Clemson University

About: Clemson University is a education organization based out in Clemson, South Carolina, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Control theory. The organization has 20556 authors who have published 42518 publications receiving 1170779 citations. The organization is also known as: Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina.

The Technology Horizon for Photocatalytic Water Treatment: Sunrise or Sunset?

Abstract: Advanced oxidation processes via semiconductor photocatalysis for water treatment have been the subject of extensive research over the past three decades, producing many scientific reports focused on elucidating mechanisms and enhancing kinetics for the treatment of contaminants in water. Many of these reports imply that the ultimate goal of the research is to apply photocatalysis in municipal water treatment operations. However, this ignores immense technology transfer problems, perpetuating a widening gap between academic advocation and industrial application. In this Feature, we undertake a critical examination of the trajectory of photocatalytic water treatment research, assessing the viability of proposed applications and identifying those with the most promising future. Several strategies are proposed for scientists and engineers who aim to support research efforts to bring industrially relevant photocatalytic water treatment processes to fruition. Although the reassessed potential may not live up to initial academic hype, an unfavorable assessment in some areas does not preclude the transfer of photocatalysis for water treatment to other niche applications as the technology retains substantive and unique benefits.

Religion and Public Opinion about Same‐Sex Marriage*

Abstract: Objective. The goal of this article is to analyze the relationship between religion, measured in terms of religious affiliation and religiosity, and public opinion about same-sex marriage, civil unions, and a federal constitutional amendment that would prohibit gay marriage. Methods. We use logistic regression with calculated standardized coefficients to analyze data from a nationally representative survey of 1,610 respondents conducted in March–April 2004. Results. Religious variables perform better than demographic measures in models of attitudes about same-sex unions. Non-Protestants are much more likely to support same-sex unions than are Protestants, and individuals with conservative attitudes toward morality and secularism and (to a lesser extent) those who participate actively in religious life are more likely to oppose such unions. On the whole, religious variables play a weaker role in predicting support for a constitutional amendment to prevent gay marriage than they do in predicting attitudes toward same-sex unions. Conclusions. Religious variables play powerful roles in structuring attitudes about same-sex unions. Moreover, homosexuality appears to be a major component of the “moral values” discourse that is currently so popular in American politics.

An overview of active and passive targeting strategies to improve the nanocarriers efficiency to tumour sites.

Abstract: Objectives This review highlights both the physicochemical characteristics of the nanocarriers (NCs) and the physiological features of tumour microenvironment (TME) to outline what strategies undertaken to deliver the molecules of interest specifically to certain lesions. This review discusses these properties describing the convenient choice between passive and active targeting mechanisms with details, illustrated with examples of targeting agents up to preclinical research or clinical advances. Key findings Targeted delivery approaches for anticancers have shown a steep rise over the past few decades. Though many successful preclinical trials, only few passive targeted nanocarriers are approved for clinical use and none of the active targeted nanoparticles. Herein, we review the principles and for both processes and the correlation with the tumour microenvironment. We also focus on the limitation and advantages of each systems regarding laboratory and industrial scale. Summary The current literature discusses how the NCs and the enhanced permeation and retention effect impact the passive targeting. Whereas the active targeting relies on the ligand-receptor binding, which improves selective accumulation to targeted sites and thus discriminates between the diseased and healthy tissues. The latter could be achieved by targeting the endothelial cells, tumour cells, the acidic environment of cancers and nucleus.

Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics : the process of business creation

Abstract: This handbook reports on the creation andresults of the Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics (PSED) that wasconducted by the Entrepreneurship Research Consortium (ERC), founded in 1995.The PSED was created to develop a representative portrait of entrepreneurialactivity in the United States.A panel of nascent entrepreneurs wascreated, along with a control group of non-entrepreneurs. Individuals in theprocess of creating new businesses could be studied to generate systematic,reliable, and generalizable data on business creation. The handbook reports on the creation of the ERC, provides detailedinformation about the rationale used in developing the questionnaires for thePSED, and summarizes the theoretical perspectives operationalized, andvariables used, in the PSED. The PSED model has three "transitionpoints": (1) the "conception," (2) the startup process, and (3)"outcomes" of the new firm. These points generate various researchquestions: "What are the tendencies and features of those who startbusinesses?" "How do nascent entrepreneurs go about forming abusiness?" "Why are some successful?" and "Why are some firmslikely to succeed, persist, or die?" The research design had two majorparts: (1) identifying and interviewing nascent entrepreneurs and a controlgroup, and (2) the content of the interviews. Each of the 38 chapters in the handbook was written by a scholar in the ERCwho reports on a key theoretical perspective and variables associated with thattheory. The results showed the great diversity and variety in the process ofbusiness creation. Chapters in Part I, "Demographic Characteristics of theEntrepreneur," discuss the theory, measures, and evidence about thedemographic characteristics of both nascent entrepreneurs and the comparisongroup. Aspects discussed include age and other demographics, income and networth, work and education background, and family background. Part II, "Cognitive Characteristics of the Entrepreneur," surveysthe cognitive characteristics that might determine whether nascententrepreneurs think differently than the comparison group and how types ofnascent entrepreneurs might be distinguished. Topics surveyed include careerreasons, job and life satisfaction, entrepreneurial expectations, innovationand problem-solving style, and social skills. Chapters in Part III, "The Start-up Process," explore the process ofbusiness formation. They describe the kinds and types of businesses, steps andphases of the process, social networks, funding, and business expectations. Part IV, "The Entrepreneurial Environment," explores the context ofthe startup effort and the strategic and technology orientations of theemerging new firms. Three appendixes explain the PSED data collection process, datadocumentation and preparation, use of weights, and how analysis of the datasets can be conducted. (TNM)