Institution
City University London
Education•London, United Kingdom•
About: City University London is a education organization based out in London, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Health care. The organization has 5735 authors who have published 17285 publications receiving 453290 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: The social-psychological theory of second-language (L2) learning proposed by R. C. Gardner has been one of the most long-standing theories of L2 learning as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The social-psychological theory of second-language (L2) learning proposed by R. C. Gardner (Gardner & Lambert, 1959; Gardner, 1979; Gardner, 1982; Gardner, 1983) has been one of the most long-standing theories of L2 learning. For the past 25 years, it has generated a substantial number of studies in various parts of the world. Interestingly enough, a comprehensive and detailed evaluation of the theory has not been forthcoming1. This paper attempts to do just that. It begins with an overview of Gardner's theory. The theory is then analyzed into five major propositions, each of which will be evaluated in the light of relevant studies. Recent developments will then be discussed.
244 citations
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TL;DR: Artificial neural network performance increased with successive generations; the best-performing ANN was created after 7 generations and predicted outcome more accurately than the logistic regression model.
244 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors characterize bank financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) around the world using data from a survey of 91 banks in 45 countries, and find that banks perceive the SME segment to be highly profitable, but perceive macroeconomic instability in developing countries and competition in developed countries as the main obstacles.
Abstract: Using data from a survey of 91 banks in 45 countries, the authors characterize bank financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) around the world. They find that banks perceive the SME segment to be highly profitable, but perceive macroeconomic instability in developing countries and competition in developed countries as the main obstacles. To serve SMEs banks have set up dedicated departments and decentralized the sale of products to the branches. However, loan approval, risk management, and loan recovery functions remain centralized. Compared with large firms, banks are less exposed to small enterprises, charge them higher interest rates and fees, and experience more non-performing loans from lending to them. Although there are some differences in SMEs financing across government, private, and foreign-owned banks - with the latter being more likely to engage in arms-length lending - the most significant differences are found between banks in developed and developing countries. Banks in developing countries tend to be less exposed to SMEs, provide a lower share of investment loans, and charge higher fees and interest rates. Overall, the evidence suggests that the lending environment is more important than firm size or bank ownership type in shaping bank financing to SMEs.
243 citations
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: A survey of techniques and methods to support the management of inconsistencies in various software models is presented according to a conceptual framework which views inconsistency management as a process composed of six activities.
Abstract: The development of complex software systems is a complex and lengthy activity that involves the participation and collaboration of many stakeholders (e.g. customers, users, analysts, designers, and developers). This results in many partial models of the developing system. These models can be inconsistent with each other since they describe the system from different perspectives and reflects the views of the stakeholders involved in their construction. Inconsistent software models can have negative and positive effects in the software development life-cycle. On the negative side, inconsistencies can delay and increase the cost of system development; do not guarantee some properties of the system, such as safety and reliability; and generate difficulties on system maintenance. On the positive side, inconsistencies can facilitate identification of some aspects of the system that need further analysis, assist with the specification of alternatives for the development of the system, and support elicitation of information about it. The software engineering community has proposed many techniques and methods to support the management of inconsistencies in various software models. In this paper, we present a survey of these techniques and methods. The survey is organized according to a conceptual framework which views inconsistency management as a process composed of six activities. These activities are the detection of overlaps, detection of inconsistencies, diagnosis of inconsistencies, handling of inconsistencies, tracking of inconsistencies, and specification and application of a management policy for inconsistencies. This paper also presents the main contributions of the research work that has been conducted to support each of the above activities and identifies the issues which are still open to further research.
243 citations
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TL;DR: Socioeconomic status makes a large difference to the impact of illness on the ability to remain in paid employment, and this impact increases as unemployment rises.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the national unemployment rate and class differences in the relation between health and employment during the period 1973-93. DESIGN: Data from general household surveys, 1973-93. Comparison of rates of employment, unemployment, and economic inactivity among those with and without limiting longstanding illness in different socioeconomic groups and how these varied over 20 years. SUBJECTS: All men aged 20-59 years in each survey between 1973 and 1993. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Change over time in class specific rates of employment, unemployment, and economic inactivity in those with and without limiting longstanding illness. RESULTS: Men in socioeconomic groups 1 and 2 with no longstanding illness experienced little decrease in their chances of being in paid employment as the general unemployment rate rose. Those most affected were men in manual groups with limiting longstanding illness. The likelihood of paid employment was affected far less by such illness in non-manual than in manual groups. In group 1 about 85% of men with such illness were in paid employment in 1979 and 75% by 1993; in group 4 the equivalent proportions were 70% and 40%. In men in manual groups with limiting longstanding illness there was no sign of employment rates rising again as the economy recovered. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic status makes a large difference to the impact of illness on the ability to remain in paid employment, and this impact increases as unemployment rises. Men with chronic illness in manual occupations were not drawn back into the labour force during the economic recovery of the late 1980s.
243 citations
Authors
Showing all 5822 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Andrew M. Jones | 103 | 764 | 37253 |
F. Rauscher | 100 | 605 | 36066 |
Thorsten Beck | 99 | 373 | 62708 |
Richard J. K. Taylor | 91 | 1543 | 43893 |
Christopher N. Bowman | 90 | 639 | 38457 |
G. David Batty | 88 | 451 | 23826 |
Xin Zhang | 87 | 1714 | 40102 |
Richard J. Cook | 84 | 571 | 28943 |
Hugh Willmott | 82 | 310 | 26758 |
Scott Reeves | 82 | 441 | 27470 |
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore | 81 | 211 | 29660 |
Mats Alvesson | 78 | 267 | 38248 |
W. John Edmunds | 75 | 252 | 24018 |
Sheng Chen | 71 | 688 | 27847 |
Christopher J. Taylor | 71 | 415 | 30948 |