Showing papers by "City University London published in 1988"
TL;DR: The functional relationship between recognition memory and conscious awareness was examined in two experiments in which subjects indicated when recognizing a word whether or not they could consciously recollect its prior occurrence in the study list.
Abstract: The functional relationship between recognition memory and conscious awareness was examined in two experiments in which subjects indicated when recognizing a word whether or not they could consciously recollect its prior occurrence in the study list. Both levels of processing and generation effects were found to occur only for recognition accompanied by conscious recollection. Recognition in the absence of conscious recollection, although less likely, was generally reliable and uninfluenced by encoding conditions. These results are consistent with dual-process theories of recognition, which assume that recognition and priming in implicit memory have a common component. And they strengthen the case for making a functional distinction between episodic memory and other memory systems.
991 citations
TL;DR: The social-psychological theory of second-language (L2) learning proposed by R. C. Gardner has been one of the most long-standing theories of L2 learning as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The social-psychological theory of second-language (L2) learning proposed by R. C. Gardner (Gardner & Lambert, 1959; Gardner, 1979; Gardner, 1982; Gardner, 1983) has been one of the most long-standing theories of L2 learning. For the past 25 years, it has generated a substantial number of studies in various parts of the world. Interestingly enough, a comprehensive and detailed evaluation of the theory has not been forthcoming1. This paper attempts to do just that. It begins with an overview of Gardner's theory. The theory is then analyzed into five major propositions, each of which will be evaluated in the light of relevant studies. Recent developments will then be discussed.
244 citations
Book•
24 Nov 1988TL;DR: User psychology interface analysis and specification theoretical approaches dialogue design presentation design data entry interfaces data display and data retrieval interfaces development of human-computer interfaces.
Abstract: User psychology interface analysis and specification theoretical approaches dialogue design presentation design data entry interfaces data display and data retrieval interfaces development of human-computer interfaces
177 citations
TL;DR: Two experiments investigated the way in which the rated membership of items in disjunctively defined categories varies as a function of membership in individual constituent categories, and showed non-Boolean effects of both overextension and underextension of the disjunctions.
Abstract: Two experiments investigated the way in which the rated membership of items in disjunctively defined categories, such as FRUITS OR VEGETABLES and PETS OR FARMYARD ANIMALS, varies as a function of membership in individual constituent categories. Items were rated for category membership and typicality in each category separately, and in their disjunction. The results showed non-Boolean effects of both overextension and underextension of the disjunctions. Typicality in the disjunction was highly predictable from constituent typicality values, using regression equations with negative interaction terms. The results are compared with similar effects for concept conjunctions and are discussed in terms of an intensional model of conceptual combination (Hampton, 1987b, 1988).
152 citations
TL;DR: The nature of Interpretive Structural Modelling as methodology for dealing with complex issues is discussed, and aspects of managing complexity relating particularly to the use of ISM with a group of participants are explored.
Abstract: This paper discusses the nature of Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) as methodology for dealing with complex issues. Aspects of managing complexity relating particularly to the use of ISM wit...
140 citations
TL;DR: A strong association was also evident with the highest qualification achieved by subjects at this age, suggesting a long term relation between smoking in pregnancy and the intellectual development of the offspring.
Abstract: Follow up analyses of data on the 1958 cohort from the national child development study have shown that the association of smoking in pregnancy with physical and intellectual development diverges between the sexes at age 16, no longer being significantly associated with height in girls. These studies, however, have emphasised that the differences in outcome are small and may be explained by other factors. The analyses have taken account of birth weight and have therefore examined the effects of smoking on subsequent development in addition to this variable. To assess the importance of smoking on development in early adult life and whether the effect is independent of birth weight data from the 1958 cohort at age 23 were analysed. Only weak evidence for a relation between smoking in pregnancy and self reported height of the offspring was apparent once social class, size of family, mothers' height, and birth weight for gestational age were taken into account. After omission of birth weight from the analyses, however, the average difference in height between subjects whose mothers smoked 20 cigarettes a day or more during the second half of pregnancy and those whose mothers did not was 0.93 cm in men and 1.83 cm in women. A strong association was also evident with the highest qualification achieved by subjects at this age, suggesting a long term relation between smoking in pregnancy and the intellectual development of the offspring.
133 citations
TL;DR: Findings are further evidence of the “health divide” in England and Wales and show that accurately to reflect the relation between a woman's life circumstances and mortality it is necessary to utilise other measures than those based solely on occupation.
Abstract: Data obtained from follow up of the 1971 census sample in the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys longitudinal study of England and Wales were used to look at women9s mortality differentials at ages 15-59 Women were grouped by combining information on marital state, own occupation, husband9s occupation (if married), economic activity, and indicators of household wealth (housing tenure and access to a car) Large groups were found with considerable differences in mortality High mortality was associated with working in manual occupations and living in rented housing with no car in the household In contrast, low mortality was associated with non-manual occupations and living in owner occupied housing with a car Among married housewives and single women these extreme groups contributed 44% of expected deaths, the disadvantaged group experiencing death rates two and a half times that of the advantaged group Smaller differences were found among married women with an occupational class These findings are further evidence of the “health divide” in England and Wales and show that accurately to reflect the relation between a woman9s life circumstances and mortality it is necessary to utilise other measures than those based solely on occupation
98 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the results of research aimed at exploring why some takeover bids give rise to merger while other do not and, using as a basis of comparison matched samples of actual and abandoned mergers, the performance effects of mergers.
Abstract: This paper reports the results of research aimed at exploring why some takeover bids give rise to merger while other do not and, using as a basis of comparison matched samples of actual and abandoned mergers, the performance effects of mergers. In this work, 50 cases of abandoned mergers occurring between 1965 and 1975 were analysed against a matched sample of 50 actual mergers. In addition, 33 cases of contested bids were also analysed. Variables used reflected managerial, shareholder and financial strength considerations. Analysis covered a period three years before to three years after each bid. Techniques of analysis were differences of means and discriminant analysis. The results show that there are important differences between target companies that are acquired and those that successfully resist takeover bids. They also show the influence of managerial and financial variables as the key to a successful takeover bid rather than variables reflecting shareholder interests. Analysis of the effects of the outcome of the bids suggests that companies involved in abandoned mergers recorded a stronger performance over the subsequent 1–3 years than those that made acquisitions, especially where shareholder and financial considerations are concerned. Target companies that resisted takeover bids showed a significant performance improvement.
49 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Wallerian degeneration was used to study the contributions of the first and second divisions of the trigeminal nerve to cerebral arterial innervation in the cynomolgus monkey, finding no distinctive features of terminals attributable to a trigemINAL source.
Abstract: Wallerian degeneration was used to study the contributions of the first and second divisions of the trigeminal nerve to cerebral arterial innervation in the cynomolgus monkey. Animals were killed by intracardiac perfusion of fixative three to seven days after left ophthalmic or maxillary neurotomy or a combination of both, using three animals for each procedure. Cerebral arteries were dissected, removed and prepared for light and electron microscopy. The anterior vessels of the circle of Willis received nerve fibres, distributed via the internal carotid artery, from the ipsilateral ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve and a small maxillary contribution was also observed in some animals. The posterior vessels were supplied from the same trigeminal source but by a different route, the nerves moving onto the basilar artery bilaterally or unilaterally via the recurrent nerve of the cavernous plexus using the abducent nerve for access. From the basilar, fibres distributed to both posterior cerebral arteries. Augmentation of the vascular nerve supply apparently from branches of the vagus and/or hypoglossal nerves was noted but otherwise unexamined. Trigeminal terminals were found on all vessels of the circle of Willis and their distal branches throughout the thickness of the adventitia, often lying close to the media but never contacting smooth muscle cells. These observations are consistent with results from other studies employing neurohistochemical and tracer techniques in subprimates. Comparison of operated and control material failed to reveal any distinctive features of terminals attributable to a trigeminal source.
39 citations
TL;DR: This study examines whether fish are able to judge the real size of objects taking distance into account, or if size judgements are based purely on the angle objects subtend on the retina.
33 citations
05 Oct 1988
TL;DR: It was found that the design metrics were not as good at identifying change- prone, fault-prone, and complex programs as simple code metrics (i.e. lines of code and number of branches).
Abstract: Evaluates some software design metrics, based on the information flow metrics of S. Henry and D. Kafura (1981, 1984), using data from a communications system. The ability of the design metrics to identify change-prone, error-prone, and complex programs was contrasted with that of simple code metrics. It was found that the design metrics were not as good at identifying change-prone, fault-prone, and complex programs as simple code metrics (i.e. lines of code and number of branches). It was also observed that the compound metrics, built up from several different basic counts, can obscure underlying effects, and thus make it more difficult to use metrics constructively. >
TL;DR: The results suggest that the lower effect of (+)gossypol onTM4 cells may be attributed to its higher affinity to serum components, which may impede its entrance into TM4 cells.
Abstract: The in vitro effects of (+) and (-)gossypol enantiomers on the mitochondrial functions of mouse transformed Sertoli, TM4 cells were investigated by monitoring mitochondrial rhodamine 123 accumulation. When TM4 cells were cultured in medium without fetal calf serum, 5 micrograms/ml of both enantiomers caused similar declines in mitochondrial rhodamine 123 staining. By contrast, (-)gossypol had a greater adverse action than did (+)gossypol on the mitochondrial of TM4 cells that were cultured in medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. Construction of dose response curves for the effects of the two enantiomers on rhodamine 123 accumulation by TM4 cells after 5 hr of drug treatment gave an EC50 of 7.5 micrograms/ml for the (-)gossypol isomer compared with 18 micrograms/ml for the (+)gossypol isomer. Similarly, TM4 cell proliferation was also more disturbed by (-)gossypol in medium supplemented with other concentrations of fetal calf serum. The results suggest that the lower effect of (+)gossypol on TM4 cells may be attributed to its higher affinity to serum components, which may impede its entrance into TM4 cells.
TL;DR: Stafford Beer's “viable system model” is put forward as a framework which can be employed to integrate the findings of these two disciplines into a practical management tool.
Abstract: This paper seeks to open up debate between organization theorists and cyberneticians on the basis or commonalities of concern and similarities in the recommendations made to managers. Stafford Beer's “viable system model” is put forward as a framework which can be employed to integrate the findings of these two disciplines into a practical management tool. The VSM itself, as an exalted expression of the organization theory/cybernetic orthodoxy, is then “put on trial,” with a view to drawing conclusions about the relevance and value to managers of this type of thinking.
TL;DR: The photodecomposition of diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphine oxide (1) was studied both in solution at 40°C and in thin films in the presence of 1,1-di-p-tolylethylene as a model substrate for vinyl monomers as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The photodecomposition of diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphine oxide (1) was studied both in solution at 40°C and in thin films in the presence of 1,1-di-p-tolylethylene as a model substrate for vinyl monomers. Both primary radicals resulting from α-cleavage of 1 were found to add to the olefinic double bond of the model substrate (initiation). The diphenylphosphinoyl radical (3) proved to be twice as effective as the 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl radical (2) under all conditions. Oxygen (air) considerably reduced the initiating efficiencies fp, in particular fp(2) (of radical 2). The addition of triethylamine partially restored the overall initiating efficiency in all likelihood by oxygen scavenging. A direct contribution of triethylamine-derived radicals to the initiation was not observed.
TL;DR: Gossypol has been resolved into its pure optical isomers by conversion into the Schiff's base derivative of (+)-phenylalanine methyl ester, normal or reverse phase chromatography and hydrolysis.
TL;DR: In this paper, a visible LED-pumped, photoluminescent optical-fiber sensor was used to measure temperature using the crystal alexandrite, which is accurate to + or 1 degrees C over a range 20-150 degrees C, with a response time of 1 s.
Abstract: The development and calibration of a visible LED-pumped, photoluminescent optical-fiber sensor to measure temperature using the crystal alexandrite is reported. Utilizing the dependence of the fluorescent decay time on temperature, this instrument is accurate to +or-1 degrees C over a range 20-150 degrees C, with a response time of 1 s. >
TL;DR: If such glasses could be self‐selected, without reference to a medical practitioner or optometrist, a significant number of people would not would not benefit from the health screening aspects of the eye examination.
Journal Article•
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The origin and content of the tentorial nerve in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys were studied using light and electron microscopic inspection of interrupted serial sections of the trigeminal/cavernous sinus region combined with selective nerve degeneration.
Abstract: The origin and content of the tentorial nerve in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys were studied using light and electron microscopic inspection of interrupted serial sections of the trigeminal/cavernous sinus region combined with selective nerve degeneration. The nerve was invariably a branch of the cavernous plexus rather than a branch of the trigeminal ganglion or ophthalmic nerve as described in earlier reports. The cavernous plexus branch forming the tentorial nerve joined and passed back in the trochlear nerve while it remained in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, then left the trochlear to be distributed in the tentorium cerebelli. It was composed of trigeminal fibres mainly from the ophthalmic division together with sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion. The source of another group of unmyelinated fibres was unidentified but they are likely to be parasympathetic.
TL;DR: A knowledge-based system to interpret data regarding a patient's fluid-electrolyte balance and the utilization of an off-the-shelf model to justify treatment suggestion provided by the prototype is described.
Abstract: A knowledge-based system to interpret data regarding a patient's fluid-electrolyte balance is discussed. The prototype system meshes techniques drawn from expert systems with those of dynamic mathematical modeling. The utilization of an off-the-shelf model (MACPEE) to justify treatment suggestion provided by the prototype is described. Detailed information on the prototype system design is provided, and its evaluation is discussed. >
TL;DR: The analysis was based on life tables prepared for the individual social classes from which derived indices, for example expectations of life, were calculated as discussed by the authors, and the analysis was supplemented by data from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Longitudinal Study.
Abstract: The Decennial Supplement on Occupational Mortality published in 1978 commented on mortality differences between the social classes (Chapter 8) using data from the 1971 Census and the deaths in the period 1970–72. The analysis was based on life tables prepared for the individual social classes from which derived indices, for example expectations of life, were calculated. It is proposed here to repeat this exercise using the data for males recently published in microfiche form by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys—OPCS. This time, the Decennial Supplement has omitted to provide an analysis and commentary and we propose to make some attempt to remedy this deficiency. In our analysis, the Decennial Supplement data have been supplemented by data from the OPCS Longitudinal Study.
TL;DR: In this article, a smooth circular cylinder at high Reynolds numbers in planar oscillatory flow has been studied by driving the cylinder with simple harmonic motion through water initially at rest, with particular attention to the steps taken to eliminate undesirable mechanical vibrations.
TL;DR: The conclusion is reached that preschool intervention can prevent later educational failure and that parents and teachers saw the children as differing little from their peers.
Abstract: Summary A follow-up study was undertaken of 38 children who had attended a preschool language unit with detailed assessments of 25 by speech therapists and an educational psychologist. The subjects were assessed in a number of areas (language, learning and social skills) using standardized tests and rating schedules completed by teachers and parents. The initial results are presented in terms of group characteristics. At a mean age of 8–3 years the children were still making progress in all areas of development. Although some 16% of the children were attending specialist schools or classes (language unit, physically handicapped unit, schools for children with severe speech and language problems), the majority (84%) were within the mainstream of education. A continuing language difficulty was apparent on standardized tests. Reading and spelling were slightly depressed, but not significantly so. However, parents and teachers saw the children as differing little from their peers. The conclusion is reached that preschool intervention can prevent later educational failure.
TL;DR: In this paper, a smooth circular cylinder at high Reynolds numbers in elliptical orbital flow has been studied by driving the cylinder around elliptical paths through water initially at rest, and the results show that the change in total loading is associated mainly with a reduction in the inertia coefficient, ascribed to the generation of circulation around the cylinder.
TL;DR: The final results show an average compression of about 6.5:1 with peak error of 1% (or 9.7:1 for 2% peak error), which produces very good reconstruction quality in the reconstituted ECG waveform.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that in thin polyvinyl alcohol thin films there is considerable aggregation of the styrylpyridinium groups, accounting for the rapid photoreaction which presumably occurs via an excimeric intermediate.
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the thermal decomposition and combustion of cigarette paper with heating rates and final temperatures similar to those encountered during the smoking of cigarettes was carried out, and the extent of formation of char from cigarette paper decreases as the heating rate is increased, but carbon monoxide yields pass through a maximum at a heating rate of ca 60° s−1.
Abstract: Studies have been carried out of the thermal decomposition and combustion of cigarette paper with heating rates and final temperatures similar to those encountered during the smoking of cigarettes. Measurements have been made in particular of the amounts of carbon monoxide formed from the paper, both on its own and when it forms part of a cigarette. The extent of formation of char from cigarette paper decreases as the heating rate is increased, but carbon monoxide yields pass through a maximum at a heating rate of ca 60° s−1, due to the competing effects of temperature on the several different mechanisms by which carbon monoxide is produced. Measurements on cigarette papers impregnated with a wide range of inorganic and organic salts show that all the additives used tend to decrease carbon monoxide yields at low heating rates but to increase them quite sharply at very high ones. With cigarettes containing impregnated papers the concentration of carbon monoxide is increased in both the mainstream and sidestream smoke. Possible reasons for the behaviour observed with the various individual salts are discussed. Certainly, on the assumption that the results obtained with cigarettes are a good reflection of those on paper alone it seems unlikely that treatment of cigarette paper can ever reduce the amounts of carbon monoxide formed under cigarette smoking conditions, for all additives affect char formation in such a way that there is an overall increase in carbon monoxide yields.
01 Jul 1988
TL;DR: The paper reviews the salient features of a major co-operative research, development and site trial validation programme which was initiated in 1980 with the primary objective of accomplishing a major advance in power transmission system protection.
Abstract: The paper reviews the salient features of a major co-operative research, development and site trial validation programme which was initiated in 1980 with the primary objective of accomplishing a major advance in power transmission system protection. Details of the project are given, together with the research/development methodology found necessary to transform a new approach to directional comparison protection into a next-generation product to meet stringent operational design objectives. The basic principles of the new scheme are outlined, together with details of the early computer-aided design studies which formed the basis of first prototype digital measuring equipments. Details are also given of the site-trial tests which were performed on the British 400 kV supergrid system, together with the results of investigations into the performance in long-distance power transmission applications. The paper concludes with brief details of preproduction prototype equipment and its performance.
TL;DR: In a study in 12 healthy volunteers, local instillation of thymoxamine eye drops completely reversed the mydriasis produced by tropicamide, but only incompletely that by Tropicamide (1.0%).
Abstract: In a study in 12 healthy volunteers, local instillation of thymoxamine eye drops (0.5%), completely reversed the mydriasis produced by tropicamide (0.5%), but only incompletely that by tropicamide (1.0%). The difference between these effects was statistically significant (p less than 0.025). The thymoxamine eye drops were well tolerated.