Showing papers by "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published in 1973"
TL;DR: The intravenous infusion has become indispensable in modern medical therapy, but infection, especially infusion-associated septicemia, remains a life-threatening hazard.
Abstract: The intravenous infusion has become indispensable in modern medical therapy, but infection, especially infusion-associated septicemia, remains a life-threatening hazard. In 1970 to 1971 a ...
520 citations
TL;DR: A method for improving the original Galton microtechnique for detecting leptospiral antibodies has been developed and it is indicated that agreement between the original MA test and this new method exceeded 94%, whereas the originalGaltonmicrotechnique and the originalMA test agreed in a maximum of 77% of the tests.
Abstract: A method for improving the original Galton microtechnique for detecting leptospiral antibodies has been developed. Simultaneous titrations were performed on 281 animal and human sera and 17 hyperimmune sera with the microscopic agglutination (MA) test and the improved microtechnique. Reproducibility of the improved microtechnique was determined independently on 65 animal sera by two laboratory sections. The results obtained by comparing positive test data from human and animal sera indicated that agreement between the original MA test and this new method exceeded 94%, whereas the original Galton microtechnique and the original MA test agreed in a maximum of 77% of the tests. This study indicates that the results obtained with the improved microtechnique are much more comparable to results obtained with the original MA test than are those obtained with the original Galton microtechnique.
520 citations
503 citations
TL;DR: Antepartum vaginal cultures and treatment of group B-positive women will prevent most of these cases of neonatal sepsis and Eradication of the organism is dependent upon evaluation of the husband, who may harbor group B in the urethra.
485 citations
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: The Toxicity of Polychlorinated Polycyclic Compounds and Related Chemicals: Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol.
Abstract: (1973). The Toxicity of Polychlorinated Polycyclic Compounds and Related Chemicals. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 445-498.
293 citations
TL;DR: This research presents a novel and scalable Shigella Vaccine Development Program that aims to provide real-time information about the immune response to the vaccine and its application in clinical practice.
Abstract: Myron M. Levine, Herbert L. DuPont, Samuel B. Formal, Richard B. Hornick, Akio Takeuchi, Eugene J. Gangarosa, Merrill J. Snyder, and Joseph P. Libonati From the Shigella Vaccine Development Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.; and the Bacterial Diseases Branch, Epidemiology Program, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia
231 citations
TL;DR: Various ammonium sulfate concentrations and reaction conditions were employed in the fractionation of sera from rabbits, sheep, horses, and goats, and crude globulins and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Globulins were successfully refractionated by one precipitation in the optimal sulfate concentration for the appropriate animal species.
Abstract: Various ammonium sulfate concentrations and reaction conditions were employed in the fractionation of sera from rabbits, sheep, horses, and goats. Precipitates and supernatant fluids were analyzed by electrophoresis to study the effects of the controlled variables. At room temperature, the third precipitate in 35% saturated (NH(4))(2)SO(4) was the best fraction from both rabbit and sheep sera; 80 to 90% of the gamma globulins were recovered. The second and third precipitates of horse sera proteins in 30% saturated (NH(4))(2)SO(4) were both satisfactory, but only 44% of the gamma globulin was recovered after three precipitations. Goat sera yielded a very satisfactory fraction; 80% of the gamma globulin was recovered after two precipitations-the first in 30% and the second in 45% saturated (NH(4))(2)SO(4). The composition of these fractions was not influenced by the pH of the sulfate solutions (pH 5.8 and 7.2), by a range of normal room temperatures (20 to 30 C), or by diluting the sera before fractionation. Crude globulins and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled globulins were successfully refractionated by one precipitation in the optimal sulfate concentration for the appropriate animal species. The refractionated products contained considerably less beta and alpha globulins than did the original crude fractions and little or no albumin.
203 citations
TL;DR: The distinctive features of P. marneffei include the production of the dark red pigment which diffuses into the agar and the ability of this pathogen to exist in dimorphic forms.
Abstract: The first isolation of Penicillium marneffei , obtained from the liver of a rat captured in Viet Nam, was described in 1956. There have been no additional reports of the isolation of this fungus. Recently our laboratory identified this organism in an isolate from the spleen of a patient with Hodgkin's disease. The distinctive features of P. marneffei include the production of the dark red pigment which diffuses into the agar and the ability of this pathogen to exist in dimorphic forms. At 25 C. it develops the structures typical of the genus Penicillium, while at 37 C. the tan, rough colony has a yeast-like consistency, with small, oval or round yeast cells averaging 3 μ in diameter mixed with short, hyphal elements. Histologically, the organism may resemble Histoplasm capsulatum .
178 citations
TL;DR: A battery of morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests, including paper chromatographic analysis of whole cell hydrolysates, was used to study 177 cultures of aerobic actinomycetes and a flow chart was devised to permit the step by step identification of unknown clinical isolates of these organisms.
Abstract: A battery of morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests, including paper chromatographic analysis of whole cell hydrolysates, was used to study 177 cultures of aerobic actinomycetes. One hundred thirty-five of the 177 were submitted as diagnostic laboratory specimens; of these, 129 were identified as belonging to 1 of 10 genus or species groups. The tests and procedures used were found to be relatively easy to perform and interpret. On the basis of the results, a flow chart was devised to permit the step by step identification of unknown clinical isolates of these organisms.
175 citations
TL;DR: This is believed to be the first adequately documented occurrence of enteropathogenic E. coli foodborne disease in the U.S.A. traced to imported French cheese.
159 citations
TL;DR: A total of 898 group B streptococci isolated from a wide variety of human clinical sources from July 1967 through June 1972 were typed by the Lancefield precipitin test; only 11% of the strains were nontypable.
Abstract: A total of 898 group B streptococci isolated from a wide variety of human clinical sources from July 1967 through June 1972 were typed by the Lancefield precipitin test. Only 11% of the strains were nontypable. Twenty-six percent of the group B strains were from respiratory sources, 22% were from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, 13% were from the female genital tract, 12% were urine specimens, and the remaining 27% were from other varied sources. The clinical conditions reported for patients from whom these organisms were isolated included neonatal meningitis and sepsis, pharyngitis, urinary tract and female genital tract infections, and various skin and wound infections. Seventy percent of the CSF and blood cultures from patients with meningitis or sepsis, or both, were type III, whereas the overall percentage of this type was 32%. All but three CSF isolates were from patients under 2 years of age; the distribution of CSF isolates appeared to be the same for both sexes. In contrast, group B streptococci were isolated more frequently from the blood of males than from the blood of females. There were twice as many blood cultures from patients under 2 years of age than from those that were older. Images
TL;DR: Thin section electron microscopic examination of several viruses of the Bunyamwera serologic supergroup of arbo viruses confirmed their precise similarities in morphology and morphogenesis and their differences from viruses of other groups.
Abstract: Thin section electron microscopic examination of several viruses of the Bunyamwera serologic supergroup of arbo viruses confirmed their precise similarities in morphology and morphogenesis and their differences from viruses of other groups. Several viruses that are serologically unrelated to the supergroup were indistinguishable from Bunyamwera virus when observed in the same way. A separate taxonomic group or ‘family’, ultimately to be based upon multiple common physicochemical virion properties, is proposed to encompass the more than 130 viruses listed; the name Bunyaviridae is proposed for this taxon.
TL;DR: This epidemic provided evidence for 1) the occurrence of Lassa virus in widely separated foci in West Africa, 2) the frequent occurrence of very mild or subclinical LassA infections, and 3) the importance of close personal contact for infection resulting in clinical illness.
Abstract: In March 1972 cases of Lassa fever were recognized among patients and staff at an American missionary hospital in Zorzor, Liberia. Eleven cases were diagnosed clinically, by virus isolation, and by serological tests. Clinically and epidemiologically this nosocomial epidemic resembled a previous one in 1970 in Jos, Nigeria. The index case, apparently sporadically infected in her home village, was hospitalized on an open Obstetrical (OB) Ward. Subsequently, 3 OB patients and 7 members of the hospital staff became ill, all within 1 week of the date of discharge of the index case. The case-fatality rate was 36%. Of 93 other contacts of the index and secondary cases, 8 had CF antibodies indicating recent infection but none had a history of illness. None of 40 hospital staff members without exposure had antibodies. Length and intimacy of exposure to the index case was associated with a high risk of clinical infection. Neither the exact mode(s) of spread within the hospital nor the source of infection of the index case were elucidated. This epidemic provided evidence for 1) the occurrence of Lassa virus in widely separated foci in West Africa, 2) the frequent occurrence of very mild or subclinical Lassa infections, and 3) the importance of close personal contact for infection resulting in clinical illness.
TL;DR: In this article, two distinct types of sepsis were seen in 43 infected infants, one presenting within hours of birth with respiratory distress, and the second presented as meningitis in the late neonatal period.
Abstract: Group B streptococcal neonatal sepsis is a significantly underestimated problem. Epidemiologic studies revealed an incidence of 2 per 1,000 live births and a mortality rate of 1 per 1,000 live births. Vaginal cultures for group B were positive in 4.6 per cent of women at delivery, and 1.2 per cent of their infants had positive thorat cultures. Two distinct types of sepsis were seen in 43 infected infants. One type presented within hours of birth with respiratory distress, and the second presented as meningitis in the late neonatal period. The pattern and severity of disease appeared to be related to the group B serotype isolated. Antepartum vaginal cultures and treatment of group B-positive women will prevent most of these cases of neonatal sepsis. Eradication of the organism is dependent upon evaluation of the husband, who may harbor group B in the urethra.
TL;DR: A detailed investigation of an outbreak in Paragould, Arkansas, traced the source of infection from a local restaurant back to a Mississippi poultry farm using Peruvian fishmeal, illustrating the complexity of the chain of transmission of salmonellosis and emphasises the importance of animal feeds in salmoneLLosis in man.
TL;DR: In this paper, three strains of Pseudomonas cepacia isolated and maintained in distilled water and on a laboratory-subcultured strain transferred to distilled water were investigated.
Abstract: Studies were conducted on three strains of Pseudomonas cepacia isolated and maintained in distilled water and on a laboratory-subcultured strain transferred to distilled water Optimum growth rates and maximum population yields of the four strains in distilled water were obtained at 37 C, although high population levels (106-107/ml) were reached and maintained over extended incubation periods at temperatures from 18 C to 42 C Two strains were able to grow in distilled water at temperatures ranging from 12 C to 48 C and to survive 48 h and 21 days at 50 C and 10 C, respectively Cells from distilled water cultures inoculated into Trypticase soy broth showed an immediate two- to three-log drop at upper and lower temperature limits; survivors were able to initiate logarithmic growth Results obtained in morphological, biochemical, and antibiotic tests affirmed the strain differences noted in growth studies Images
TL;DR: Variability in the susceptibility of group D non-enterococcal streptococci to oxacillin and methicillin sensitivity disks limited the usefulness of these tests for presumptive identification of either enterococci or group D streptitisci.
Abstract: Bile-esculin (Difco), modified bile-esculin (Difco), selective enterococcus (Pfizer Co.), and eosin-methylene blue agar media were evaluated for accuracy in identifying group D streptococci. The regular and modified bile-esculin media performed equally well, but the selective enterococcus and eosin-methylene blue agars did not accurately differentiate the group D from non-group D streptococci. A modified 6.5% NaCl broth was compared with unmodified 6.5% NaCl broth and Streptococcus faecalis (SF; Difco) broth for accuracy in differentiating enterococci from non-enterococci. The modified and unmodified broths worked equally well in the salt tolerance test, but the lot-to-lot variability of SF broth made this medium unusable as an indicator for enterococci. With all seven media, the number of strains giving positive tests decreased when the tests were incubated at 45 C as compared with 35 C, and the number of strains giving negative tests increased. Thus, the number of false-positive identifications decreased, but the number of false-negative identifications increased. Variability in the susceptibility of group D non-enterococcal streptococci to oxacillin and methicillin sensitivity disks limited the usefulness of these tests for presumptive identification of either enterococci or group D streptococci.
TL;DR: The most extensive heterologies were observed in heteroduplexes prepared with DNA from serotypes belonging to the different serologic groups, and it was found that the integrated SV40 virus DNA in an Ad 7-SV40 hybrid genome was situated in one of these regions.
TL;DR: A total of 590 cultures of adenovirus, including all 33 prototype strains and 346 wild strains, were studied for determination of their agglutinability with red blood cells (RBC) of 14 animal species, and 10 subgroups were helpful in identification and characterization of intermediate and atypical strains.
Abstract: A total of 590 cultures of adenovirus, including all 33 prototype strains and 346 wild strains, were studied for determination of their agglutinability with red blood cells (RBC) of 14 animal species. All variables normally encountered in HA tests, such as host culture system, harvest conditions, hemagglutinin stability, reproducibility of the HA test system, and erythrocyte sensitivity, were considered. Although most adenovirus serotypes showed distinctive composites of agglutinability with RBC from all species at 37 C, 22 C, and 2 C, the 33 types that infect man were divided into 10 subgroups solely on the basis of differential hemagglutination titers with rhesus monkey, human, and rat erythrocytes at 37 C. These subgroups were helpful in identification of adenovirus isolates, which were correctly subgrouped 94% of the time in a blind, coded evaluation, and in characterization of intermediate and atypical strains.
TL;DR: Fungi grow more slowly in TPN solution prepared from synthetic amino acids and dextrose, and the bacteria tested fail to multiply, apparently because of a lack of growth factors and an inhibitory phenomenon.
Abstract: Summary C albicans, T glabrata, and certain bacterial pathogens proliferate rapidly at room temperature in TPN solution prepared from casein hydrolysate and dextrose. Fungi grow more slowly in TPN solution prepared from synthetic amino acids and dextrose, and the bacteria tested fail to multiply, apparently because of a lack of growth factors and an inhibitory phenomenon. Therefore, the use of synthetic amino acid-dextrose solution may decrease the risk of sepsis if contaminated fluid is infused. TPN fluid should be used as soon as possible after preparation, but if solutions must be stored, refrigeration at 4°C will suppress growth of the pathogens tested.
TL;DR: The Negro boys and girls evidenced a 0.30 standard deviation emergence advancement of non-uniform or “patterned” nature, with the greatest temporal difference for the mandibular lateral incisors in both sexes.
TL;DR: A rapid sugar fermentation procedure has been developed for the confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from either primary isolation media or purification media and proper fermentation patterns are obtained in 1 to 4 h with no interference from inhibited contaminants or variation in results due to differing growth requirements of gonococcal strains.
Abstract: A rapid sugar fermentation procedure has been developed for the confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from either primary isolation media or purification media. A lightly buffered salt solution with pH indicator and sugars was heavily inoculated with presumptively positive growth. Proper fermentation patterns are obtained in 1 to 4 h with no interference from inhibited contaminants or variation in results due to differing growth requirements of gonococcal strains.
TL;DR: Infusion-associated septicemia is an appreciable hazard to the more than 8 million patients who receive intravenous therapy in U.S. hospitals each year and Rigorous infection control measures are needed.
Abstract: Infusion-associated septicemia is an appreciable hazard to the more than 8 million patients who receive intravenous therapy in U.S. hospitals each year. Rigorous infection control measures...
TL;DR: Studies were carried out to develop fluorescent antibody reagents for the identification of the Prototheca species and for their differentiation from morphologically similar fungi of various genera in formalin-fixed tissues, and evaluation of the adsorbed conjugates showed that these reagents are useful for the rapid and reliable identification.
Abstract: Studies were carried out to develop fluorescent antibody reagents for the identification of the Prototheca species and for their differentiation from morphologically similar fungi of various genera in formalin-fixed tissues. Antisera against representative isolates of P. filamenta, P. moriformis, P. stagnora, P. wickerhamii, and P. zopfii were produced in rabbits. Antiglobulins, labeled with fluorescein-isothiocyanate that intensely stained most cells of the homologous species, were selected for use as potential diagnostic reagents. By adsorbing the conjugates with selected heterologous cross-staining protothecae, reagents that were both sensitive and specific were obtained. Evaluation of the adsorbed conjugates with sections of tissue infected with protothecae, sections of tissue infected with morphologically similar fungi, and cultures of protothecae showed that these reagents are useful for the rapid and reliable identification of the Prototheca species.
TL;DR: The course of St. Louis encephalitis virus infection of Culex pipiens pipiens Linn, mosquitoes was followed sequentially by electron microscopy, indicating a directional “preference” of virus for shedding through apical plasma membrane.
TL;DR: The occurrence of spontaneous lysis in approximately 10 percent of aspergillomata is significant and should be considered when evaluating claims of effective medical treatment.
TL;DR: It is recommended that all Kirby-Bauer tests be incubated at a temperature of 35 C to insure detection of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains.
Abstract: Heteroresistant (methicillin-resistant) and nonheteroresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for their susceptibility to penicillinase-resistant penicillins at incubation temperatures of 37, 35, and 30 C. Susceptibilities were determined by agar dilution and by the standard Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion tests. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were higher at 35 and 30 C than at 37 C. Heteroresistance could be detected with the Kirby-Bauer test if the incubation temperature was 30 or 35 C instead of 37 C, when tests were performed against methicillin, oxacillin, or nafcillin, because the resistant organisms grew up to the disks even though the susceptible organisms were inhibited. At 37 C, the resistance was detectable with some strains but not with others. When cloxacillin disks were used, the temperature effect was not seen. The incubation temperature did not affect results with nonheteroresistant strains. Therefore, it is recommended that all Kirby-Bauer tests be incubated at a temperature of 35 C to insure detection of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. Detection of these strains is of increasing importance because the incidence of infections with these organisms is increasing, particularly in hospitalized patients.
TL;DR: Three branched-chain hydroxy acids not previously reported in other bacteria were found in extracts from saponified whole cells of Pseudomonas maltophilia, appearing to be tightly bound to other cellular components.
Abstract: Three branched-chain hydroxy acids not previously reported in other bacteria were found in extracts from saponified whole cells of Pseudomonas maltophilia. On the basis of evidence from mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatographic procedures, they were identified as 2-hydroxy-9-methyldecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-9-methyldecanoic acid, and 3-hydroxy-11-methyldodecanoic acid. These acids appeared to be tightly bound to other cellular components since they were not extracted from lyophilized cells with a chloroform-methanol (3:1) mixture.