Showing papers by "Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention published in 2001"

Biomarker Risk Assessment and Bladder Cancer Detection in a Cohort Exposed to Benzidine

Abstract: Background Cancer screening with highly sensitive, specific biomarkers that reflect molecular phenotypic alterations is an attractive strategy for cancer control. We examined whether biomarker profiles could be used for risk assessment and cancer detection in a cohort of Chinese workers occupationally exposed to benzidine and at risk for bladder cancer. Methods The cohort consisted of 1788 exposed and 373 nonexposed workers, followed from 1991 through 1997. We assayed urothelial cells from voided urine samples for DNA ploidy (expressed as the 5C-exceeding rate [DNA 5CER]), the bladder tumor-associated antigen p300, and a cytoskeletal protein (G-actin). Workers were stratified into different risk groups (high, moderate, and low risk) at each examination based on a predefined biomarker profile. For workers who developed bladder cancer, tumor risk assessment was analyzed from samples collected 6-12 months before the cancer diagnosis. The associations between risk group and subsequent development of bladder cancer were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and logistic analysis, after adjustment. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Twenty-eight bladder cancers were diagnosed in exposed workers and two in nonexposed workers. For risk assessment, DNA 5CER had 87.5% sensitivity, 86.5% specificity, an odds ratio (OR) of 46.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.1 to 867.0), and a risk ratio (RR) of 16.2 (95% CI = 7.1 to 37.0); p300 had 50.0% sensitivity, 97.9% specificity, an OR of 40.0 (95% CI = 9.0 to 177.8), and an RR of 37.9 (95% CI = 16.8 to 85.3). The risk of developing bladder cancer was 19.6 (95% CI = 8.0 to 47.9) times higher in workers positive for either the DNA 5CER or p300 biomarkers than in workers negative for both biomarkers and 81.4 (95% CI = 33.3 to 199.3) times higher in workers positive for both biomarkers. G-actin was a poor marker of individual risk. Conclusions Occupationally exposed workers at risk for bladder cancer can be individually stratified, screened, monitored, and diagnosed based on predefined molecular biomarker profiles.

A novel method for purification of recombinant adenoassociated virus vectors on a large scale

Abstract: A novel method for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) purification on large scale is described. The method involves three steps, including chloroform treatment, PEG/NaCl precipitation and chloroform extraction. The whole procedure can be performed in four hours. Using this purification method, we can reproducibly obtain, from 4 × 109 of proviral cells cultured in roller bottles, purified rAAV-GFP stocks with titers of around 5 × 1013 particles/mL and purity greater than 95%. The infectious titers of the vector stocks were up to 2 × 1012 TU/mL, thus particle-to-infectivity rate was about 25. Under an electronic microscope, most rAAV particles appeared full and a few were in intermediate form. Empty particles were rarely seen. The purified rAAV-GFP stocks have been successfully used inin vitro andin vivo transfection experiments. Therefore, this new method offers a simple, rapid and cost-effective way for large-scale rAAV purification.

Transition of dietary pattern in China

Abstract: The implications of dietary transition in China during the past 50 years were investigated. Data were collected from the representative national surveys, China Health and Nutrition Survey (1989-1997), China National Nutrition Survey (1982 and 1992), the Annual Household Consumption Surveys of the State Statistic Bureau and the Annual Death Report of China. In the early part of the major economic transformation, cereal intake increased before 1985 and decreased thereafter. There was also a long-term reduction of vegetable consumption, which has stabilized now. Intakes of animal foods increased slowly before 1979 and more quickly after the economic reforms occurred. The total energy intake has reduced, as energy expenditure has, large changes in the composition of energy have occurred. The proportion of energy from fat increased quickly and reached 27.3% in average and 32.8% in urban residents in 1997. More than one third of all Chinese adults and 58.4% of adults in urban areas consuming over 30% of their energy from fat. These changes resulted in rapid increases the prevalence of overweight and obesity and dietary-related chronic non-communicable diseases in urban residents. The traditional Chinese diet is shifting towards a diet with high fat, high energy density and low dietary fiber. The Chinese diets have entered into a new stage of transition.

The complete genome of Enterovirus 71 China strain.

Abstract: Five overlapping clones covering the full genome of Enterovirus 71 China strain SHZH98 were obtained and then the sequences were determined by the chain termination method. It showed that the full length of EV71 SHZH98 genome (not including Poly A tail) is 7408 bp. There are some diversities on the lengths and sequences of 5′ UTR and 3′ UTR between SHZH98 and the other EV71 strains. In P1 capsid region, which is closely associated with viral immunogenicity, EV71 strain SHZH98 shares the highest homology with Taiwan strains; but in P2 and P3 non-structural gene regions there are higher identities with Coxsakievirus A16 and EV71 strains MS, BrCr than with Taiwan strains. Phylogenetic tree constructed by structural gene region indicates that China strain SHZH98 has a closer relationship with Taiwan strains, however, in the non-coding region it has a closer relationship with Coxsakievirus A16, EV71 strains MS and BrCr. EV71 China strain was analyzed at the molecular level. The results will contribute to the basic study on enteroviruses and the EV71 prevention in China.

Dependence of papanicolaou gradings of exfoliated urothelial cells upon GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphism in benzidine-exposed workers of the Shanghai dye industry.

Abstract: The distribution of the polymorphic alleles of the genes coding for glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) M1 and T1 was compared with the results of cytological grading of exfoliated urothelial cells (Pap test) in a non-diseased high-risk group of workers formerly exposed to benzidine in the Shanghai dyestuff industry (n = 317). All subjects were genotyped for GSTT1 and M1 gene polymorphism by allele-specific PCR. Individuals were stratified according to their job and duration of exposure. A subgroup of 78 individuals with cytological gradings of grade III or higher in the Pap test showed a significant under-representation of the combination of GSTT1 0/0 and M1 0/0 genotypes compared with 238 subjects with a cytological classification lower than grade III (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.31-0.98. P=0.04). These results suggest that neither the GSTM1 0/0 or GSTT1 0/ 0 genotype alone nor their combination had a clear association with cytopathological changes in exfoliated urothelial cells from individuals previously exposed to benzidine in Shanghai. This contradicts the results of studies indicating that the GSTM1 0/0 genotype is associated with an increased risk for bladder cancer in the general population, mostly outside China.

Distributions of body mass index of Chinese adults

Abstract: Based on the Third China National Nutrition Survey conducted in 1992, the distribution of body mass index (BMI) in 44,485 adults aged 20-60 y was analyzed, and the cutoff points of BMI for overweight and obesity were also explored. The results showed that the BMI of Chinese adults was in logarithmic normal distribution. The average BMI of this population was 22.1 +/- 3.1. The 50th, 85th and 95th percentiles of BMI were 21.6, 24.9 and 27.4 kg/m2 respectively. The 85th percentile of BMI was much closer to the BMI cutoff points for overweight recommended by WHO, but the 95th percentile was much lower than WHO's cutoff points for obesity. The distribution of BMI based on age, gender and urban/rural areas was different and with statistical significance. It is considered that age and gender should be taken into account while setting up BMI cutoff points for the overweight and obesity of a population, as well as considering the relationships among BMI and morbidity and mortality, body fat composition, and some blood biochemical indexes.

Second sampled survey on the distribution of human parasites in Zhejiang Province

Abstract: OBJECTIVE Twenty-six species of human parasites were recorded in Zhejiang Province in 1987-1989 as a part of the national investigation on the distribution of human parasites, and the total prevalence was 80.2%. In order to find out possible changes on the composition of parasite species and decrease of prevalence after control intervention particularly mass chemotherapy in the past years and provide evidence for an improved control strategy, the second sampled survey was carried out from 1998 to 1999. METHODS Ten counties were identified randomly out of 28 counties where the last survey was conducted following the same sampling method. Same technics were used for case detection and data processing. RESULTS The total infection rate in a sample of 15,698 was 22.84% was 22.84% in 30 investigation spots in 10 counties, and 17 species of parasites were revealed. The overall prevalence was reduced by 71.51% in comparison to that of 1989, and the number of parasite species was 17, 9 less than that of the last investigation. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of human parasites has greatly declined in this province due to the socioeconomic development and adoption of comprehensive control measures focusing on mass chemotherapy in the past decade.

Production of Recombinant Human IgG Antibodies in the Baculovirus Expression System

Abstract: As a well-established method, phage display has been widely used to select scFv or Fab antibody fragments specific for many different antigens (see Chapters 9-16 of this book). For some purposes, it is required to reassemble the variable regions of the selected antibodies with constant regions to generate complete recombinant human antibodies. Expression of entire IgG molecules, however, is not feasible in E. coli, thus an eukaryotic IgG expression vector system is needed.

Evaluation on prevention and treatment of pesticide intoxication using method of rank sum ratio

Abstract: Objective] To explore the role of method of rank sum ratio (RSR) in evaluation on prevention and treatment of occupational pesticide intoxication in Shanghai [Methods] Six parameters (incidence of pesticide intoxication, incidence of moderate intoxication, incidence of severe intoxication, incidence of methamidophes intoxication, incidence of intoxication in professional sprayers, incidence of intoxication in non-trained sprayers) were used to analyze the level of prevention and therapy of pesticide intoxication The rank sum ratios (RSRs) of those six parameters were calculated from 1992 to 1999 respectively and grouped based on the time period [Results] The incidences of intoxication in 1994, 1995, 1996 and 1997 were not corresponding to their RSRs RSRs during 1998～1999 were statistically different from those during 1992～1997(P005) [Conclusion] Prevention and treatment of pesticide intoxication during 1998～1999 were better than those during 1992～1997The comprehensive evaluation of prevention and treatment of pesticide intoxication using method of RSR has given the results in accordance with the practical situation, and this method is widely applicable, its calculation is simple

Value of HIV viral load and CD_4 lymphocytes counts as markers of HIV infections

Abstract: Objective] To investigate the value of HIV viral load (VL) and CD 4 lymphocytes counts as the markers of clinical course for HIV infections [Methods] To follow-up the change in VL and CD 4 counts tested by bDNA and Flow cytometer among HIV infections periodically in Shanghai and to analyze statistically all data by computer using SPSS software to explore the trend and correlation [Results] 282 samples being tested VL in plasma ranged from 10 2 to 5×10 5 copies/mL and CD 4 lymphocytes counts were between 8 and 500/mm 3 There was significant correlation between VL and CD 4, in negative correlation trend [Conclusion] HIV viral load and CD 4 lymphocytes counts not only have correlation which are significant statistically but can also be considered definitely as effective observational indexes for disease progression of HIV infections Especially, the VL seems more sensitive and could be used for diagnosis extensively

Analysis on causes, time trend and location of deaths in Shanghai residents and control measures

Abstract: To analyze age-specific causes of death, time trend, and location of deaths in Shanghai. Circular distribution method was employed, and time trends analysis was performed to study the registrated mortality data in 1999. Time trend of deaths was observed for middle-aged and elderly people, the mortality was the highest in winter. The proportion of death occurring at home increased with age. The rankings of death causes were different for young, middle-aged and the old people. [Conclusion] It should be highly noticed that all causes of deaths were the highest during November to February of the next year.

Pollution of Municipal Water Supply System by Phthalates and Evaluation on Purification Effects of Current Water Treatment Process

Abstract: Objective To understand the pollution of municipal water supply system by phthalates and the purification effects of current water treatment process on phthalates were carried out Methods The water samples of source water and finished water were determined for phthalate by comparative method 5 kinds of isomers of phthalate in water samples were detected by gas chromatography technique Results In treated water samples the detectable rate and maximum contents in water samples were 100% and 76 μg/L for di n butyl phthalate, 50% and 17 μg/L for di(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate respectively Di methyl phthalate,di ethyl phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate were not found in water samples There was no significant difference in geometric means of the contents of phthalates between source water (19 74 μg/L) and finished water (18 35 μg/L), P0 05 Conclusion The main pollutants of phthalates were di n bulyl phthalate and di(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate in municipal water supply system The effectiveness of removing phthalates from drinking water by current water treatment process in city and town was not satisfied The water treatment process special for removing phthatates from drinking water should be studied and explored in further