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Institution

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

GovernmentAtlanta, Georgia, United States
About: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is a government organization based out in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Public health. The organization has 58238 authors who have published 82592 publications receiving 4405701 citations. The organization is also known as: CDC & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From December 2005 until just before the current human epidemic of swine-origin influenza viruses, there was sporadic infection with triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) viruses in persons with exposure to pigs in the United States.
Abstract: Background Triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) viruses — containing genes from avian, human, and swine influenza viruses — emerged and became enzootic among pig herds in North America during the late 1990s. Methods We report the clinical features of the first 11 sporadic cases of infection of humans with triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) viruses reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, occurring from December 2005 through February 2009, until just before the current epidemic of swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) among humans. These data were obtained from routine national influenza surveillance reports and from joint case investigations by public and animal health agencies. Results The median age of the 11 patients was 10 years (range, 16 months to 48 years), and 4 had underlying health conditions. Nine of the patients had had exposure to pigs, five through direct contact and four through visits to a location where pigs were present but without contact. In another patient, hu...

564 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Despite relatively low cord serum concentrations, there are small negative associations between both PFOS and PFOA concentrations and birth weight and size and future studies should attempt to replicate these findings in other populations.
Abstract: Polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) comprise a class of man-made, fluorinated organic compounds that have been used in a variety of consumer and industrial applications. Although these have been produced for many years, only recently have reports surfaced suggesting widespread exposure in wildlife and humans (Butenhoff et al. 2006; Calafat et al. 2007; Giesy and Kannan 2001; Houde et al. 2006; Kannan et al. 2004). Two of the most widely detected and studied compounds in this class are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). PFOS and related compounds (polyfluorinated sulfonamides) are surfactants used in applications ranging from oil and water repellents for fabrics, apparel, carpets, and paper coatings to specialty chemical applications such as insecticides and fire fighting foams (3M Company 1999). PFOA and its salts are used as chemical intermediates and processing aids in the production of fluoropolymers and fluoroelastomers. Both PFOS and PFOA have shown the potential for developmental toxicity in animal studies. PFOS has been shown, in rats and mice, to induce developmental and reproductive effects, such as reduced birth weight, decreased gestational length, structural defects, developmental delays, and increased neonatal mortality (Fuentes et al. 2006; Grasty et al. 2003; Lau et al. 2003; Luebker et al. 2005a, 2005b; Thibodeaux et al. 2003). Recent studies have also reported developmental toxicity from PFOA in rodents, including pregnancy loss, reduced fetal weight, reduced postnatal survival, and delays in postnatal growth and development in offspring (Butenhoff et al. 2004; Lau et al. 2004, 2006). However, such studies of PFOS and PFOA have been conducted using doses that produce serum concentrations much higher than general population human exposures. There are limited epidemiologic data on the potential impacts of PFC exposure on fetal growth and development. However, one recent occupational study found no association between employment in jobs with high exposure to PFOS before the end of pregnancy and maternally reported birth weight (Grice et al. 2007). PFOS and PFOA have also been shown to cause reductions in serum cholesterol and/or triglycerides in several animal species (Haughom and Spydevold 1992; Seacat et al. 2002, 2003; Thibodeaux et al. 2003). Conversely, a few cross-sectional occupational studies conducted among fluorochemical production employees have reported positive relationships between PFOS and/or PFOA concentrations and serum lipid levels (Gilliland and Mandel 1996; Olsen et al. 1999, 2003). The fetus is likely to be sensitive to the availability of cholesterol and triglycerides, which support cellular growth, differentiation, and adipose accumulation (Woollett 2001). Disruptions to normal fetal growth and development have been associated with effects across the lifespan, including adverse neonatal and childhood outcomes (Hofman et al. 1997; Kramer et al. 1990) and metabolic diseases in adulthood (Barker 2006). In a previous report, we documented factors associated with cord serum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in a population of newborn deliveries known as the Baltimore THREE study (Apelberg et al. 2007). In this study, we examined the relationship between these concentrations and gestational age, birth weight, and measures of birth size, including head circumference, length, and ponderal index (a measure of body mass at birth).

564 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: LED is common in the U.S. and twice as high among individuals with diagnosed diabetes and among those with and without diagnosed diabetes, and in non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans than non- Hispanic whites.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE —Although lower-extremity disease (LED), which includes lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and peripheral neuropathy (PN), is disabling and costly, no nationally representative estimates of its prevalence exist. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of lower-extremity PAD, PN, and overall LED in the overall U.S. population and among those with and without diagnosed diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —The analysis consisted of data for 2,873 men and women aged ≥40 years, including 419 with diagnosed diabetes, from the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The main outcome measures consisted of the prevalence of lower-extremity PAD (defined as ankle-brachial index RESULTS —Of the U.S. population aged ≥40 years, 4.5% (95% CI 3.4–5.6) have lower-extremity PAD, 14.8% (12.8–16.8) have PN, and 18.7% (15.9–21.4) have any LED. Prevalence of PAD, PN, and overall LED increases steeply with age and is higher ( P CONCLUSIONS —LED is common in the U.S. and twice as high among individuals with diagnosed diabetes. These conditions disproportionately affect the elderly, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans.

563 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
08 Apr 1988-JAMA
TL;DR: The epidemic rise in S enteritidis infections due to Grade A shell eggs is unlike past problems of salmonellosis associated with cracked or soiled eggs and raises the possibility of trans-ovarian contamination of eggs with S Enteritidis.
Abstract: From 1976 to 1986, reported Salmonella enteritidis infections increased more than sixfold in the northeastern United States. From January 1985 to May 1987, sixty-five foodborne outbreaks of S enteritidis were reported in the Northeast that were associated with 2119 cases and 11 deaths. Twenty-seven (77%) of the 35 outbreaks with identified food vehicles were caused by Grade A shell eggs or foods that contained such eggs. National data from 1973 to 1984 showed that S enteritidis outbreaks (44%) were more frequently associated with egg-containing foods than were outbreaks of other Salmonella serotypes (15%). Reflecting the geographic distribution of human illness, cultures of bulk raw eggs from pasteurization plants in the Northeast more frequently yielded S enteritidis (10%) than did eggs from other regions of the United States (0%). The epidemic rise in S enteritidis infections due to Grade A shell eggs is unlike past problems of salmonellosis associated with cracked or soiled eggs and raises the possibility of transovarian contamination of eggs with S enteritidis . New techniques may therefore be needed to control resurgent egg-associated salmonellosis in the United States. ( JAMA 1988;259:2103-2107)

563 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains are becoming resistant to not only the most powerful first- line drugs but also many second-line drugs.
Abstract: Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that are resistant to an increasing number of second-line drugs used to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) are becoming a threat to public health worldwide. We surveyed the Network of Supranational Reference Laboratories for M. tuberculosis isolates that were resistant to second-line anti-TB drugs during 2000–2004. We defined extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR TB) as MDR TB with further resistance to >3 of the 6 classes of second-line drugs. Of 23 eligible laboratories, 14 (61%) contributed data on 17,690 isolates, which reflected drug susceptibility results from 48 countries. Of 3,520 (19.9%) MDR TB isolates, 347 (9.9%) met criteria for XDR TB. Further investigation of population-based trends and expanded efforts to prevent drug resistance and effectively treat patients with MDR TB are crucial for protection of public health and control of TB.

563 citations


Authors

Showing all 58382 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Graham A. Colditz2611542256034
David J. Hunter2131836207050
Bernard Rosner1901162147661
Richard Peto183683231434
Aaron R. Folsom1811118134044
Didier Raoult1733267153016
James F. Sallis169825144836
David R. Jacobs1651262113892
Steven N. Blair165879132929
Gordon J. Freeman164579105193
Dennis R. Burton16468390959
Rory Collins162489193407
Ali H. Mokdad156634160599
Caroline S. Fox155599138951
Paul Elliott153773103839
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202327
2022254
20215,505
20205,426
20194,527
20184,344