Showing papers by "Clemson University published in 1993"
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of 78 studies showed that social loafing is robust and generalizes across tasks and S populations as mentioned in this paper, and that a large number of variables were found to moderate social loobing.
Abstract: Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. A meta-analysis of 78 studies demonstrates that social loafing is robust and generalizes across tasks and S populations. A large number of variables were found to moderate social loafing. Evaluation potential, expectations of co-worker performance, task meaningfulness, and culture had especially strong influence. These findings are interpreted in the light of a Collective Effort Model that integrates elements of expectancy-value, social identity, and self-validation theories. Many of life's most important tasks can only be accomplished in groups, and many group tasks are collective tasks that require the pooling of individual members' inputs. Government task forces, sports teams, organizational committees, symphony orchestras, juries, and quality control teams provide but a few examples of groups that combine individual efforts to form a single product. Because collective work settings are so pervasive and indispensable, it is important to determine which factors motivate and demotivate individuals within these collective contexts. Intuition might lead to the conclusion that working with others should inspire individuals to maximize their potential and work especially hard. Research on social loafing, however, has revealed that individuals frequently exert less effort on collective tasks than on individual tasks. Formally, social loafing is the reduction in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively compared with when they work individually or coactively. When working collectively, individuals work in the real or imagined presence of others with whom they combine their inputs to form a single group product. When working coactively, individuals work in the real or imagined presence of others, but their inputs are not combined with the inputs of others. Determining the conditions under which individuals do or do not engage in social loafing is a problem of both theoretical and practical importance. At a practical level, the identification of moderating variables may
1,992 citations
TL;DR: The mechanism of how lipids interfere with ruminal fermentation is a complex model involving partitioning of lipid into the microbial cell membrane, potency of the lipid to disrupt membrane and cellular function, physical attachment of microbial cells to plant surfaces, and expression and activity of microbial hydrolytic enzymes.
1,037 citations
TL;DR: A technique to select a representative set of test cases from a test suite that provides the same coverage as the entire test suite by identifying, and then eliminating, the redundant and obsolete test cases in the test suite is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a technique to select a representative set of test cases from a test suite that provides the same coverage as the entire test suite. This selection is performed by identifying, and then eliminating, the redundant and obsolete test cases in the test suite. The representative set replaces the original test suite and thus, potentially produces a smaller test suite. The representative set can also be used to identify those test cases that should be rerun to test the program after it has been changed. Our technique is independent of the testing methodology and only requires an association between a testing requirement and the test cases that satisfy the requirement. We illustrate the technique using the data flow testing methodology. The reduction that is possible with our technique is illustrated by experimental results.
630 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that those claims which extol the environmental benefits of products and those that are designed to enhance the environmental image of an organization are most prone to be considered misleading and/or deceptive.
Abstract: As organizations seek to communicate with consumers who are concerned about the environment, advertisements containing environmental claims are becoming more prominent. While much has been written about environmental advertising, this phenomenon has seldom been examined systematically. This paper presents an empirical study which combines two classification schemes to create a matrix that identifies different types of environmental claims and the likelihood that such claims will be judged as misleading and/or deceptive. Results suggest that those claims which extol the environmental benefits of products and those that are designed to enhance the environmental image of an organization are most prone to be considered misleading and/or deceptive. Methods for improving environmental advertising are suggested.
499 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the addition of cAMP, its analogs, or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine to germinating conidia or to vegetative hyphae induced appressorium formation on noninductive surfaces provides a clue to the regulation of this developmental process.
Abstract: Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast, is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens of rice throughout the world. Infection of rice by M. grisea requires the formation of an appressorium, a darkly pigmented, dome-shaped structure. The germ tube tip differentiates into an appressorium following germination of conidia on a leaf surface. When conidia germinate on growth medium or other noninductive surfaces, the emerging germ tube does not differentiate and continues to grow vegetatively. Little is known about the endogenous or exogenous signals controlling the developmental process of infection structure formation. We show here that a hydrophobic surface was sufficient for the induction of the appressorium. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the addition of cAMP, its analogs (8-bromo cAMP and N6-monobutyryl cAMP), or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase) to germinating conidia or to vegetative hyphae induced appressorium formation on noninductive surfaces. The identification of cAMP as a mediator of infection structure formation provides a clue to the regulation of this developmental process. Elucidation of the mechanism involved is not only of biological interest but may also provide the basis for new disease control strategies.
328 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that increased survival of juveniles in late autumn leads to the formation of communal groups and increases in population density.
Abstract: In microtine rodents, formation of communal groups often is associated with environmental stresses of winter or high population density. Social organization of the prairie vole ( Microtus ochrogaster ) consisted of communal groups formed by addition of philopatric young and unrelated adults to an original male-female pair or single-female breeding unit. Owing to high juvenile mortality during spring-early autumn, most social groups remained as male-female pairs or single females. Male-female pairs displayed behavioral traits associated with monogamy, including sharing a common nest and home range, mate guarding, dissolution of pairs by mortality, and low incidence of remating. Male-female pairs rarely involved related animals. Single-female breeding units were survivors of male-female pairs that had not formed a new pair; prevalence of single-female breeding units was not related to availability of unpaired males. When juvenile survival increased in late autumn, communal groups became the predominant social group. Formation of communal groups was unrelated to low temperatures and was not contingent upon the nonreproductive status of members. Although present at low population density, communal groups were the most common type of social group at high densities. We conclude that increased survival of juveniles in late autumn leads to the formation of communal groups and increases in population density.
311 citations
21 May 1993
TL;DR: Experimental results support the hypothesis that selective mutation is almost as strong as nonselective mutation, and in experimental trials, selective mutations provide almost the same coverage as nonselection, with significant reductions in cost.
Abstract: Mutation testing is a technique for unit-testing software that, although powerful, is computationally expensive. The principal expense of mutation is that many variants of the test program, called mutants, must be repeatedly executed. Selective mutation is a way to approximate mutation testing that saves execution by reducing the number of mutants that must be executed. The authors report experimental results that compare selective mutation testing to standard, or nonselective, mutation testing. The results support the hypothesis that selective mutation is almost as strong as nonselective mutation. In experimental trials, selective mutations provide almost the same coverage as nonselective mutation, with significant reductions in cost. >
300 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated factors affecting barrier properties and mechanical properties of methyl ccllulose (MC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) films for both types of cellulose.
Abstract: Factors affecting barrier properties [oxygen permeability (OP) and water vapor permeability (WVP)] and mechanical properties [tensile strength (TS) and elongation (E)] were investigated for methyl ccllulose (MC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) films. OP, WVP and TS of MC and HPC films increased as the molecular weight (MW) of the cellulose increased. E of MC films increased as MW increased, but E of HPC films was highest for the intermediate MW of 370,000. OP, WVP and TS of MC films were not a function of thickness, but E slowly increased as film thickness increased. OP and WVP of HPC films were not relatable to film thickness, but TS and E of HPC films slowly increased as film thickness increased. TS decreased and E increased for both film types as concentration of plasticizers was increased. Plasticizers enhanced or retarded OP and WVP of cellulosebased films, depending on their concentrations.
268 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method was developed by which films could be prepared from commercial isolated soy protein (ISP). ISP was treated with alkali (ATISP) to alter film orooerties.
Abstract: A method was developed by which films could be prepared from commercial isolated soy protein (ISP). ISP was treated with alkali (ATISP) to alter film orooerties. Water vapor oermeability (WVP). oxygen‘permeability (O2P), tensile strength (TS), percent elongatidn (%E), and appearance of ISP and ATISP were compared. Alkali treatment had no effect on WVP. O2P, and TS, gave hieher %E, and improved film appearance. Films properties were also compared at pH 6, 8, 10, and 12. In general, pH 6 gave higher WVP and O2P and lower TS and %E; while higher pH gave lower WVP and O2P and higher TS and %E. ATISP films could not be produced at pH 6. Film appearance generally improved with increased pH.
268 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the analysis of stochastic robustness offers a good alternative to existing robustness metrics and is appropriate for evaluating robust control system synthesis methods currently practised.
232 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the trap densities of the traps are calculated using the tunneling front model and analyzing the transient currents that flowed through the oxide after removal of the stress voltage pulses.
Abstract: Increases in pre-tunneling leakage currents in thin oxides after the oxides are subjected to high voltage stresses are correlated with the number of traps generated inside of the oxides by the high-voltage stresses. The densities of the traps are calculated using the tunneling front model and analyzing the transient currents that flowed through the oxide after removal of the stress voltage pulses. It is found that the trap distributions are relatively uniform throughout the small portion of the oxide sampled by the transient currents. The trap densities increase as the cube root of the fluence of electrons that passes through the oxide during the stress, independent of the stress polarity. The voltage dependence of the low-level pretunneling current is dependent on the sequence in which the stress voltage polarities and the low-level current measurement polarities are applied. The portion of the low-level pre-tunneling current that is not dependent on the polarity sequence is best fitted by a voltage dependence consistent with Schottky emission. >
TL;DR: This paper conducted a survey to identify conservation activity among the general populace of a midsize Southwestern community to increase our understanding of those who do and do not engage in a conservation activity.
Abstract: The authors conducted a survey to identify conservation activity among the general populace of a midsize Southwestern community to increase our understanding of those who do and do not engage in a ...
TL;DR: The authors investigated whether intercollegiate athletic participation affects scholarly success and found that athletes do not do as well in the classroom as regular students, and that the exploitation of athletes extends beyond the sidelines and into the classroom.
Abstract: We investigate whether intercollegiate athletic participation affects scholarly success. The overall means of course grades suggest that athletes do not do as well in the classroom as regular students. Background factors explain this underperformance for most sports; athletes come to school with lower SAT scores and poorer high school preparation. However, players in the revenue sports do worse even accounting for this. We investigate the cause of this unexplained underperformance: We find that it is a seasonal phenomenon. To us, this means that the exploitation of athletes extends beyond the sidelines and into the classroom.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of Mexican American acculturation and structural assimilation on outdoor recreation patterns were examined based on ethnic assimilation theory, and the authors hypothesized that the greater the degree of assimilation, the better the outdoor recreation pattern.
Abstract: The study examines the effects of Mexican American acculturation and structural assimilation on outdoor recreation patterns. Based on ethnic assimilation theory, we hypothesized that the greater th...
TL;DR: The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment on the Arthur Holly Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite uses four actively shielded NaI (Tl)-CsI(Na) phoswich detectors to provide gamma-ray line and continuum detection capability in the 005-10 MeV energy range as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment on the Arthur Holly Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite uses four actively shielded NaI (Tl)-CsI(Na) phoswich detectors to provide gamma-ray line and continuum detection capability in the 005-10 MeV energy range The instrument includes secondary capabilities for gamma-ray and neutron detection between 10 and 250 MeV The detectors have 38 deg x 1104 deg (FWHM) fields of view defined by tungsten collimators Each detector has an independent, single-axis orientation system which permits offset pointing from the spacecraft Z-axis for background measurements and multitarget observations The instrument, and its calibration and performance, are described
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of flow intermittency on convective heat transfer to a planar water jet impinging on a constant heat flux surface has been investigated by periodically restarting an impinging flow and thereby forcing renewal of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers.
Abstract: An experimental investigation has been performed to study the effect of flow intermittency on convective heat transfer to a planar water jet impinging on a constant heat flux surface. Enhanced heat transfer was achieved by periodically restarting an impinging flow and thereby forcing renewal of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers. Although convective heat transfer was less effective during a short period when flow was interrupted, high heat transfer rates, which immediately follow initial wetting, prevailed above a threshold frequency, and a net enhancement occurred. Experiments with intermittent flows yielded enhancements in convective heat transfer coefficients of nearly a factor of two, and theoretical considerations suggest that higher enhancements can be achieved by increasing the frequency of the intermittency. Enhancements need not result in an increased pressure drop within a flow system, since flow interruptions can be induced beyond a nozzle exit. Experimental results are presented for both the steady and intermittent impinging jets at distances up to seven jet widths from the stagnation line. A theoretical model of the transient boundary layer response is used to reveal parameters that govern the measured enhancements. A useful correlation is also provided of local heat transfer results for steadily impinging jets.
TL;DR: In this paper, PANI salt solutions can be prepared by mixing PANI base solutions with organic doping solutions in select polar solvents such as NMP and DMSO Dopants containing carboxylate or amino groups, such as sulfosalicylic and m -sulfanic acids, yield soluble PANI solutions.
TL;DR: Experimental results from using Godzilla show that the technique can produce testData that is very close in terms of mutation adequacy to test data that is produced manually, and at substantially reduced cost.
Abstract: Constraint-based testing is a novel way of generating test data to detect specific types of common programming faults. The conditions under which faults will be detected are encoded as mathematical systems of constraints in terms of program symbols. A set of tools, collectively called Godzilla, has been implemented that automatically generates constraint systems and solves them to create test cases for use by the Mothra testing system. Experimental results from using Godzilla show that the technique can produce test data that is very close in terms of mutation adequacy to test data that is produced manually, and at substantially reduced cost. Additionally, these experiments have suggested a new procedure for unit testing, where test cases are viewed as throw-away items rather than scarce resources.
01 Sep 1993
TL;DR: A new technique for selective regression testing is presented that constructs control dependence graphs for program versions and uses these graphs to determine which tests from the existing test suite may exhibit changed behavior on the new version.
Abstract: Regression testing is a necessary but costly maintenance activity aimed at demonstrating that code has not been adversely affected by changes. A selective approach to regression testing selects tests for a modified program from an existing test suite. A new technique for selective regression testing is presented. The proposed algorithm constructs control dependence graphs for program versions and uses these graphs to determine which tests from the existing test suite may exhibit changed behavior on the new version. Unlike most previous techniques for selective retest, the algorithm selects every test from the original test suite that might expose errors in the modified program, and does this without prior knowledge of program modifications. The algorithm handles all language constructs and program modifications and is easily automated. >
TL;DR: The levels of coupling are precisely defined so that they can be determined algorithmically, incorporated the notion of direction into the coupling levels, and accounted for different types of nonlocal variables present in modern programming languages.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of subculture, marginality, and perceived discrimination on use of selected public outdoor recreation areas were investigated using telephone interviews with 1057 households in Maricopa and Gila counties in Arizona.
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of subculture, marginality, and perceived discrimination on use of selected public outdoor recreation areas. The assimilation perspective from the sociology literature provided theoretical guidance for the study. These concepts were treated as different types of social distance (cultural distance, socioeconomic distance, and intergroup distance). Each was hypothesized to affect the use of outdoor recreation areas. Data for this analysis came from telephone interviews conducted with 1057 households in Maricopa and Gila counties in Arizona. The analysis was conducted using a subsample of respondents of Mexican ancestry. The results support the socioeconomic, or marginality, hypothesis. There was less support for the subcultural, or ethnicity, hypothesis. There was no support for the perceived discrimination hypothesis. Research implications and recommendations are discussed.
TL;DR: Results indicate that the rab28 promoter sequence CCACGTGG is a functional ABA-responsive element, and suggest that distinct regulatory factors with apparent similar affinity for the ABRE sequence may be involved in the hormone action during embryo development and in vegetative tissues subjected to osmotic stress.
Abstract: The maize gene rab28 has been identified as ABA-inducible in embryos and vegetative tissues. It is also induced by water stress in young leaves. The proximal promoter region contains the conserved cis-acting element CCACGTGG (ABRE) reported for ABA induction in other plant genes. Transient expression assays in rice protoplasts indicate that a 134 bp fragment (-194 to -60 containing the ABRE) fused to a truncated cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (35S) is sufficient to confer ABA-responsiveness upon the GUS reporter gene. Gel retardation experiments indicate that nuclear proteins from tissues in which the rab28 gene is expressed can interact specifically with this 134 bp DNA fragment. Nuclear protein extracts from embryo and water-stressed leaves generate specific complexes of different electrophoretic mobility which are stable in the presence of detergent and high salt. However, by DMS footprinting the same guanine-specific contacts with the ABRE in both the embryo and leaf binding activities were detected. These results indicate that the rab28 promoter sequence CCACGTGG is a functional ABA-responsive element, and suggest that distinct regulatory factors with apparent similar affinity for the ABRE sequence may be involved in the hormone action during embryo development and in vegetative tissues subjected to osmotic stress.
TL;DR: A single-machine scheduling problem in which penalties are assigned for early and tardy completion of jobs is addressed, and it is found that it is not much more difficult to design an enumerative search for this problem than it would be if the performance measure were regular.
Abstract: We address a single-machine scheduling problem in which penalties are assigned for early and tardy completion of jobs. These penalties are common in industrial settings where early job completion can cause the cash commitment to resources in a time frame earlier than needed, giving rise to early completion penalties. Tardiness penalties arise from a variety of sources, such as loss of customer goodwill, opportunity costs of lost sales, and direct cash penalties. Accounting for earliness cost makes the performance measure nonregular, and this nonregularity has apparently discouraged researchers from seeking solutions to this problem. We found that it is not much more difficult to design an enumerative search for this problem than it would be if the performance measure were regular. We present and demonstrate an efficient timetabling procedure which can be embedded in an enumerative algorithm allowing the search to be conducted over the domain of job permutations.© 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: Ozonated water and chlorinated sanitizer were compared for effectiveness against biofilms of milk spoilage bacteria and ozonation and chlorination reduced bacteria populations by > 99% at initial cell densities in the range of approximately 1.24 x 10(5) to 8.56 cfu/cm2.
TL;DR: The procedure developed describes a systematic approach that allows decision makers to resolve system-inherent infeasibilities, and a heuristic based on rounding to develop good feasible solutions to the model.
Abstract: The resident scheduling problem is a specific case of the multiperiod staff assignment problem where individuals are assigned to a variety of tasks over multiple time periods. As in many staffing and training situations, numerous limitations and requirements may be placed on those assignments. This paper presents a procedure for addressing two major problems inherent in the determination of a solution to this type of problem: infeasibilities that naturally occur in the scheduling environment but are obscured by complexity; and the intractable nature of large-scale models with this structure. The procedure developed describes a systematic approach that allows decision makers to resolve system-inherent infeasibilities, and a heuristic based on rounding to develop good feasible solutions to the model. The procedure is illustrated via a case example of resident assignments for teaching and training modules in a university affiliated teaching hospital.
TL;DR: It was demonstrated, by transmission electron microscopy, that cells seeded on this surface extended cellular processes into the grooves, leading to an intensive contact and probably to mechanical interlocking.
Abstract: The contact between tissue and the implanted biomaterial is influenced by the micromorphology of the implant surface as well as biomechanical reactions. This effect is mediated by subcellular morphological structures and can affect the anchorage of the material inside the body of the host. The aim of the present study was to ascertain by transmission electron microscopy how human gingival fibroblasts interact with surface events. A special replica technique was used to produce a line pattern of 1 μm pitch with a depth of 1 μm. It was demonstrated, by transmission electron microscopy, that cells seeded on this surface extended cellular processes into the grooves, leading to an intensive contact and probably to mechanical interlocking. The typical morphological structures at several points indicated the presence of focal adhesion sites. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model that illustrates the environments of different types of JIT manufacturers and the requirements JIT sourcing imposes on the relationship between buyers and prospective suppliers is presented. But, the authors do not consider the impact of the JIT manufacturing on the purchasing relationship that exists between suppliers and their small business suppliers.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Since it was first discussed in the literature, the just-in-time manufacturing philosophy has influenced the teachings and practices of managers, academics, and consultants. Most of the current published material focuses on the implications of JIT for the manufacturer that implements the system.|1~ However, a noticeable omission is the impact of JIT manufacturing on the purchasing relationship that exists between JIT manufacturers and their small business suppliers. The move toward cooperative supplier-buyer relationships is changing the way JIT buyers identify and select small business suppliers. Two of the most critical issues a new or growing small business faces are its ability to (1) develop new sales opportunities, and (2) keep costs under control.|2~ Consequently, it is important for small businesses to understand the implications of serving JIT manufacturers so they can focus their sales-prospecting efforts, make informed decisions about whether to pursue a JIT customer, and if so, create an attractive business arrangement for both partners. Furthermore, it is critical for a JIT buyer to recognize the supplier's situation before initiating the buyer-seller relationship. This article introduces a model that illustrates the environments of different types of JIT manufacturers--and the requirements JIT sourcing imposes on the relationship between buyers and prospective suppliers. It then discusses the options small businesses have for serving different types of JIT manufacturers, and how a JIT buyer can benefit from understanding these options. Recommendations are drawn from interviews that were conducted during two separate research projects that studied JIT purchasing practices and the subcontracting activities of Department of Defense prime contractors. JIT PURCHASING AND SMALL SUPPLIERS A great deal of attention has been focused on JIT in larger companies, such as Hewlett-Packard, Xerox, Toyota, and Kawasaki USA.|3~ Only recently have researchers addressed the influence of JIT on small manufacturers, either as potential users of JIT or as suppliers to a JIT manufacturer.|4~ Most of the research has focused on the use of JIT by small manufacturers.|5~ The lack of research addressing small manufacturers as suppliers to JIT companies is an irony, given that many small manufacturers are suppliers of parts, components, and subassemblies to larger companies.|6~ Sales by small businesses to federal prime contractors alone were $27.2 billion in 1989.|7~ Researchers and business leaders have discussed the benefits available to those manufacturers that implement the JIT philosophy systemwide: reduced inventory, increased quality, reduced lead time, reduced scrap and rework, and reduced equipment downtime.|8~ One of the first steps in the implementation of JIT is to move toward JIT purchasing--a move that requires a fundamental reevaluation of the company's posture toward suppliers. Traditionally, purchasing departments have been encouraged to develop and qualify new suppliers, increase the length of qualified supplier lists, spread purchases around, and hold raw materials inventory to reduce vulnerability to unanticipated surges in demand and to poor quality and delivery performance of suppliers. In contrast to the traditional competitive posture, proponents of the JIT philosophy have encouraged firms to cultivate cooperative relationships with a smaller number of suppliers that have demonstrated excellent quality and commitment to delivery performance. As more firms move toward JIT purchasing, the environment that their suppliers face is becoming more competitive, with JIT customers exercising powerful influences over supplier profitability and survival prospects.|9~ The changing competitive environment created by JIT may be summarized in terms of three characteristics which have serious implications for suppliers that are prospecting for sales with JIT manufacturers: (1) demonstrated excellent quality, (2) frequent, on-time deliveries, and (3) very large volume commitments or single sourcing arrangements. …
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model is presented which predicts the observed shape change and yields results which compare closely with the experimentally obtained values, and a method of modifying the lami nate stacking sequence to counter the environmentally induced shape instability is developed.
Abstract: Experimental results show that mid-plane symmetric composite laminates of semi-cylindrical, curved geometry warp during manufacture and continue to change shape with changing temperature throughout their service life. A mathematical model is presented which predicts the observed shape change and yields results which compare closely with the experimentally obtained values. Further, a method of modifying the lami nate stacking sequence to counter the environmentally induced shape instability is sug gested and a predictive model, based on classical laminated plate theory, is developed. Measured instabilities of optimized laminates indicate that the proposed technique does modify the shape stability of test laminates as predicted. Thus, this technique allows the design and manufacture of curved composite laminates which are shape stable over a wide temperature range.
TL;DR: It is proved that for circular arc graphs the size of a maximum oo-irredundant set equals 2β ∗ or 2β∗ +1 (depending on parity) where β ∗ is the strong matching number.
Patent•
28 Jun 1993TL;DR: In this paper, the cyclical actuation of an actuation member is affected by a dual-acting phasing apparatus with at least three rotatable mounted internally splined members and at least a first rotatably mounted, externally splined, flexible member having a portion of the actuation within each of at least two of the internally spline members.
Abstract: An apparatus and method effects the cyclical actuation of an actuation member. The apparatus can be driven by a crankshaft and has at least one dual-acting phasing apparatus with at least three rotatable mounted internally splined members and at least a first rotatably mounted, externally splined, flexible member having a portion thereof rotatably disposed within each of at least two of the internally splined members. One inner splined member can be connected nonrotatably to a first rotatable member such as an inner shaft, which is rotatably disposed within an outer shaft of a concentric camshaft. Another internally splined member can be nonrotatably connected to the outer shaft. Yet another internally splined member can be nonrotatably connected to a pulley wheel driven by the crankshaft. A fourth internally splined member can be connected to one of the other three internally splined members. A second externally splined, flexible member can be disposed with a portion thereof rotatably disposed within each of at least two of either the three or four internally splined members. Various configurations of cam members and camlobe members can be disposed as integral portions of the inner shaft and the outer shaft. The cam members can be fixed or variable, full width cam members or splittable cam members. More than one concentric camshaft can be controlled by a single dual-acting phasing mechanism. More than one dual-acting phasing mechanism can be used to control two camshafts, concentric or conventional.