Central Economics and Mathematics Institute

About: Central Economics and Mathematics Institute is a facility organization based out in Moscow, Russia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Foreign-exchange reserves. The organization has 297 authors who have published 580 publications receiving 6449 citations. The organization is also known as: Federal State Institution of Science Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

On assigning service life for technical systems under inflation

Abstract: A technical system is used by an enterprise that is a typical market participant to perform specific work. During operation, the operating characteristics of the system deteriorate. In case of a possible failure of the system, it is decommissioned and this causes losses for the enterprise. It turns out that it is beneficial to assign a certain service life to the system after which (if no failure has occurred) it is subject to decommissioning. We are solving the problem of optimizing this assigned service life. Usually, when solving it, inflation is not taken into account, and the optimality criteria are the average costs per unit of time and other indicators that do not fully reflect the commercial interests of the enterprise owning the system. Using the principles and methods of valuation, we build a mathematical model and propose formulas that allow us, taking into account inflation, to find the optimal assigned service life of the system and at the same time estimate the market value of the work performed by the system and calculate the change in the market value of the system with age. Moreover, in this problem, the optimality criterion is the ratio of the expected discounted costs to the expected discounted volume of work performed by the system. We show that such a criterion maximizes the market value of the enterprise owning the system. We give examples of using the constructed model. The results obtained can be used both for solving other optimization problems of the reliability theory and for practical valuation of some types of machinery and equipment.

On the problems of global warming and carbon neutrality

Abstract: Recently, there has been an accelerated growth in the number and volume of new scientific developments and research on global climate warming and the consequences of its impact on nature. The purpose of the publication of this review is to summarize and analyze materials from various sources (primarily official documents) on this issue. In particular, the results of the UN Climate Summit COP 27 and previous international meetings are discussed, as well as research by domestic scientific organizations. There are more than 20 references to relevant documents. The necessity of additional efforts to maintain the increase in global average temperature at the level of 1.5 degrees Celsius is shown. The role of Russia in international cooperation in combating climate change and the obligations of our country to limit greenhouse gas emissions under the Paris Agreement are considered. The data provided make it possible to justify the possibility of achieving the stated goal by 2030.

Patent Activity as an Indicator Determining the Vector of Development of the World Economy

Abstract: Analysis of the change in the number of annually filed patent applications is a new method for studying the patterns of economic development. The article considers two trends. Firstly, the growth of patent applications is decreasing in the whole world with the exception of China since the 1980s excluding the short – term interval of 1997–2002, after 2002 does not exceed 1.5% per year. In China, the annual 20% increase in the number of patent applications over 25 years led to an increase in its share in the patent applications of the world by more than 40%. At the same time, the distribution of patent applications in various areas in China almost completely correlates with the global vector of scientific and technological development. Secondly: there was a change in the nature of the movement in the direction of diversification of the global scientific and technological development, as indicated by the dynamics of the Herfindahl – Hirschman index. At least from 1980 to the end of the 20th century, the monopolization index had been decreasing. The change occurred in 1997–2002, and since 2002 the monopolization index has been growing. There is an increase in the share of patent applications in the areas of Computer technology, Digital communication, Electrical equipment apparatus, Energy, Measurement. At the same time, the share of both wellformed areas, the share of which is above 2–3% (these are Telecommunications, Textile and paper machines, Audiovisual technology, Machine tools, Organic fine chemistry, Chemical engineering), and those at the initial stage (basic communication, Micro-structural and nano-technology) are decreasing. The analysis of the dynamics Revealed Technological Advantage performed. For the leading economies of the world, directions of technological development have been revealed, along which the most successful development takes place. It is shown that the directions in which the share of patent applications in Russia is ahead of its average world level, namely Food chemistry, Micro-structural and nanotechnology, Analysis of biological materials, have had a negative dynamics in the world over the past five years. Therefore, the adjustment of the domestic vector of scientific and technological development and the transfer of efforts to the development of computer technology, medical technology, civil engineering, computer technology is required.