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Showing papers by "Chung Yuan Christian University published in 2015"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A novel feature representation approach, namely the cluster center and nearest neighbor (CANN) approach, which shows that the CANN classifier not only performs better than or similar to k-NN and support vector machines trained and tested by the original feature representation in terms of classification accuracy, detection rates, and false alarms.
Abstract: The aim of an intrusion detection systems (IDS) is to detect various types of malicious network traffic and computer usage, which cannot be detected by a conventional firewall. Many IDS have been developed based on machine learning techniques. Specifically, advanced detection approaches created by combining or integrating multiple learning techniques have shown better detection performance than general single learning techniques. The feature representation method is an important pattern classifier that facilitates correct classifications, however, there have been very few related studies focusing how to extract more representative features for normal connections and effective detection of attacks. This paper proposes a novel feature representation approach, namely the cluster center and nearest neighbor (CANN) approach. In this approach, two distances are measured and summed, the first one based on the distance between each data sample and its cluster center, and the second distance is between the data and its nearest neighbor in the same cluster. Then, this new and one-dimensional distance based feature is used to represent each data sample for intrusion detection by a k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) classifier. The experimental results based on the KDD-Cup 99 dataset show that the CANN classifier not only performs better than or similar to k-NN and support vector machines trained and tested by the original feature representation in terms of classification accuracy, detection rates, and false alarms. I also provides high computational efficiency for the time of classifier training and testing (i.e., detection).

423 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the optimal size of the photovoltaic (PV) generation system, diesel generator and the energy storage system in a stand-alone ship power system that minimizes the investment cost, fuel cost and the CO2 emissions is proposed.

296 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a self-assembly technique with evaporation resulted in a heterogeneous GO layer with loop structures; this layer was shown to be hydrophobic, in contrast to the hydrophilic layer formed from the other two techniques.

249 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experimental observation indicates that the conductivity of MoS2 devices can be actively modulated by the piezoelectric charge polarization-induced built-in electric field under strain variation, providing evidence for strain-gating monolayer MoS3 piezotronics, a promising avenue for achieving augmented functionalities in next-generation electronic and mechanical–electronic nanodevices.
Abstract: High-performance piezoelectricity in monolayer semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides is highly desirable for the development of nanosensors, piezotronics and photo-piezotransistors. Here we report the experimental study of the theoretically predicted piezoelectric effect in triangle monolayer MoS2 devices under isotropic mechanical deformation. The experimental observation indicates that the conductivity of MoS2 devices can be actively modulated by the piezoelectric charge polarization-induced built-in electric field under strain variation. These polarization charges alter the Schottky barrier height on both contacts, resulting in a barrier height increase with increasing compressive strain and decrease with increasing tensile strain. The underlying mechanism of strain-induced in-plane charge polarization is proposed and discussed using energy band diagrams. In addition, a new type of MoS2 strain/force sensor built using a monolayer MoS2 triangle is also demonstrated. Our results provide evidence for strain-gating monolayer MoS2 piezotronics, a promising avenue for achieving augmented functionalities in next-generation electronic and mechanical-electronic nanodevices.

224 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between consumers' authenticity perception and four brand equity dimensions (brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, brand loyalty), as well as how these four dimensions are interrelated with one another.

194 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This mini-review lists new research and development works on microalgae processes, microbial fuel cell processes, and their combined version, mMFC, with a discussion on the challenges and prospects for possible commercialization of mMFC technologies.

118 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Spontaneous regression of herniated disc tissue can occur, and can completely resolve after conservative treatment, according to this systematic review of lumbar disc herniation.
Abstract: Objective:To determine the probability of spontaneous disc regression among each type of lumbar herniated disc, using a systematic review.Data sources:Medline, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched using key words for relevant original articles published before March 2014. Articles were limited to those published in English and human studies.Review methods:Articles had to: (1) include patients with lumbar disc herniation treated conservatively; (2) have at least two imaging evaluations of the lumbar spine; and (3) exclude patients with prior lumbar surgery, spinal infections, tumors, spondylolisthesis, or spinal stenosis. Two reviewers independently extracted study details and findings. Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, if the classification of herniation matched the recommended classification of the combined Task Forces, the data were used for combined analysis of the probability of disc regression of each type. Nine studies were applicable for probability c...

115 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that Fe3O4@Alg-GA nanoparticles had excellent hyperthermic efficacy in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) owing to enhanced cellular uptake, and show great potential as therapeutic agents for future in vivo drug delivery systems.
Abstract: Hyperthermia is one of the promising treatments for cancer therapy. However, the development of a magnetic fluid agent that can selectively target a tumor and efficiently elevate temperature while exhibiting excellent biocompatibility still remains challenging. Here a new core-shell nanostructure consisting of inorganic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles as the core, organic alginate as the shell, and cell-targeting ligands (ie, D-galactosamine) decorated on the outer surface (denoted as Fe3O4@Alg-GA nanoparticles) was prepared using a combination of a pre-gel method and coprecipitation in aqueous solution. After treatment with an AC magnetic field, the results indicate that Fe3O4@Alg-GA nanoparticles had excellent hyperthermic efficacy in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) owing to enhanced cellular uptake, and show great potential as therapeutic agents for future in vivo drug delivery systems.

113 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Combination therapy was found to be substantially more effective than either HIF1α siRNA or photodynamic therapy alone and results from caspase-3, TUNEL, and CD31 marker studies support this conclusion.

107 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used interviews with managers and guests of 5-Star hotels in Taiwan and qualitative analysis to understand definitions and perceptions of luxury, service quality and satisfaction, and found that there were no fundamental disconnects in the respective understandings of managers and customers.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to determine whether luxury hotel managers and customers have the same understanding of service quality and satisfaction and whether there is a disparity between services offered by luxury hotels and the way customers actually experience them. Design/methodology/approach – This paper used interviews with managers and guests of 5-Star hotels in Taiwan and qualitative analysis to understand definitions and perceptions of luxury, service quality and satisfaction. Findings – The major findings of the study were that: there were no fundamental disconnects in the respective understandings of managers and guests; however, the two groups used different language to describe luxury, service quality and satisfaction; the managers evaluated satisfaction in terms of services provided, but the guests conceptualized satisfaction in terms of value received for the price of lodging; and luxury, service quality and satisfaction were closely related in the minds of the managers and gu...

105 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of the incorporation of POSS on the polymer structure was systematically studied by molecular dynamics simulations combined with DSC, XRD and IR measurements, and the results indicated that facilely incorporating POSS into PDMS by molecular interactions could manipulate favorable interfacial morphology and tunable free volumes in MMMs.
Abstract: Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), consisting of inorganic fillers dispersed in a polymer matrix, are regarded as one of the most promising futuristic membranes. This work reports the utilization of molecular interactions to finely control the conformation and topology of polymer chains to fabricate high-performance polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) MMMs. The influence of the incorporation of POSS on the polymer structure was systematically studied by molecular dynamics simulations combined with DSC, XRD and IR measurements. The surface and interfacial morphologies of the MMMs were observed through SEM, TEM and AFM characterizations. In particular, positron annihilation spectroscopy was employed to analyze the evolution of free volumes in the MMMs. Results indicated that facilely incorporating POSS into PDMS by molecular interactions could manipulate favorable interfacial morphology and tunable free volumes in MMMs. In the PDMS MMMs, the small free volumes were reduced and the large free volumes increased; these changes were beneficial for the preferential permeation of large-sized molecules through the polymeric membrane. As applied to the bio-butanol recovery from aqueous solutions, the prepared POSS/PDMS MMMs exhibited a simultaneous increase in permeability and selectivity, breaking the permeability-selectivity trade-off limitation, moreover transcending the upper bound of the state-of-the-art organophilic pervaporation membranes. Therefore, our work demonstrates that the proposed approach based on rationally creating molecular interactions can be expected to have broad applicability in fabricating high-quality MMMs for molecular separations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A green and sustainable strategy synthesizes clinical medicine warfarin anticoagulant by using lipase-supported metal-organic framework (MOF) bioreactors (see scheme) and may be beneficial for future studies in the industrial production of chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical precursors.
Abstract: A green and sustainable strategy synthesizes clinical medicine warfarin anticoagulant by using lipase- supported metal-organic framework (MOF) bioreactors (see scheme). These findings may be beneficial for future studies in the industrial production of chemical, pharma- ceutical, and agrochemical precursors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results obtained in this study show that the TBD-functionalized Fe3O4@silica nanoparticles could effectively convert algae oil to biodiesel with a maximum yield of 97.1 %.
Abstract: Core-shell Fe3O4@silica magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with a strong base, triazabicyclodecene (TBD), were successfully synthesized for harvesting microalgae and for one-pot microalgae-to-fatty acid methyl ester (FAME, or so-called biodiesel) conversion. Three types of algae oil sources (i.e., dried algae, algae oil, and algae concentrate) were used and the reaction conditions were optimized to achieve the maximum biodiesel yield. The results obtained in this study show that our TBD-functionalized Fe3O4@silica nanoparticles could effectively convert algae oil to biodiesel with a maximum yield of 97.1%. Additionally, TBD-Fe3O4@silica nanoparticles act as an efficient algae harvester because of their adsorption and magnetic properties. The method presented in this study demonstrates the wide scope for the use of covalently functionalized core-shell nanoparticles for the production of liquid transportation fuels from algal biomass.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel polymer composite electrolyte consisting of quaternized polyvinyl alcohol (Q-PVA) and quaternised chitosan nano-particles was synthesized for use in a direct alcohol alkaline fuel cell (DAAFC).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors adopted social information theory and social cognitive theory to interpret the diverse literature on gossip, and to develop and test hypotheses concerning some of the antecedents of gossip, with an aim of developing knowledge of the relationship between gossip and employee behaviour in the workplace.
Abstract: Gossip is a common phenomenon in the workplace, but yet relatively little is understood about its influence to employees. This study adopts social information theory and social cognitive theory to interpret the diverse literature on gossip, and to develop and test hypotheses concerning some of the antecedents of gossip, with an aim of developing knowledge of the relationship between gossip and employee behaviour in the workplace. The study analysed survey data in a two-stage process, from 362 employees across a range of industries in Taiwan. The findings revealed that job-related gossip predicted employee cynicism and mediated the relationship between psychological contract violation and cynicism, and that non-job-related gossip showed a similar but weaker effect to employee cynicism. The contribution made by this paper is of value to both the academic subject domain and managers in Human Resources. First, we have identified two constructs of gossip, job-related and non-job-related gossip not previously r...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work reports on exploiting extravasation due to inherent vascular leakiness for the delivery of a pH-sensitive polymer carrier that has capacity for multiple payloads for greater therapeutic response where inter-individual variability can compromise efficacy.
Abstract: Anticancer therapies are often compromised by nonspecific effects and challenged by tumour environments' inherent physicochemical and biological characteristics. Often, therapeutic effect can be increased by addressing multiple parameters simultaneously. Here we report on exploiting extravasation due to inherent vascular leakiness for the delivery of a pH-sensitive polymer carrier. Tumours' acidic microenvironment instigates a charge reversal that promotes cellular internalization where endosomes destabilize and gene delivery is achieved. We assess our carrier with an aggressive non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in vivo model and achieve >30% transfection efficiency via systemic delivery. Rejuvenation of the p53 apoptotic pathway as well as expression of KillerRed protein for sensitization in photodynamic therapy (PDT) is accomplished. A single administration greatly suppresses tumour growth and extends median animal survival from 28 days in control subjects to 68 days. The carrier has capacity for multiple payloads for greater therapeutic response where inter-individual variability can compromise efficacy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that API and LUT significantly activate the PI3K/Nrf2/ARE system, and this activation may be responsible for their antiinflammatory effects, as demonstrated by the suppression of LPS‐induced NO, iNOS and cPLA2.
Abstract: Apigenin (API) and luteolin (LUT) have been used as therapeutic agents in folk medicine for thousands of years. These compounds exert a variety of biological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. This study investigated whether API and LUT could activate Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated gene expression and induce antiinflammatory activities in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The compounds did not exhibit any substantial toxicity at low doses (1.56-6.25 µm). The induction of ARE activity was assessed in HepG2-C8 cells after treatment with low doses of API and LUT for 6 and 12 h. It was found that the induction of ARE activity by these compounds at the higher doses was comparable to the effects of the positive control, SFN at a dose of 6.25 µm. Exposure to the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 abolished ARE activation by both API and LUT, whereas the ERK-1/2 inhibitor PD98059 only decreased ARE activity induced by API. Both compounds significantly increased the endogenous mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2 and Nrf2 target genes with important effects on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. API and LUT significantly and dose-dependently decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), which were induced by the treatment of HepG2 cells with 1 µg/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h. The results indicate that API and LUT significantly activate the PI3K/Nrf2/ARE system, and this activation may be responsible for their antiinflammatory effects, as demonstrated by the suppression of LPS-induced NO, iNOS and cPLA2.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the coupling constants in heavy hadron chiral perturbation theory have been improved to 0.437, which is slightly above the current limits of order 0.07.
Abstract: We first give a brief overview of the charmed baryon spectroscopy and discuss their possible structure and spin-parity assignments in the quark model. With the new Belle measurement of the widths of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{c}(2455)$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{c}(2520)$ and the recent CDF measurement of the strong decays of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}(2595)$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}(2625)$, we give updated coupling constants in heavy hadron chiral perturbation theory. We find ${g}_{2}=0.56{5}_{\ensuremath{-}0.024}^{+0.011}$ for $P$-wave transitions between $s$-wave and $s$-wave baryons, and ${h}_{2}$, one of the couplings responsible for $S$-wave transitions between $s$-wave and $p$-wave baryons, is extracted from ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}(2595{)}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ to be $0.63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$. It is substantially enhanced compared to the old value of order 0.437. With the help from the quark model, two of the couplings ${h}_{10}$ and ${h}_{11}$ responsible for $D$-wave transitions between $s$-wave and $p$-wave baryons are determined from ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{c}(2880)$ decays. There is a tension for the coupling ${h}_{2}$ as its value extracted from ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}(2595{)}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}_{c}^{+}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ will imply ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}(2790{)}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\pi}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}(2815{)}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Xi}}}_{c}^{*}\ensuremath{\pi}$ rates slightly above the current limits. It is conceivable that SU(3) flavor symmetry breaking can help account for the discrepancy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The repetitive killing and releasing actions of pTMAEMA through unlocking and locking counterions were demonstrated, showing the robust effectiveness of the pT MAEMA-based nanoactuator in controlling the physical action by the chemical stimuli.
Abstract: A strategy to release attached bacteria from surface-grafted bactericidal poly((trimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate chloride) (pTMAEMA) brushes has been proposed. The pTMAEMA brushes were fabricated via the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization for contact killing of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The bacteria-conditioning surfaces, afterward, were washed with electrolyte solutions containing anions with different lipophilic characteristic, charge density, polarity and adsorbility to quaternary ammonium groups in polymers. Because of the special ion-pairing interactions, the interfacial properties, including wettability and ζ-potential, can be manipulated in a controlled manner. Therefore, the counterion-assisted modulation of pTMAEMA brushes facilitates the bacterial release and regeneration of antimicrobial polymer films. The physicochemical properties of polymer brushes and their interactions with counterions were charac...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the results showed that when the replacement of fly ash is fixed, the slump value, flow value and slump flow increase with the alkalinity of the solutions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a general two-Higgs doublet model (2HDM) is adopted to study the signature of flavor changing neutral Higgs (FCNH) decay ϕ 0 → t c ¯ + t ¯ c, where ϕ0 could be a CP-even scalar (H 0 ) or CP-odd pseudoscalar (A 0 ).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work synthesized a new type of hybrid physically-chemically crosslinked Agar/PAM double network (DN) hydrogel using a simple, one-pot method, which exhibited excellent antifouling properties to highly resist protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and bacterial attachment.
Abstract: The development of mechanically tough and biocompatible polymer hydrogels has great potential and promise for many applications. Herein, we synthesized a new type of hybrid physically-chemically crosslinked Agar/PAM double network (DN) hydrogel using a simple, one-pot method. Agar/PAM gels are designed with desirable/balanced mechanical properties by varying the network-forming parameters. Among them, a strong Agar/PAM DN gel achieves the highest tensile stress of 3.3 MPa at failure strain of 2400%, while a tough DN gel achieves the tensile strain of 3700% at failure stress of 2.8 MPa. Besides excellent mechanical properties, Agar/PAM DN hydrogels exhibited excellent antifouling properties to highly resist protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and bacterial attachment, as well as the free shapeable property to form any complex shapes. The relationship between mechanical properties and antifouling performance was discussed. We hope that the combination of the mechanical and antifouling properties in Agar/PAM gels will make them as promising “biomimetic” materials for many bio-inert applications.

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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the association among anxiety, religiosity, meaning of life and mental health in a nonclinical sample from a Chinese society, and found that meaning life has a significant negative correlation with anxiety and a significant positive correlation with mental health.
Abstract: We examined the association among anxiety, religiosity, meaning of life and mental health in a nonclinical sample from a Chinese society. Four hundred fifty-one Taiwanese adults (150 males and 300 females) ranging in age from 17 to 73 years (M = 28.9, SD = 11.53) completed measures of Beck Anxiety Inventory, Medical Outcomes Study Health Survey, Perceived Stress Scale, Social Support Scale, and Personal Religiosity Scale (measuring religiosity and meaning of life). Meaning of life has a significant negative correlation with anxiety and a significant positive correlation with mental health and religiosity; however, religiosity does not correlate significantly anxiety and mental health after controlling for demographic measures, social support and physical health. Anxiety explains unique variance in mental health above meaning of life. Meaning of life was found to partially mediate the relationship between anxiety and mental health. These findings suggest that benefits of meaning of life for mental health can be at least partially accounted for by the effects of underlying anxiety.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), qualitative PCR, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of sludge samples confirmed the co-existence and enrichment of AOB, anammox bacteria and denitrifying bacteria in the reactor and biofilm formation on to the carriers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a CT26 murine colorectal cancer model was used to investigate the effect of modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT) on tumor cell apoptosis and the release of heat shock protein (Hsp70) from heated tumor cells.
Abstract: The treatment of intratumoral dentritic cells (DCs) commonly fails because it cannot evoke immunity in a poor tumor microenvironment (TME). Modulated electro-hyperthermia (mEHT, trade-name: oncothermia) represents a significant technological advancement in the hyperthermia field, allowing the autofocusing of electromagnetic power on a cell membrane to generate massive apoptosis. This approach turns local immunogenic cancer cell death (apoptosis) into a systemic anti-tumor immune response and may be implemented by treatment with intratumoral DCs. The CT26 murine colorectal cancer model was used in this investigation. The inhibition of growth of the tumor and the systemic anti-tumor immune response were measured. The tumor was heated to a core temperature of 42 °C for 30 min. The matured synergetic DCs were intratumorally injected 24 h following mEHT was applied. mEHT induced significant apoptosis and enhanced the release of heat shock protein70 (Hsp70) in CT26 tumors. Treatment with mEHT-DCs significantly inhibited CT26 tumor growth, relative to DCs alone or mEHT alone. The secondary tumor protection effect upon rechallenging was observed in mice that were treated with mEHT-DCs. Immunohistochemical staining of CD45 and F4/80 revealed that mEHT-DC treatment increased the number of leukocytes and macrophages. Most interestingly, mEHT also induced infiltrations of eosinophil, which has recently been reported to be an orchestrator of a specific T cell response. Cytotoxic T cell assay and ELISpot assay revealed a tumor-specific T cell activity. This study demonstrated that mEHT induces tumor cell apoptosis and enhances the release of Hsp70 from heated tumor cells, unlike conventional hyperthermia. mEHT can create a favorable tumor microenvironment for an immunological chain reaction that improves the success rate of intratumoral DC immunotherapy.

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TL;DR: In this paper, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was used to investigate 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) adsorbed on Ag colloids.

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TL;DR: A new one-step method for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures has been developed by pulsed laser ablation in GO solution, and the GO quantum dots exhibit a blue photoluminescence, originating from recombination of the localized carriers in the zigzag-edge states.
Abstract: A new one-step method for the preparation of graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures has been developed by pulsed laser ablation in GO solution. The formation of different shapes of GO nanostructures, such as ribbons, nanoflakes (including nano-squares, nano-rectangles, nano-triangles, nano-hexagons, and nano-disks) and quantum dots, has been demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Photoreduction for the GO occurred during irradiation by the pulsed laser. The GO quantum dots exhibit a blue photoluminescence, originating from recombination of the localized carriers in the zigzag-edge states.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An explicit model for K→πZ' is given, which illustrates the link between rare kaon and B→Kμ+ μ-, K(*)νν decays, and the LHC might discover the scalar boson ϕ responsible for light mZ' generation via ϕ→Z'Z'→2( μ+ μ-).
Abstract: Weakly interacting K→πX(0) emission with mX(0)≅mπ(0) is out of sight of the current K+→π+ νν study, but it can be sensed by the KL→π(0)νν search. This evades the usual Grossman-Nir bound of B(KL→π(0)νν)<1.4×10(-9); thus, the KOTO experiment is already starting to probe new physics. An intriguing possibility is the Z' gauge boson of a weak leptonic force that couples to Lμ-Lτ (the difference between the muon and tauon numbers), which may explain the long-standing "muon g-2" anomaly, but is constrained by νμN→νμNμ+ μ- scattering to mZ'≲400 MeV. An explicit model for K→πZ' is given, which illustrates the link between rare kaon and B→Kμ+ μ-, K(*)νν decays. Complementary to these searches and future lepton experiments, the LHC might discover the scalar boson ϕ responsible for light mZ' generation via ϕ→Z'Z'→2(μ+ μ-).

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TL;DR: What types of small chemical or large (protein) molecules could be used to replace the viral transduction of genes and/or genetic reprogramming to obtain human iPSCs are discussed.

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TL;DR: This review discusses physical cues from natural and synthetic biomaterials that guide the differentiation of hESCs and hiPSCs into several different lineages and places special focus on how the hPSC differentiation fate is affected by elasticity and mechanical forces.
Abstract: Both human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) from embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the potential ability to differentiate into many different cell types originating from all three germ layers. This review discusses physical cues from natural and synthetic biomaterials that guide the differentiation of hESCs and hiPSCs into several different lineages. We place special focus on how the hPSC differentiation fate is affected by (a) the elasticity of biomaterials used for hPSC culture, (b) the topography of biomaterials used for hPSC culture, and (c) the mechanical forces associated with biomaterials (stretching and electrical stimulation via biomaterials) used for hPSC culture.