hole produces a significant increase in local stresses as demonstrated by a calculated stress concentration factor of 1.6. 3. Changes in the ratio of drill hole area to bone area from .12 to .28 are not accompanied by significant changes in the bone strength or in the stress concentration factor. 4. The resulting spiral fractures occur along planes of maximum tensile stress, and the drill hole does not alter their orientation. 5. In drilled specimens the fracture is localized to the region of the drill hole and is less comminuted.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main result of as discussed by the authors is that there exists at most one periodic (or almost periodic) solution for a system whose solutions are convergent, which is the only criterion of convergence we know of.
Abstract: with XI:R2--.R continuous functions together with their partial derivatives Xij= =coXi/coxj, i , j= 1, 2. The functions ei:]to, + oo[-~R, to>_. o% are such as to guarantee the existence of solutions of any initial problem for (1). The solutions of (1) are said to be convergent if for each pair of solutions of (1), (xl , x2) and (Yl, Y2), which are defined on a neighborhood of the point + o0, we have xi( t ) -y i ( t ) -*O when t ~ + 0% i = 1, 2. We easily see that there exists at the most one periodic (or almost periodic) solution for a system whose solutions are convergent. The main result of this note is the following criterion of convergence:


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1970
TL;DR: The ultrastructure of the imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster was compared with that of other chitogenous tissues with different developmental capacities, namely, embryonic, larval, pupal and adult epidermis and it was concluded that gap junctions may be a more likely site for the intercellular communication involved in pattern formation than septate desmosomes.
Abstract: The ultrastructure of the imaginal discs ofDrosophila melanogaster was compared with that of other chitogenous tissues with different developmental capacities, namely, embryonic, larval, pupal and adult epidermis. Attention was paid to features which might be correlated with specific morphogenetic activities. Previous morphological studies of imaginal discs of Diptera were analyzed in detail and a somewhat revised view of imaginal disc structure emerged. The results reveal that the imaginal discs ofD. melanogaster consist of three types of cells: cells of the single layered disc epithelium, adepithelial cells and nerves. Four types of specialized junctions connect the cells of the disc epithelium: zonulae adhaerens, septate desmosomes, gap junctions and cytoplasmic bridges. The junctions are discussed in relation to their possible roles in adhesion and intercellular communication. It was concluded that gap junctions may be a more likely site for the intercellular communication involved in pattern formation than septate desmosomes. Evidence is presented that adepithelial cells are the precursors of imaginal muscles and that some cell lines (atelotypic) are in fact lines of adepithelial cells which can differentiate into muscle.Specific imaginal discs can be easily recognized by their overall morphology, i.e. patterns of folds. However, no ultrastructural features were found which we could correlate with the state of determination of the cells. Most differences in the ultrastructure of different discs at several developmental stages were attributable to different phases of cuticle secretion. The cells of the imaginal disc epithelium are packed with ribosomes but very little rough ER. The amount of rough ER increases rapidly at puparium formation. Cuticulin is recognizable 4-6 hours after puparium formation. Six hours after puparium formation, the cells of the disc epithelium are secreting the epicuticle of the pupa. As the imaginal disc of a leg everts from a folded sac to the tubular pupal leg, the cells of the disc epithelium change from tall columnar to cuboidal. A loss of microtubules in the long axis of the columnar cells accompanies this change. Prepupal morphogenesis of the leg appears to be caused by the change in cell shape. Evidence is presented which is incompatible with previous explanations of the mechanism of eversion of imaginal discs.There is some turnover of the cells of the disc epithelium as evidenced by autophagy and the occasional heterophagy of a dead neighbor. However this does not appear to be an important factor in the morphogenesis of discs. Plant peroxidase which was used as a tracer of proteins in the blood was taken up from the hemolymph by the disc epithelium. Imaginal disc cells contain many lipid droplets which coalesce and are replaced by glycogen during the prepupal period.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore and eamine maternal behavior in human mothers at the first postnatal contact with their young, quantitatively analyzed photographs taken every second during the first 10 minutes of each contact.
Abstract: To explore and eamine maternal behavior in human mothers at the first postnatal contact with their young, we quantitatively analyzed photographs taken every second during the first 10 minutes of each contact. We recorded and studied this behavior in 12 mothers 1/2 to 13 1/2 hours following delivery, with their normal, full-term infants undressed and placed beside them, and in 9 other mothers during their first three tactile contacts with their premature infants (weighing 1,150 to 1,870 gm) in incubators. An orderly progression of behavior was observed in mothers of full-term infants: the mothers started with fingertip touch on the infants9 extremities and proceeded in 4 to 8 minutes to massaging, encompassing palm contact on the trunk. In the first 3 minutes fingertip contact was 52%, with 28% palm contact. In the last 3 minutes of observation, fingertip contact decreased to 26% and palm contact increased to 62%. An intense interest in eye-to-eye contact was observed at the first contact. Mother-to-infant eye-to-eye contact appears to be an important exchange during the development of affectional ties. Mothers of normal premature infants permitted to touch them in the first 3 to 5 days of life followed a similar sequence, but at a much slower rate. Our results reveal suggestive evidence of species-specific behavior in human mothers at the first contact with their full-term infants and suggest that a re-evaluation is required of the present hospital policies which regulate care of the mother and infant.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cathodic and anodic properties of the oxygen-peroxide couple have been studied on ordinary pyrolytic graphite, high-pressure annealed graphite and single crystal graphite in alkaline solutions using the rotating disk technique as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Observations can be interpreted to suggest that nicotinamide plays an important, if not central, role in chicken limb mesoderm differentiation into chondrogenic and myogenic elements, and shifts in concentrations of low molecular weight and essential compounds such as Nicotinamide may be the illusive embryonic inducer(s) which control cellular differentiation.

Journal ArticleDOI
19 Jun 1970-Science
TL;DR: A hormone-like substance is secreted by α mating-type cells of heterothallic yeast strains and induces in cells of the opposite mating type, a morphological change characteristic of the mating process.
Abstract: A hormone-like substance is secreted by alpha mating-type cells of heterothallic yeast strains. It induces in cells of the opposite mating type, a, a morphological change characteristic of the mating process. Secretion of this substance and mating ability have some common genetic determinants. In partially purified preparations, the substance has properties of an oligopeptide.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider functions f: I → ℝ, where I ⊆ ℩ is a special kind of subset, called an interval, and of one of the forms.
Abstract: We shall be particularly concerned with functions f: I → ℝ, where I ⊆ ℝ is a special kind of subset, called an interval, and of one of the forms.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Raman spectra have been obtained from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the solid and molten phases and in aqueous and chloroform solutions as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Raman spectra have been obtained from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the solid and molten phases and in aqueous and chloroform solutions. Several new lines are observed or resolved in the Raman spectrum of the solid state as a result of using a high-power argon-ion laser as a source. The Raman spectra of the molten polymer and the chloroform solutions are indicative of a disordered structure, since additional Raman lines appear as a result of the additional rotational isomers. The Raman spectrum of the aqueous solution shows that considerably less structural change occurs upon dissolution in water.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a general representation of the solution of the elastic curvilinear inclusion problem is given, and it is shown that an ellipse and its geometric limits is the only inclusion shape for which a uniform stress applied at infinity induces a constant state of stress within the inclusion.

Journal ArticleDOI
28 Feb 1970-Nature
TL;DR: Evidence is presented for the stimulation of protein synthesis in newt limb buds by an agent produced by nerve fibres.
Abstract: Evidence is presented for the stimulation of protein synthesis in newt limb buds by an agent produced by nerve fibres.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Tissue responses to the brain and prothoracic glands divide the 5th larval stage of Calpodes into three phases of development, characterized by growth, larval syntheses and pupal syntheses, which results in tissue specific patterns in the timing of nuclear events.
Abstract: Tissue responses to the brain and prothoracic glands divide the 5th larval stage of Calpodes into three phases of development, characterized by growth, larval syntheses and pupal syntheses Tissue specific patterns in the timing of nuclear events fall into one of two categories In both, the cell number is determined mainly before the 4th to 5th ecdysis Epidermal cells divide during the second phase coincidentally with an elevated rate of larval cuticle deposition, but in other tissues nuclear replication occurs without division during the first phase so that the cells are polyploid by the time they begin their massive larval syntheses

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Waters and Wiberg demonstrate the use of M P complexes in the oxidative decarboxylation of acids and demonstrate the mechanism of the oxidation, the catalysis by strong acids, the retardation by Mn'I and the inter
Abstract: Manganese(II1) effects oxidative decarboxylation of a variety of acids in nonaqueous solutions. The products and stoichiometries of the decarboxylation are examined. The reduction of MnIII follows first-order kinetics. Autoretardation by the MnII formed in the reaction is attributed to mixed valence complexes between MnIII and Mn". Alkyl radicals (and carbon dioxide) formed by multibond homolysis of the MnIII carboxylates are oxidized by a second Mn"1 to alkenes and esters. The enhanced rate of decarboxylation and oxidation of alkyl radicals by MnIII in the presence of strong acids is ascribed to cationic Mn"1 species. Copper(I1) effectively traps alkyl radicals from the decarboxylation. The autoxidative decarboxylation of pivalic acid in the presence of oxygen is catalyzed by Mn"1 and produces high yields of t-butyl alcohol and di-r-butyl peroxide. variety of transition metal compounds have been A employed to catalyze the autoxidation of hydrocarbons. In many cases, these autoxidations involve a rather complex set of reactions and metastable intermediates. In particular, the role of free radicals and their interaction with the metal species are not clear. Manganese(II1) complexes have been used to oxidize a number of types of organic functional groups.2 When manganese compounds are employed in a catalytic capacity, the metal species is thought to alternate between the I1 and I11 oxidation states. MnlI1 in aqueous solutions, however, is especially prone to disproportionate (eq 1). The latter does not 2MnI11 e MnII + MnIV (1) appear t o be as severe a limitation in nonaqueous solutions, since MnlI1 complexes are relatively stable in these media. In this report, we demonstrate the use of M P complexes in the oxidative decarboxylation of acids. Products and kinetic studies are coupled in order to clarify the mechanism of the oxidation, the catalysis by strong acids, the retardation by Mn'I and the inter(1) For a review, see (a) N. M. Emanuel, E. T. Denisov, and Z. K. Maizus, "Liquid Phase Oxidation of Hydrocarbons," Plenum Press, New York, N. Y., 1967; (b) "Oxidation of Organic Compounds," Advances in Chemistry Series, No. 76, Vol. 2, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 1968; (c) Angew. Chem. Intern. Ed. Engl., 8.97 (1969). (2) W. A. Waters and J. S. Littler, "Oxidation in Organic Chemistry," K. B. Wiberg, Ed., Academic Press, New York, N. Y., 1965, Chapter 3. (3) Except where it is pertinent to the discussion, the ligands associated with the manganese species will not be included. Octahedral coordination generally pertains. mediacy of alkyl radicals. Cu'I to oxidize alkyl radicals are also compared.