Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

About: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a government organization based out in Beijing, China. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The organization has 16037 authors who have published 15098 publications receiving 423452 citations. The organization is also known as: China CDC & CCDC.

Associations Between Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Risk of All Cancer Types.

Abstract: Importance Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been identified as a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the associations between HBV infection and other cancer types are not well understood. Objective To assess the associations between chronic HBV infection and risk of all cancer types. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based study involved 3 cohorts in China. The China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) prospective cohort study, conducted between June 2004 and July 2008, used a dipstick assay for detection of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among 496 732 participants to determine the association between HBV infection and risk of all cancer types. Two cohort studies were used to validate the associations by applying more precise serum HBsAg detection assays: the Qidong cohort (37 336 participants enrolled from November 2007 to April 2011) and the Changzhou nested case-control study (17 723 participants enrolled from June 2004 to September 2005). A total of 97 samples of stomach cancer tissues, 10 samples of pancreatic cancer tissues, and 9 samples of lung cancer tissues were included to assess the presence of HBV replication and expression. Statistical analysis was performed from December 2016 to October 2018. Exposures Serum HBsAg status in the population-based stage and HBV DNA status, the expression of hepatitis B X protein, and hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) in the tissue-based stage. Main Outcomes and Measures Incidence of all cancer types during follow-up. Results In the CKB cohort, the mean (SD) age of the 496 732 participants was 51.5 (10.7) years; 59.0% of the participants were women. After 4.4 million person-years of follow-up, participants who were HBsAg seropositive (n = 15 355) had a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (hazard ratio [HR], 15.77; 95% CI, 14.15-17.57), stomach cancer (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.11-1.80), colorectal cancer (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.12-1.81), oral cancer (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.01-2.49), pancreatic cancer (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.03-2.65), and lymphoma (HR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.34-3.31) when compared with participants who were HBsAg seronegative (n = 481 377). Because of the limitation of sample size, only associations of HBV infection with hepatocellular carcinoma and stomach cancer were validated in the Qidong cohort (hepatocellular carcinoma: HR, 17.51; 95% CI, 13.86-22.11; stomach cancer: HR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.24-3.29); the Changzhou nested case-control study validated only an association between HBV infection and stomach cancer (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.04-2.98). Moreover, among 22 participants with stomach cancer from the Qidong cohort who were anti-HBc seropositive, 12 samples (54.5%) of cancer tissues were HBV DNA positive, while among 25 participants with stomach cancer who were anti-HBc seronegative, no HBV DNA was detected. The same negative and positive rate was observed in the validation set from Zhejiang Tumor Hospital (19 of 35 samples [54.3%] were HBV DNA positive). Moreover, among the 8 patients with stomach cancer from the Qidong cohort who were anti-HBc seropositive, anti-HBc and hepatitis B X protein were expressed in all of their stomach cancer tissue samples. The same phenomenon was observed in the patients with pancreatic cancer but not in the patients with lung cancer, which was consistent with the population-based results of the CKB cohort. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that HBV infection was also associated with the risk of nonliver cancer, especially digestive system cancers among adults in China.

Efflux Pump Gene Expression in Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates

Abstract: Isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) are the two most effective drugs in tuberculosis therapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of resistance to these two drugs is essential to quickly diagnose multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis and extensive drug-resistant tuberculosis. Nine clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates resistant to only INH and RIF and 10 clinical pan-sensitive isolates were included to evaluate the expression of 20 putative drug efflux pump genes and sequence mutations in rpoB (RIF), katG (INH), the inhA promoter (INH), and oxyR-ahpC (INH). Nine and three MDR isolates were induced to overexpress efflux pump genes by INH and RIF, respectively. Eight and two efflux pump genes were induced to overexpress by INH and RIF in MDR isolates, respectively. drrA, drrB, efpA, jefA (Rv2459), mmr, Rv0849, Rv1634, and Rv1250 were overexpressed under INH or RIF stress. Most efflux pump genes were overexpressed under INH stress in a MDR isolates that carried the wild-type katG, inhA, and oxyR-ahpC associated with INH resistance than in those that carried mutations. The expression levels of 11 genes (efpA, Rv0849, Rv1250, P55 (Rv1410c), Rv1634, Rv2994, stp, Rv2459, pstB, drrA, and drrB) without drug inducement were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in nine MDR isolates than in 10 pan-sensitive isolates. In conclusion, efflux pumps may play an important role in INH acquired resistance in MDR M. tuberculosis, especially in those strains having no mutations in genes associated with INH resistance; basal expression levels of some efflux pump genes are higher in MDR isolates than in pan-sensitive isolates and the basal expressional differences may be helpful to diagnose and treat resistant tuberculosis.

Geographic Variation in Prevalence of Adult Obesity in China: Results From the 2013–2014 National Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance

Abstract: Geographic Variation in Prevalence of Adult Obesity in China: Results From the 2013–2014 National Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance Background: Obesity prevalence has grown rapidly worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, the global prevalence of obesity nearly doubled between 1980 and 2008. This increase in obesity prevalence has been observed in China as well, but most national efforts have focused on childhood obesity (1). Data from the first China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance (CCDRFS) in 2004 indicate that the prevalence of general obesity (defined as a body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m) among adults was 3.3% and that 25.9% of participants were considered to have abdominal obesity on the basis of criteria at that time (a waist circumference [WC] ≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women). The more recent national estimates of adult obesity in China, which lack provincial prevalence estimates, were made in 2007 and 2010 and indicate that the prevalence of general obesity was 3.1% and 5.2%, respectively, and the prevalence of abdominal obesity 27.5% and 32.3%, respectively. An updated estimate is urgently needed to develop more efficient health interventions and policies. Objective: To estimate the national and provincial prevalence of general and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults and by sex. Methods and Findings: The CCDRFS is an official, nationally representative, successive, cross-sectional survey that has been done every 3 years since 2004. We used the wave of CCDRFS conducted from August 2013 to April 2014. The CCDRFS uses a complex, multistage, probability sampling design to provide a representative sample of Chinese adults aged 18 years or older (2). Anthropometric variables were measured on the day of the face-to-face interview. After participants removed heavy clothes and shoes, trained personnel used standardized techniques and protocols to measure height, weight, and WC to the nearest 0.1 cm, 0.1 kg, and 0.1 cm, respectively. The BMI was calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by squared height (in meters). Current Chinese criteria define general obesity as a BMI of 28 kg/m or higher and abdominal obesity as a WC of at least 90 cm for men and at least 85 cm for women. According to criteria from the World Health Organization, general obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 kg/m or higher; according to criteria from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, abdominal obesity is defined as a WC of at least 102 cm for men and at least 88 cm for women. After exclusion of 1694 persons with missing anthropometric measurements (weight, height, or WC), 174 840 participants were included in the analysis. The study protocol was approved by the ethical review committee of the National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. All participants provided written informed consent. The weighted prevalence of general and abdominal obesity at the province level was calculated and mapped by sex, where survey weights accounted for the complex survey design and nonresponse, and prevalence estimates were nationally representative of the Chinese adult popuFigure 1. The weighted prevalence (95% CI) of general obesity in men (A), general obesity in women (B), abdominal obesity in men (C), and abdominal obesity in women (D) across provinces of China.

The pathogenesis of endemic fluorosis: Research progress in the last 5 years.

Abstract: Fluorine is one of the trace elements necessary for health. It has many physiological functions, and participates in normal metabolism. However, fluorine has paradoxical effects on the body. Many studies have shown that tissues and organs of humans and animals appear to suffer different degrees of damage after long-term direct or indirect exposure to more fluoride than required to meet the physiological demand. Although the aetiology of endemic fluorosis is clear, its specific pathogenesis is inconclusive. In the past 5 years, many researchers have conducted in-depth studies into the pathogenesis of endemic fluorosis. Research in the areas of fluoride-induced stress pathways, signalling pathways and apoptosis has provided further extensive knowledge at the molecular and genetic level. In this article, we summarize the main results.