Showing papers by "Case Western Reserve University published in 1971"
TL;DR: The methodology and its historical development are described, it is placed in context vis-a-vis other methods of subjective scaling, and a critique is provided.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with a methodology for efficiently obtaining concensus from a panel of evaluators on questions which are shrouded in uncertainty and can not be measured or evaluated in the classical sense. The methodology and its historical development are described, it is placed in context vis-a-vis other methods of subjective scaling, and a critique is provided. An extensive and current annotated bibliography is presented.
550 citations
TL;DR: The results are discussed in terms of the specific roles of microtubules in cultured cell motility and possible functional relationships of the three types of cytoplasmic fibers seen in BHK-21 cells.
Abstract: Microtubule breakdown in the presence of 5 or 40 µg/ml of colchicine is observed in BHK-21/C13 fibroblast-like cells Several morphological and physiological effects are noted in the absence of microtubules: (a) the cells transform from fibroblast-like to epithelial-like cells; (b) the normal pattern of intracellular birefringence changes and a juxtanuclear cap of birefringent filaments is formed; (c) time-lapse cinematography demonstrates that cell locomotion is inhibited in colchicine-treated cells, even though membrane ruffling persists The results are discussed in terms of the specific roles of microtubules in cultured cell motility and possible functional relationships of the three types of cytoplasmic fibers seen in BHK-21 cells
420 citations
TL;DR: Results of these experiments indicated that choline phosphate is the most active inhibitor of CRP-C-polysaccharide precipitation yet described, and suggested that this compound might provide the major reacting site of C-poly Saccharide.
Abstract: C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein appearing in the serum of man during various pathological conditions, and frequently employed as a clinical index of acute inflammation. It is precipitated from the serum by pneumococcal C-polysaccharide in the presence of Ca ions. Although this precipitation reaction, which led to the discovery of CRP, has been known for many years, there is little information about the active site(s) in the molecule of C-polysaccharide participating in the reaction with CRP. It has been recently reported that choline phosphate is a unit of the macro-molecular structure of C-polysaccharide (1, 2). In an attempt to determine the specificity of CRP for choline phosphate residues of C-polysaccharide, we conducted quantitative inhibition studies of CRP-C-polysaccharide precipitation. The substances tested for inhibitory effect included choline phosphate and a series of organic phosphate menoesters. The results of these experiments indicated that choline phosphate is the most...
385 citations
TL;DR: Results are presented which indicate that the DMSO-trialdehyde combination followed by postosmication has application to other embryonic organisms in addition to amphibians.
322 citations
TL;DR: A number of resource-allocation problems, including that of multi-item scheduling, may be solved approximately as large linear programs, as in Manne, using the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition principle.
Abstract: A number of resource-allocation problems, including that of multi-item scheduling, may be solved approximately as large linear programs, as in Manne [Management Sci. 4, 115-135 1958]. Dzielinski and Gomory [Management Sci. 11, 874-890 1965] applied the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition principle to this problem. Here, the problem is attacked directly, using a column generation technique and Dantzig and Van Slyke's generalized upper-bounding method [J. Comp. and Syst. Sci. 1, 213-226 1967]. For problems involving I items and T time periods, one need deal with a basis matrix of dimension only T by T. A lower bound on the optimal cost may be developed, and intermediate solutions all have Manne's integer property loc. cit.. Computational experiments, including an option for pricing out subproblem solutions until none is useful, show a number of iterations to optimality of from one-half to one-ninth the number required by the decomposition principle with work per iteration remaining approximately the same. Extensions of the basic model are also described. These form the core of an automated production-scheduling and inventory-control system, currently being used by a major U. S. manufacturer. Computational experience with this extended model is presented.
257 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a number of theorems on diversification in the order of decreasing generality, which are applicable to problems outside the domain of decision theory.
257 citations
TL;DR: The Raman spectra of V a, Vh h, and B -amylose have been recorded, and are interpreted in terms of the proposed mechanism for conversion from the V- into the B-form as mentioned in this paper.
255 citations
TL;DR: The accuracy of the isolated adrenal cell method for assay of ACTH is excellent and the cells are highly selective; they do not respond to relatively large quantities of insulin, glucagon, oxytocin, vasopressin or angiotensin II.
Abstract: Rat adrenal tissue is dispersed with a combination of tryptic digestion and mechanical agitation. Production of corticosterone by the isolated cells in response to a given quantity of ACTH is increased when the calcium concentration of the incubation medium is increased to 3 times that of KRB. Production of corticosterone is enhanced when BSA is added to the medium; production is greater at 0.5% than at 2.0 or 3.0% BSA. Minimum effective dose is 0.1 μU (1.0 pg) of ACTH. The accuracy of the isolated adrenal cell method for assay of ACTH is excellent; λ = 0.01–0.06 compared with λ =0.15–0.25 for other currently employed bioassay methods. In addition, the cells are highly selective; they do not respond to relatively large quantities (107 pg) of insulin, glucagon, oxytocin, vasopressin or angiotensin II. At 107 pg, α-MSH exhibits a weak action corresponding to that exhibited by 10 pg of ACTH. (Endocrinology 88: 1063, 1971)
250 citations
01 Oct 1971
TL;DR: The premonitory events leading to the thermal martensite transformation in nearequiatomic TiNi were studied by transmission electron microscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, warm and cold stage light microscopy and electrical resistivity.
Abstract: The premonitory events leading to the thermal martensite transformation in near-equiatomic TiNi were studied by transmission electron microscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, warm and cold stage light microscopy, and electrical resistivity. Well above theM
s temperature (as defined by surface relief) {111} planes of diffuse intensity begin to form in reciprocal space and slowly intensify with further cooling. Within 20° to 30°C ofM
s the {111} planes diminish in intensity and new discrete maxima in reciprocal space are formed. These intensify rapidly with further cooling down to theM
s temperature where a discontinuous change in crystal structure occurs as indicated by surface relief. The premartensitic phenomena are discussed in terms of lattice vibrations reflecting an incipient mechanical instability of theB2 lattice. Some observations on the martensite transformation itself are also presented.
237 citations
TL;DR: The kinematic technique of instant center analysis of the knee permits identification of the type of motion of the joint surfaces and identifies the centrodes for the range of motion between full ex and half ex.
Abstract: The kinematic technique of instant center analysis of the knee is described. Determination of the instant center or centrode permits identification of the type of motion of the joint surfaces.Twenty-five normal knees were studied and the centrodes were located for the range of motion between full ex
223 citations
TL;DR: Of particular interest is the fact that for a higher percentage of chews, the central incisor remains motionless at closure for more subjects with “normal” occlusion than for subjects with malocclusions.
Abstract: Starting from the closed position, a typical motion of the mandible can be summarized as follows: Both condyles begin the opening immediately downward and forward. Early in the closing stroke, the entire mandible moves laterally. The working side (lateral) condyle moves upward and rearward and reaches its terminal position at the most vertical rearward position of its path before the teeth approach each other far enough to intercuspate. This working side condyle appears to be nearly stationary in the sagittal view for the remaining part of the closing stroke, which is termed the Working Functional Movement (WFM). During the WFM, the working side condyle moves medially to its closed position, while the nonworking side condyle goes upward and laterally to its closed position. The food is usually on the same side as the working side condyle. The paths of motion of the condyles are quite similar for subjects with “normal” occlusions and malocclusions. The closed position repeatability is similar, ranging from 0.01 to 0.06 inch. This is in contrast to the paths of motion of the central incisor where differences among subjects with “normal” and malocclusion are easily detected. Of particular interest is the fact that for a higher percentage of chews, the central incisor remains motionless at closure for more subjects with “normal” occlusion than for subjects with malocclusions.
TL;DR: In 79 patients who had no cardiovascular disease and were scheduled for elective operations, 1 mg.
Abstract: In 79 patients who had no cardiovascular disease and were scheduled for elective operations, 1 mg. of atropine sulfate per 70 Kg. was given in divided doses and electrocardiogram tracings were recorded. The patients' ages ranged from 6 weeks to 79 years. In the young, relatively more atropine was required to accelerate heart rate than was required in adults. In the oldest age group, the tachycardic response to atropine was decreased. Arrhythmias occurred in over 20 per cent of the population but particularly frequently in the young. In adults atrioventricular (A‐V) dissociation was common, and in children atrial rhythm disturbances were common. Arrhythmias were associated with small rather than large doses of atropine.
TL;DR: In classic rheumatoid arthritis, synovial IgM and IgG concentrations were higher than predicted from the above-described interrelationships, suggesting local immunoglobulin synthesis.
Abstract: Passage of plasma proteins from blood into synovial fluid was found quantitatively related to molecular size and to degree of inflammation in four groups of patients differing in severity of synovial inflammation, and in a group of autopsied subjects without joint disease. Greater inflammation was accompanied by augmented passage of each protein across the synovial membrane, and by proportionately greater increase in permeability to larger proteins. In classic rheumatoid arthritis, synovial IgM and IgG concentrations were higher than predicted from the above-described interrelationships, suggesting local immunoglobulin synthesis.
TL;DR: Two electrophoretically distinguishable hemagglutinins, Lens culinaris A and LcH-A, have been obtained from the common lentils in homogeneous forms and it is indicated that both proteins have a large majority of common primary sequence with small areas of unique sequence.
TL;DR: Treatment of blood group H substance at a concentration of 1 mg/ml with O.05 n NaOH and 1 m NaBH 4 at 50 ° results in the release of oligosaccharide side chains with a minimum of degradation.
TL;DR: A single mutant was defective in the synthesis of viral DNA, viral structural antigens, and viral particles, and this mutant stimulated cell DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature and complemented the other two functional groups of mutants.
Abstract: Ten temperature-sensitive mutants of simian virus 40 have been isolated and characterized in permissive cells. The mutants could be divided into three functional groups and two complementation groups. Seven mutants produced T antigen, infectious viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and structural viral antigen but predominantly the empty shell type of viral particles. Two mutants produced T antigen and infectious viral DNA, but, although viral structural protein(s) could be detected immunologically, no V antigen or viral particles were found. These two functional groups of mutants did not complement each other. A single mutant was defective in the synthesis of viral DNA, viral structural antigens, and viral particles. T antigen could be detected in infected cells by fluorescent antibody but was reduced by complement fixation assay. This mutant stimulated cell DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature and complemented the other two functional groups of mutants.
TL;DR: The enantiomers R-(-)- and S-(+)-carvone are the organoleptic constituents in oil of spearmint and caraway, respectively and their odor distinctiveness has been unambiguously demonstrated by chemical interconversion, independent synthesis, and resolution.
Abstract: The enantiomers R-(-)- and S-(+)-carvone are the organoleptic constituents in oil of spearmint and caraway, respectively. Their odor distinctiveness has been unambiguously demonstrated by chemical interconversion, independent synthesis, and resolution. Odor differences between other chiral isomers were also firmly established.
TL;DR: In this paper, the infrared spectra of α-glucose and three C-deuterated d -glucoses in water and deuterium oxide were compared.
TL;DR: The results suggest that homoeotic leg cells and antennal cells can both respond to the same positional information or prepattern, and suggest that determination may be of two types—a clonally inherited determination and an environmental determination.
TL;DR: The following hypothesis is suggested to account for the low viability of Rec(-)E.
Abstract: We have studied the growth properties of 17 isogenic strains of Escherichia coli K-12 differing only in the recA, recB, recC, and sbcA alleles. We have observed the following. (i) All recombination deficient strains have decreased growth rates and decreased viabilities compared with recombination proficient strains. The large populations of nonviable cells in Rec(-) cultures may arise by spontaneous lethal sectoring (9). (ii) A recA mutant strain which is entirely recombination deficient and which shows high ultraviolet sensitivity and "reckless" deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) breakdown has approximately the same growth rate and twice the viability as recB and recC mutant strains which have residual recombination proficiency, moderate ultraviolet sensitivity, and "cautious" DNA breakdown. (iii) Indirectly suppressed (sbcA(-)) recombination proficient (Rec(+)) revertants of recB and recC mutant strains have approximately normal growth rates and are three times as viable as their Rec(-) ancestors (but not as viable as rec(+) cells). We suggest the following hypothesis to account for the low viability of Rec(-)E. coli. Single-strand breaks in the DNA duplex, necessary for normal bacterial growth, may be repaired in a Rec(+) cell. Failure of Rec(-) cells to repair this normal DNA damage may lead to the observed loss of viability.
TL;DR: In this article, the reciprocity theorem of Helmholtz is extended to the clear turbulent atmosphere and two impulse responses (Green's functions) are defined to characterize optical propagation in opposite directions between two parallel planar apertures separated by the turbulent atmosphere.
Abstract: The reciprocity theorem of Helmholtz is extended to the clear turbulent atmosphere. Two impulse responses (Green’s functions) are defined to characterize optical propagation in opposite directions between two parallel planar apertures separated by the turbulent atmosphere. It is shown that these impulse responses satisfy the same reciprocity condition as the free-space impulse responses do. This result underlies recent studies of adaptive communication systems for the turbulent channel.
TL;DR: Plasma glucose and insulin of future obese mice were indistinguishable from those of future normal weight mice prior to weaning and the onset of obesity in affected animals, suggesting that insulin resistance was not structurally determined.
Abstract: The relationships between obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance have been studied in mice with congenital obesity (obob). Plasma glucose and insulin of future obese mice were indistinguishable from those of future normal weight mice prior to weaning and the onset of obesity in affected animals. Insulin sensitivity as determined by in vitro uptake of 2-deoxyglucose by intact diaphragm muscle was demonstrable prior to weaning in obob mice. Plasma insulin first rose significantly at age 26 to 32 days, preceding hyperglycemia. By 6 weeks insulin resistance was well developed, as shown by markedly elevated plasma insulin to glucose ratios and poor response of diaphragm muscle to insulin in vitro. Subsequent further rises in plasma insulin paralleled body weight rather than plasma glucose. No abnormalities in diaphragm muscle structure were seen by electron microscopy, suggesting that insulin resistance was not structurally determined. Intravenous and oral glucose tolerances were diabet...
TL;DR: It is proposed that the epicuticular filaments may arise as liquid crystals with a protein component which becomes stabilized like the rest of the cuticle, which could provide a channel for the movement of both lipids and quinones to the surface.
Abstract: The distribution of phenoloxidase and polyphenols have been studied during cuticle formation at the 4th to 5th molt in Colpodes ethius. Cuticular phenoloxidases arise in the epidermis in cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, pass through the Golgi complex and are transported to the apical face in secretory vesicles. From the cuticular environment some enzyme is pinocytosed and broken down in the apical multivesicular bodies. Phenoloxidase and polyphenols are present during the formation of the cuticulin layer which also reacts as if it were at least partly composed of a phenoloxidase. The rest of the epicuticle incorporates phenoloxidase as it is deposited, particularly that over the dorsal tubercles which later melanize. Polyphenols do not appear until shortly before ecdysis. They are associated with the epicuticular filaments in both epicuticle and presumptive epocuticle. It is proposed that the epicuticular filaments may arise as liquid crystals with a protein component which becomes stabilized like the rest of the cuticle. These structures could provide a channel for the movement of both lipids and quinones to the surface. Phenoloxidases may pass through fibrous cuticle to be deposited as part of the epicuticle but are incorporated in fibrous cuticle scheduled for sclerotization. The time of stabilization is determined by the availability of polyphenols.
TL;DR: It is significant that the copper binding to cytosine involves two of the three sites which are normally involved in hydrogen bonding to guanine in the Watson-Crick base pairing scheme.
TL;DR: When seizures produce asphyxia in the forebrain, the consequent dephosphorylation of adenine nucleotides liberates small amounts of free adenosine which may then diffuse out of cells and activate an adenyl cyclase‐linked receptor that is located on plasma membranes and is accessible from the extracellular space.
Abstract: — Seizures produced significant elevations of the content of adenosine 3′,5′-monosphosphate (cyclic AMP) in mouse forebrain in vivo. The content of cyclic AMP doubled at 5 s and had increased four- to five-fold at 90 s after the onset of tonus. Smaller increases were observed when mice were placed in an 02-enriched atmosphere. The increase in the content in forebrain of cyclic AMP during seizures was significantly reduced in mice that had previously been injected with heophylline or caffeine. The methylxanthines did not alter the initial (pre-ictal) level of cycIicXMP in mouse forebrain. On the basis of these and previous data, the following hypothesis is proposed to account for the present observations : When seizures produce asphyxia in the forebrain, the consequent dephosphorylation of adenine nucleotides liberates small amounts of free adenosine which may then diffuse out of cells and activate an adenyl cyclase-linked receptor that is located on plasma membranes and is accessible from the extracellular space.
TL;DR: The algorithm has been found to be highly effective for a good number of relatively large problems and stems from an efficient suboptimization procedure, which constructs excellent integer solutions from the solutions to linear-programming subproblems.
Abstract: This paper presents an algorithm for the set-covering problem that is, min c'y: Ey ⧠e, y ⧠0, yi integer, where E is an m by n matrix of l's and 0's, and e is an m-vector of l's. The special problem structure permits a rather efficient, yet simple, solution procedure that is basically a 0, 1 search of the single-branch type coupled with linear programming and a suboptimization technique. The algorithm has been found to be highly effective for a good number of relatively large problems. Problems from 30 to 905 variables with as many as 200 rows have been solved in less than 16 minutes on an IBM 360 Model 50 computer. The algorithm's effectiveness stems from an efficient suboptimization procedure, which constructs excellent integer solutions from the solutions to linear-programming subproblems.
TL;DR: The appearance of anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Europe, the Near East, and Africa must represent either an in situ evolution of Neandertals or a migration.
Abstract: The appearance of anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Europe, the Near East, and Africa must represent either an in situ evolution of Neandertals or a migration. Those who suggest the latter claim a sudden replacement of Neandertals by anatomically modern Homo sapiens. However, the “evidence” actually cited claims only the sudden replacement of Middle by Upper Paleolithic industries. We criticize the migration explanation on two grounds. (1) There is no “sudden replacement” of Middle Paleolithic by Upper Paleolithic industries, but rather a gradual change in the frequencies of already present tools. Numerous sites in these areas exhibit transitional industries. (2) Concomitantly, there is no morphological evidence indicating a “sudden replacement” of hominids. There is no absolute association between anatomically modern Homo sapiens and Upper Paleolithic industries. Instead, the evidence clearly shows that early anatomically modern Homo sapiens is a late Middle Paleolithic local phenomenon.
TL;DR: Purified insoluble human collagen was prepared by a procedure that was designed to minimize the possibility of structural modification during purification and contained 14% hydroxyproline which is comparable to that of highly purified tropocollagen.