Showing papers by "City University of Hong Kong published in 2004"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the recent development of new alloy systems of bulk metallic glasses and the properties and processing technologies relevant to the industrial applications of these alloys are also discussed.
Abstract: Amorphous alloys were first developed over 40 years ago and found applications as magnetic core or reinforcement added to other materials. The scope of applications is limited due to the small thickness in the region of only tens of microns. The research effort in the past two decades, mainly pioneered by a Japanese- and a US-group of scientists, has substantially relaxed this size constrain. Some bulk metallic glasses can have tensile strength up to 3000 MPa with good corrosion resistance, reasonable toughness, low internal friction and good processability. Bulk metallic glasses are now being used in consumer electronic industries, sporting goods industries, etc. In this paper, the authors reviewed the recent development of new alloy systems of bulk metallic glasses. The properties and processing technologies relevant to the industrial applications of these alloys are also discussed here. The behaviors of bulk metallic glasses under extreme conditions such as high pressure and low temperature are especially addressed in this review. In order that the scope of applications can be broadened, the understanding of the glass-forming criteria is important for the design of new alloy systems and also the processing techniques.
3,089 citations
TL;DR: A review of surface modification techniques for titanium and titanium alloys can be found in this article, where the authors have shown that the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and biological properties can be improved selectively using the appropriate surface treatment techniques while the desirable bulk attributes of the materials are retained.
Abstract: Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in biomedical devices and components, especially as hard tissue replacements as well as in cardiac and cardiovascular applications, because of their desirable properties, such as relatively low modulus, good fatigue strength, formability, machinability, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, titanium and its alloys cannot meet all of the clinical requirements. Therefore, in order to improve the biological, chemical, and mechanical properties, surface modification is often performed. This article reviews the various surface modification technologies pertaining to titanium and titanium alloys including mechanical treatment, thermal spraying, sol–gel, chemical and electrochemical treatment, and ion implantation from the perspective of biomedical engineering. Recent work has shown that the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and biological properties of titanium and titanium alloys can be improved selectively using the appropriate surface treatment techniques while the desirable bulk attributes of the materials are retained. The proper surface treatment expands the use of titanium and titanium alloys in the biomedical fields. Some of the recent applications are also discussed in this paper.
3,019 citations
TL;DR: The two-dimensional chaotic cat map is generalized to 3D for designing a real-time secure symmetric encryption scheme that uses the 3D cat map to shuffle the positions of image pixels and uses another chaotic map to confuse the relationship between the cipher-image and the plain-image, thereby significantly increasing the resistance to statistical and differential attacks.
Abstract: Encryption of images is different from that of texts due to some intrinsic features of images such as bulk data capacity and high redundancy, which are generally difficult to handle by traditional methods. Due to the exceptionally desirable properties of mixing and sensitivity to initial conditions and parameters of chaotic maps, chaos-based encryption has suggested a new and efficient way to deal with the intractable problem of fast and highly secure image encryption. In this paper, the two-dimensional chaotic cat map is generalized to 3D for designing a real-time secure symmetric encryption scheme. This new scheme employs the 3D cat map to shuffle the positions (and, if desired, grey values as well) of image pixels and uses another chaotic map to confuse the relationship between the cipher-image and the plain-image, thereby significantly increasing the resistance to statistical and differential attacks. Thorough experimental tests are carried out with detailed analysis, demonstrating the high security and fast encryption speed of the new scheme.
1,904 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the moderating effects of switching costs on customer loyalty through both satisfaction and perceived-value measures, and concluded that companies that strive for customer loyalty should focus primarily on satisfaction or perceived value.
Abstract: It is a marketplace reality that marketing managers sometimes inflict switching costs on their customers, to inhibit them from defecting to new suppliers. In a competitive setting, such as the Internet market, where competition may be only one click away, has the potential of switching costs as an exit barrier and a binding ingredient of customer loyalty become altered? To address that issue, this article examines the moderating effects of switching costs on customer loyalty through both satisfaction and perceived-value measures. The results, evoked from a Web-based survey of online service users, indicate that companies that strive for customer loyalty should focus primarily on satisfaction and perceived value. The moderating effects of switching costs on the association of customer loyalty and customer satisfaction and perceived value are significant only when the level of customer satisfaction or perceived value is above average. In light of the major findings, the article sets forth strategic implications for customer loyalty in the setting of electronic commerce. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1,892 citations
TL;DR: By applying an optimal pixel adjustment process to the stego-image obtained by the simple LSB substitution method, the image quality of the stega-image can be greatly improved with low extra computational complexity.
1,586 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the linkages between board leadership structure in terms of CEO duality (CEOs who jointly serve as board chairs), the proportion of expert outside directors on the board (PENEDs) and voluntary corporate disclosures.
1,001 citations
TL;DR: This work explains the main reason why significantly less local controllers are required by specifically pinning the most highly connected nodes in a scale-free network than those required by the randomly pining scheme, and why there is no significant difference between specifically and randomly pinning schemes for controlling random dynamical networks.
Abstract: It is now known that the complexity of network topology has a great impact on the stabilization of complex dynamical networks. In this work, we study the control of random networks and scale-free networks. Conditions are investigated for globally or locally stabilizing such networks. Our strategy is to apply local feedback control to a small fraction of network nodes. We propose the concept of virtual control for microscopic dynamics throughout the process with different pinning schemes for both random networks and scale-free networks. We explain the main reason why significantly less local controllers are required by specifically pinning the most highly connected nodes in a scale-free network than those required by the randomly pinning scheme, and why there is no significant difference between specifically and randomly pinning schemes for controlling random dynamical networks. We also study the synchronization phenomenon of controlled dynamical networks in the stabilization process, both analytically and numerically.
878 citations
TL;DR: A set of five principles and associated criteria are elicited to help assure both the rigor and the relevance of CAR in information systems.
Abstract: Despite the growing prominence of canonical action research (CAR) in the information systems discipline, a paucity of methodological guidance contin- ues to hamper those conducting and evaluating such studies. This article elicits a set of five principles and associated criteria to help assure both the rigor and the relevance of CAR in information systems. The first principle relates to the devel- opment of an agreement that facilitates collaboration between the action researcher and the client. The second principle is based upon a cyclical process model for action research that consists of five stages: diagnosis, planning, inter- vention, evaluation and reflection. Additional principles highlight the critical roles of theory, change through action, and the specification of learning in terms of impli- cations for both research and practice. The five principles are illustrated through the analysis of one recently published CAR study.
836 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the current developments in fabrication, microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials and coatings is addressed. And the properties of transition metal nitride nanocrystine films formed by ion beam assisted deposition process.
Abstract: In recent years, near-nano (submicron) and nanostructured materials have attracted increasingly more attention from the materials community. Nanocrystalline materials are characterized by a microstructural length or grain size of up to about 100 nm. Materials having grain size of ∼0.1 to 0.3 μm are classified as submicron materials. Nanocrystalline materials exhibit various shapes or forms, and possess unique chemical, physical or mechanical properties. When the grain size is below a critical value (∼10–20 nm), more than 50 vol.% of atoms is associated with grain boundaries or interfacial boundaries. In this respect, dislocation pile-ups cannot form, and the Hall–Petch relationship for conventional coarse-grained materials is no longer valid. Therefore, grain boundaries play a major role in the deformation of nanocrystalline materials. Nanocrystalline materials exhibit creep and super plasticity at lower temperatures than conventional micro-grained counterparts. Similarly, plastic deformation of nanocrystalline coatings is considered to be associated with grain boundary sliding assisted by grain boundary diffusion or rotation. In this review paper, current developments in fabrication, microstructure, physical and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials and coatings will be addressed. Particular attention is paid to the properties of transition metal nitride nanocrystalline films formed by ion beam assisted deposition process.
832 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed an integrative framework for customer value and CRM performance based on the identification of the key dimensions of customer value, emphasizing the customer equity-based view.
Abstract: In the modern customer‐centred era, customer value is a strategic weapon in attracting and retaining customers. Delivering superior customer value has become a matter of ongoing concern in building and sustaining competitive advantage by driving customer‐relationship‐management (CRM) performance. However, related studies are rather divergent, the key dimensions of customer value remain unclear, and there is no agreement on the evaluation of CRM performance. This paper develops an integrative framework for customer value and CRM performance based on the identification of the key dimensions of customer value. Emphasising the customer equity‐based view, the paper explores the decomposed effects of customer value on CRM performance in terms of relationship quality and customer behaviours. In doing so, a structural equation model is developed using the partial least square method supported by an empirical investigation of customers in China.
704 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors numerically studied the chaotic behaviors in the fractional-order Rossler equations and found that chaos and hyperchaos exist in such systems with order less than 3.
Abstract: The dynamics of fractional-order systems have attracted increasing attentions in recent years. In this paper, we numerically study the chaotic behaviors in the fractional-order Rossler equations. We found that chaotic behaviors exist in the fractional-order Rossler equation with orders less than 3, and hyperchaos exists in the fractional-order Rossler hyperchaotic equation with order less than 4. The lowest orders we found for chaos and hyperchaos to exist in such systems are 2.4 and 3.8, respectively. Period doubling routes to chaos in the fractional-order Rossler equation are also found.
TL;DR: Experimental results show that this three-dimensional baker map is 2–3 times faster than the two-dimensional one, showing its great potential in real-time image encryption applications.
Abstract: Symmetric block encryption schemes, designed on invertible two-dimensional chaotic maps on a torus or a square, prove feasible and secure for real-time image encryption according to the commonly used criteria given in the literature. In this paper, a typical map of this kind, namely, the baker map, is further extended to be three-dimensional and then used to speed up image encryption while retaining its high degree of security. The proposed algorithm is described in detail, along with its security analysis and implementation. Experimental results show that this three-dimensional baker map is 2–3 times faster than the two-dimensional one, showing its great potential in real-time image encryption applications.
TL;DR: This paper introduces complex dynamical network models with coupling delays for both continuous- and discrete-time cases and investigates their synchronization phenomena and criteria, and derives synchronization conditions for both delay-independent and delay-dependent asymptotical stabilities in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMI).
Abstract: Complex networks have attracted increasing attention from various fields of science and engineering today. Due to the finite speeds of transmission and spreading as well as traffic congestions, a signal or influence travelling through a complex network often is associated with time delays, and this is very common in biological and physical networks. In this paper, we introduce complex dynamical network models with coupling delays for both continuous- and discrete-time cases and then investigate their synchronization phenomena and criteria. Based on these new complex network models, we derive synchronization conditions for both delay-independent and delay-dependent asymptotical stabilities in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMI). We finally use a network with a fixed delay and a specific coupling scheme as an example to illustrate the theoretical results.
TL;DR: The synthesis and structural, photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent properties of a class of platinum(II) complexes bearing sigma-alkynyl ancillary ligands, namely Pt-(CC)Pt(C[triple bond]C]nR], have been studied.
Abstract: The synthesis and structural, photophysical, electrochemical, and electroluminescent properties of a class of platinum(II) complexes bearing σ-alkynyl ancillary ligands, namely [(C∧N∧N)Pt(C⋮C)nR] [H(C∧N∧N) = 6-aryl-2,2‘-bipyridine; n = 1−4; R = aryl, alkyl, or trimethylsilyl], have been studied. Substituents with different steric and electronic properties were introduced into the tridentate cyclometalating and arylacetylide ligands, and the π-conjugation length of the oligoynyl moiety was homologously extended from ethynyl to octatetraynyl. The X-ray crystal structures of several derivatives confirm the Pt−(C⋮C) ligation and reveal various intermolecular interactions, such as π−π, Pt···Pt, and C−H···F−C. The complexes display good thermal stability and intense phosphorescence in fluid and glassy solutions with high quantum yields and microsecond lifetimes. Their emission energies are sensitive to solvent polarity, the electronic affinities of the substituents on both the cyclometalating and arylacetylide ...
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of rare earth (RE) elements on the microstructure, mechanical properties, wetting behavior of certain Pb-free solder alloys is summarized. But, the authors do not consider the effects of RE elements on ICs.
Abstract: Due to the inherent toxicity of lead (Pb), environmental regulations around the world have been targeted to eliminate the usage of Pb-bearing solders in electronic assemblies. This has prompted the development of “Pb-free” solders, and has enhanced the research activities in this field. In order to become a successful solder material, Pb-free alloys need to be reliable over long term use. Although many of these alloys possess higher strength than the traditional Sn–Pb ones, there still exist reliability problems such as electromigration and creep. Also, the solderability of many Pb-free alloys is inferior to that of Sn–Pb and any improvement or replacement will be welcomed by industry. In order to develop new Pb-free solders with better properties, trace amounts of rare earth (RE) elements were selected by some researchers as alloying additions into Sn-based solders. These solder alloys are mainly Sn–Ag, Sn–Cu, Sn–Zn and Sn–Ag–Cu. In general, the resulting RE-doped solders are found to have better performances than their original ones. The improvements include better wettability, creep strength and tensile strength. In particular, the increase in creep resistance in some RE-doped alloys gives creep rupture time increases by over four times for Sn–Ag and seven times for Sn–Cu and Sn–Ag–Cu. Like other Sn-based alloys, their creep rates are controlled by dislocation pipe diffusion in the Sn matrix. Also, it was found that the creep rate of these Sn-based alloys can be represented by a single empirical equation. With the addition of RE elements, solders for bonding on difficult substrates such as on semiconductors, diamond, and optical materials have also been developed. This report summarizes the effect of RE elements on the microstructure, mechanical properties, wetting behavior of certain Pb-free solder alloys. As an illustration of the advantage of RE doping, interfacial studies were carried out for electronic interconnections with RE-doped Pb-free alloys. It was found that the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer thickness and the amount of interfacial reaction were reduced in a Ball Grid Array (BGA) package. These results indicate that RE elements would play an important role in providing better electronic interconnections.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction within the setting of online securities brokerage services and found that primary service quality dimensions leading to online customer satisfaction are closely related to traditional services while key factors leading to dissatisfaction are tied to information systems quality.
Abstract: This exploratory research intends to extend our understanding of service quality and customer satisfaction within the setting of online securities brokerage services. Based upon conceptual frameworks from the areas of services marketing and information systems management, the authors uncovered 52 items across 16 major service quality dimensions by content analysis of 740 customer reviews. The results indicate that primary service quality dimensions leading to online customer satisfaction, with the exception of ease of use, are closely related to traditional services while key factors leading to dissatisfaction are tied to information systems quality. In addition, major drivers of satisfaction and dissatisfaction are identified at the sub‐dimensional level. Theoretical contribution and managerial implications of the findings are further discussed.
20 Jun 2004
TL;DR: In this paper, a planar inductive battery charger for portable electronic equipment such as mobile phones, palm pilots and CD players is proposed, which can generate magnetic flux of almost even magnitude over the surface of the winding arrays.
Abstract: This invention is related to a new planar inductive battery charger for portable electronic equipment such as mobile phones, palm pilots and CD players. New multilayer printed-circuit-board (PCB) winding matrices of hexagonal structures that can generate magnetic flux of almost even magnitude over the surface of the winding arrays have been developed. The new concept forms the basis for a new generation of universal charging platform for a wide range of portable electronic equipment. Different types of portable electronic equipment can be placed and charged simultaneously on the charging platform, regardless of their positions and orientation. The principle and structure of the charging platform are explained and the feasibility has been confirmed with practical measurements. The proposed universal charging platform has been successfully used for mobile phones, MP3 players and electronic dictionaries.
TL;DR: It is shown that the CWLS estimator yields better performance than the LS method and achieves both the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao lower bound and the optimal circular error probability at sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio conditions.
Abstract: Localization of mobile phones is of considerable interest in wireless communications. In this correspondence, two algorithms are developed for accurate mobile location using the time-of-arrival measurements of the signal from the mobile station received at three or more base stations. The first algorithm is an unconstrained least squares (LS) estimator that has implementation simplicity. The second algorithm solves a nonconvex constrained weighted least squares (CWLS) problem for improving estimation accuracy. It is shown that the CWLS estimator yields better performance than the LS method and achieves both the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao lower bound and the optimal circular error probability at sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio conditions.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper examined the status of safety management in Chinese construction industry, explore the risk-prone activities on construction sites, and identify factors affecting construction site safety.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors examined the relevance of seven technological innovation capabilities (TICs) to building and sustaining the competitiveness of Chinese firms and found that a strong R&D capability could safeguard innovation rate and product competitiveness in large and medium sized firms, whereas a resources allocation capability would enhance the sales growth in small firms.
TL;DR: A guaranteed cost control method for nonlinear systems with time-delays which can be represented by Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model which guarantees that the controller without any delay information can stabilize time-delay T-S fuzzy systems is introduced.
Abstract: This study introduces a guaranteed cost control method for nonlinear systems with time-delays which can be represented by Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy models with time-delays. The state feedback and generalized dynamic output feedback approaches are considered. The generalized dynamic output feedback controller is presented by a new fuzzy controller architecture which is of dual indexed rule base. It considers both the dynamic part and the output part of T-S fuzzy model which guarantees that the controller without any delay information can stabilize time-delay T-S fuzzy systems. Based on delay-dependent Lyapunov functional approach, some sufficient conditions for the existence of state feedback controller are provided via parallel distributed compensation (PDC) first. Second, the corresponding conditions are extended into the generalized dynamic output feedback closed-loop system via so-called generalized PDC technique. The upper bound of time-delay can be obtained using convex optimization such that the system can be stabilized for all time-delays whose sizes are not larger than the bound. The minimizing method is also proposed to search the suboptimal upper bound of guaranteed cost function. The effectiveness of the proposed method can be shown by the simulation examples.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the chaotic behaviors in the fractional order Chen system and found that chaos exists in all the levels of the Chen system with order less than 3.1.
Abstract: In this letter, we study the chaotic behaviors in the fractional order Chen system. We found that chaos exists in the fractional order Chen system with order less than 3. The lowest order we found to have chaos in this system is 2.1. Linear feedback control of chaos in this system is also studied.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined a sample of 328 connected transactions between Hong Kong listed companies and their controlling shareholders during 1998-2000 and found that on average, firms earn significant negative excess returns both around the initial announcement of the connected transactions and during the 12-month period following the announcement, and limited evidence that the market anticipates the expropriation by discounting firms that undertake connected transactions.
Abstract: We examine a sample of 328 filings of "connected transactions" between Hong Kong listed companies and their controlling shareholders during 1998-2000. We address three questions: What types of connected transactions are likely to lead to expropriation of minority shareholders? Which firms are more likely to expropriate? Does the market anticipate the expropriation? On average, firms earn significant negative excess returns both around the initial announcement of the connected transactions (from -2.5 per cent for firms making cash payments to directors to -5.9 per cent for firms selling equity stakes to their controlling shareholders) and during the 12-month period following the announcement (from -7.2 per cent for firms acquiring assets from their substantial shareholders to -21.9 per cent for firms selling assets to them). Excess returns are significantly negatively related to percentage ownership by the controlling shareholder. They are also significantly negatively related to proxies for information disclosure. The likelihood of undertaking connected transactions is higher for firms whose ultimate owners can be traced to mainland China. Finally, we find limited evidence that the market anticipates the expropriation by discounting firms that undertake connected transactions.
TL;DR: This paper critically reviews the scientific basis, cause and effect relationship, reliability, advantages and limitations of 14 histo-cytopathological biomarkers used as biomarkers in pollution monitoring.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conceptualized both contractual safeguards and trust as important control mechanisms in non-equity alliances, and developed a model that relates the relationship between the two mechanisms and cooperative outcomes.
TL;DR: In this paper, much attention is paid to the measurement model of service quality in China's mobile communication market based on the well-known SERVQUAL model, but with reasonable modification on the basis of focus group discussions and expert opinions to reflect the specific industry attributes and the special culture of China.
Abstract: Service quality, customer satisfaction and customer value have become the priority of both manufacturers and service provider in the increasingly intensified competition for customers in today's customer-centered era. However, findings regarding service quality, customer satisfaction and customer value are rather divergent and related studies are fragmented, especially for the complicated interrelationships among them. Thus, less is known about the relative impacts of quality-related factors on customer value and customer satisfaction up to now and the moderating role of customer value in the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction has been neglected. Further, it is very difficult to find related studies, supported by evidence, that focus on service quality, customer satisfaction and customer value, and their influences on customer behavior intentions in the telecommunication industry. In this paper, much attention is paid to the measurement model of service quality in China's mobile communication market based on the well-known SERVQUAL model, but with reasonable modification on the basis of focus group discussions and expert opinions to reflect the specific industry attributes and the special culture of China. By taking a disaggregated approach, the key drivers of service quality, customer value and customer satisfaction are first identified and the impact of customer perceived sacrifice on customer value is emphasized. Then attention is given to the systematic study of the dynamic relationships among them, especially the moderating effect of customer value on the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction, which is followed by the examination of their influences on behavior intentions of customers. Results are based on the development of structural equation models using Partial Least Square technique.
TL;DR: For every clever method and tool being developed to hide information in multimedia data, an equal number of clever methods and tools areBeing developed to detect and reveal its secrets.
Abstract: For every clever method and tool being developed to hide information in multimedia data, an equal number of clever methods and tools are being developed to detect and reveal its secrets.
The Chinese University of Hong Kong1, City University of Hong Kong2, University of Macau3, Simón Bolívar University4, University of Tokyo5, University of Osnabrück6, California State University, Chico7, University of Vienna8, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven9, University of Alberta10, University of Guelph11, Chinese Academy of Sciences12, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic13, Charles University in Prague14, Pedagogical University15, Åbo Akademi University16, University of Lyon17, Tbilisi State University18, International University, Cambodia19, Hong Kong Polytechnic University20, Hungarian Academy of Sciences21, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens22, University of Delhi23, Indian Statistical Institute24, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad25, Padjadjaran University26, University of Haifa27, University of Padua28, Seowon University29, University of Latvia30, American University of Beirut31, Universiti Sains Malaysia32, Universiti Malaysia Sabah33, Tilburg University34, Victoria University of Wellington35, University of Lagos36, University of Bergen37, University of Peshawar38, University of the Philippines39, University of Porto40, University of Minho41, Russian Academy of Sciences42, University of Cape Town43, Autonomous University of Madrid44, National Taiwan University45, Assumption University46, Boğaziçi University47, University College London48, University of Greenwich49
TL;DR: Leung et al. as mentioned in this paper revealed a five-dimensional structure of social axioms across individuals from five cultural groups across 41 nations and revealed the culture level factor structure and its correlates across 41 cultures.
Abstract: Leung and colleagues have revealed a five-dimensional structure of social axioms across individuals from five cultural groups. The present research was designed to reveal the culture level factor structure of social axioms and its correlates across 41 nations. An ecological factor analysis on the 60 items of the Social Axioms Survey extracted two factors: Dynamic Externality correlates with value measures tapping collectivism, hierarchy, and conservatism and with national indices indicative of lower social development. Societal Cynicism is less strongly and broadly correlated with previous values measures or other national indices and seems to define a novel cultural syndrome. Its national correlates suggest that it taps the cognitive component of a cultural constellation labeled maleficence, a cultural syndrome associated with a general mistrust of social systems and other people. Discussion focused on the meaning of these national level factors of beliefs and on their relationships with individual level factors of belief derived from the same data set.
TL;DR: A five-dimensional structure of social axioms was identified in Hong Kong and Venezuela, and subsequently replicated in the United States, Germany, and Japan by a round-the-world study.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes a global research program designed to evaluate the universality and meaning of a five-factor structure of general beliefs or social axioms. Student data from 40 cultures and adult data from 13 cultures are collected, with both types of data providing strong support for the generality of this five-factor structure. The validity and usefulness of this structure are established by correlating citizen profiles across five dimensions—including social cynicism, social complexity, reward for application, religiosity, and fate control for each cultural group with societal characteristics. Within-culture and cross-cultural studies are reviewed to support the meanings of these axioms. A five-dimensional structure of social axioms was identified in Hong Kong and Venezuela, and subsequently replicated in the United States, Germany, and Japan. The universality of this structure of social axioms was evaluated by a round-the-world study, the results of which are presented. The chapter describes a research program designed to identify psychological construct, general beliefs or social axioms. It presents a historical review of the study of shared beliefs in social psychology.
TL;DR: In this article, the inner coupled link matrix, the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the coupled configuration matrix, rather than the conventional eigen values of a uniform network, are determined by means of the chaos synchronization of a time-varying complex network.
Abstract: Recently, it has been demonstrated that many large-scale complex dynamical networks display a collective synchronization motion. Here, we introduce a time-varying complex dynamical network model and further investigate its synchronization phenomenon. Based on this new complex network model, two network chaos synchronization theorems are proved. We show that the chaos synchronization of a time-varying complex network is determined by means of the inner coupled link matrix, the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the coupled configuration matrix, rather than the conventional eigenvalues of the coupled configuration matrix for a uniform network. Especially, we do not assume that the coupled configuration matrix is symmetric and its off-diagonal elements are nonnegative, which in a way generalizes the related results existing in the literature.