Institution
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Government•Atlanta, Georgia, United States•
About: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a government organization based out in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Public health. The organization has 58238 authors who have published 82592 publications receiving 4405701 citations. The organization is also known as: CDC & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Topics: Population, Public health, Poison control, Vaccination, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: Strain surveillance helps to determine whether the most prevalent local strains are likely to be covered by the serotype antigens found in current vaccines, and identified globally (G9) or regionally (G5, G8, and P2A[6]) common serotypes not cover by the reassortant vaccines that have undergone efficacy trials.
Abstract: The development of rotavirus vaccines that are based on heterotypic or serotype-specific immunity has prompted many countries to establish programs to assess the disease burden associated with rotavirus infection and the distribution of rotavirus strains. Strain surveillance helps to determine whether the most prevalent local strains are likely to be covered by the serotype antigens found in current vaccines. After introduction of a vaccine, this surveillance could detect which strains might not be covered by the vaccine. Almost 2 decades ago, studies demonstrated that 4 globally common rotavirus serotypes (G1-G4) represent >90% of the rotavirus strains in circulation. Subsequently, these 4 serotypes were used in the development of reassortant vaccines predicated on serotype-specific immunity. More recently, the application of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction genotyping, nucleotide sequencing, and antigenic characterization methods has confirmed the importance of the 4 globally common types, but a much greater strain diversity has also been identified (we now recognize strains with at least 42 P-G combinations). These studies also identified globally (G9) or regionally (G5, G8, and P2A[6]) common serotype antigens not covered by the reassortant vaccines that have undergone efficacy trials. The enormous diversity and capacity of human rotaviruses for change suggest that rotavirus vaccines must provide good heterotypic protection to be optimally effective.
598 citations
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TL;DR: Findings support the effectiveness of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for the prevention of bacteremia, but they suggest that alternative strategies are needed to prevent nonbacteremic pneumonia, which is a more common manifestation of pneumitiscal infection in elderly persons.
Abstract: BackgroundStreptococcus pneumoniae is the chief cause of pneumonia in older adults, but it remains unclear whether use of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine alters the overall risk of community-acquired pneumonia. In a large population of older adults, we assessed the effectiveness of the pneumococcal vaccine. MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, 47,365 Group Health Cooperative members 65 years of age or older were assessed over a three-year period. The primary outcomes were hospitalization because of community-acquired pneumonia (validated by chart review), pneumonia in patients who were not hospitalized (“outpatient pneumonia,” determined from administrative data sources), and pneumococcal bacteremia. The association between pneumococcal vaccination and the risk of each outcome was evaluated by means of multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models, with adjustment for age, sex, nursing-home residence or nonresidence, smoking status, medical conditions, and receipt or nonreceipt of influenza v...
598 citations
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TL;DR: Children exposed to higher, compared with lower, chlorpyrifos levels were significantly more likely to experience Psychomotor Development Index and Mental Development Index delays, attention problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder problems, and pervasive developmental disorder problems at 3 years of age.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE.The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos on 3-year neurodevelopment and behavior in a sample of inner-city minority children. METHODS.As part of an ongoing prospective cohort study in an inner-city minority population, neurotoxicant effects of prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos were evaluated in 254 children through the first 3 years of life. This report examined cognitive and motor development at 12, 24, and 36 months (measured with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II) and child behavior at 36 months (measured with the Child Behavior Checklist) as a function of chlorpyrifos levels in umbilical cord plasma. RESULTS.Highly exposed children (chlorpyrifos levels of 6.17 pg/g plasma) scored, on average, 6.5 points lower on the Bayley Psychomotor Development Index and 3.3 points lower on the Bayley Mental Development Index at 3 years of age compared with those with lower levels of exposure. Children exposed to higher, compared with lower, chlorpyrifos levels were also significantly more likely to experience Psychomotor Development Index and Mental Development Index delays, attention problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder problems, and pervasive developmental disorder problems at 3 years of age. CONCLUSIONS.The adjusted mean 36-month Psychomotor Development Index and Mental Development Index scores of the highly and lower exposed groups differed by only 7.1 and 3.0 points, respectively, but the proportion of delayed children in the high-exposure group, compared with the low-exposure group, was 5 times greater for the Psychomotor Development Index and 2.4 times greater for the Mental Development Index, increasing the number of children possibly needing early intervention services.
598 citations
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TL;DR: A substantial number of influenza-associated deaths occurred among U.S. children during the 2003-2004 influenza season, and high priority should be given to improvements in influenza-vaccine coverage and improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of influenza to reduce childhood mortality from influenza.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Although influenza is common among children, pediatric mortality related to laboratory-confirmed influenza has not been assessed nationally. METHODS During the 2003-2004 influenza season, we requested that state health departments report any death associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza in a U.S. resident younger than 18 years of age. Case reports, medical records, and autopsy reports were reviewed, and available influenza-virus isolates were analyzed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS One hundred fifty-three influenza-associated deaths among children were reported by 40 state health departments. The median age of the children was three years, and 96 of them (63 percent) were younger than five years old. Forty-seven of the children (31 percent) died outside a hospital setting, and 45 (29 percent) died within three days after the onset of illness. Bacterial coinfections were identified in 24 of the 102 children tested (24 percent). Thirty-three percent of the children had an underlying condition recognized to increase the risk of influenza-related complications, and 20 percent had other chronic conditions; 47 percent had previously been healthy. Chronic neurologic or neuromuscular conditions were present in one third. The mortality rate was highest among children younger than six months of age (0.88 per 100,000 children; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.52 to 1.39 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS A substantial number of influenza-associated deaths occurred among U.S. children during the 2003-2004 influenza season. High priority should be given to improvements in influenza-vaccine coverage and improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of influenza to reduce childhood mortality from influenza.
598 citations
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Public Health Foundation of India1, University of Edinburgh2, University of Colorado Denver3, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases4, University of Melbourne5, Johns Hopkins University6, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention7, Medical Research Council8, Kenya Medical Research Institute9, University of Barcelona10, Health Protection Agency11, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium12, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine13, Boston Children's Hospital14, University of the Witwatersrand15, All India Institute of Medical Sciences16, Aga Khan University17, Universidad de Ciencias Medicas18, Universidade Federal de Goiás19, University of Buenos Aires20, United Nations Development Programme21, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala22, University of Liverpool23, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation24, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh25
TL;DR: The data suggest that although 62% of children with severe ALRI are treated in hospitals, 81% of deaths happen outside hospitals, which suggests community-based management of severe disease could be an important complementary strategy to reduce pneumonia mortality and health inequities.
597 citations
Authors
Showing all 58382 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
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Graham A. Colditz | 261 | 1542 | 256034 |
David J. Hunter | 213 | 1836 | 207050 |
Bernard Rosner | 190 | 1162 | 147661 |
Richard Peto | 183 | 683 | 231434 |
Aaron R. Folsom | 181 | 1118 | 134044 |
Didier Raoult | 173 | 3267 | 153016 |
James F. Sallis | 169 | 825 | 144836 |
David R. Jacobs | 165 | 1262 | 113892 |
Steven N. Blair | 165 | 879 | 132929 |
Gordon J. Freeman | 164 | 579 | 105193 |
Dennis R. Burton | 164 | 683 | 90959 |
Rory Collins | 162 | 489 | 193407 |
Ali H. Mokdad | 156 | 634 | 160599 |
Caroline S. Fox | 155 | 599 | 138951 |
Paul Elliott | 153 | 773 | 103839 |