Collège de France

About: Collège de France is a education organization based out in Paris, France. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Dopamine. The organization has 6541 authors who have published 11983 publications receiving 648742 citations. The organization is also known as: College de France.

Direct experimental evidence of slip in hexadecane: solid interfaces

Abstract: The boundary condition for the flow velocity of a Newtonian fluid near a solid wall has been probed experimentally with a novel setup using total internal reflection-fluorescence recovery after photobleaching leading to a resolution from the wall of the order of 80 nm. For hexadecane flowing on a hydrocarbon/lyophobic smooth surface, we give what we think to be the first direct experimental evidence of noticeable slip at the wall. We show that the surface roughness and the strength of the fluid-surface interactions both act on wall slip, in antagonist ways.

Astrocyte calcium waves: what they are and what they do.

Abstract: Several lines of evidence indicate that the elaborated calcium signals and the occurrence of calcium waves in astrocytes provide these cells with a specific form of excitability. The identification of the cellular and molecular steps involved in the triggering and transmission of Ca(2+) waves between astrocytes resulted in the identification of two pathways mediating this form of intercellular communication. One of them involves the direct communication between the cytosols of two adjoining cells through gap junction channels, while the other depends upon the release of "gliotransmitters" that activates membrane receptors on neighboring cells. In this review we summarize evidence in favor of these two mechanisms of Ca(2+) wave transmission and we discuss that they may not be mutually exclusive, but are likely to work in conjunction to coordinate the activity of a group of cells. To address a key question regarding the functional consequences following the passage of a Ca(2+) wave, we list, in this review, some of the potential intracellular targets of these Ca(2+) transients in astrocytes, and discuss the functional consequences of the activation of these targets for the interactions that astrocytes maintain with themselves and with other cellular partners, including those at the glial/vasculature interface and at perisynaptic sites where astrocytic processes tightly interact with neurons.

Biomimetic assembly and activation of [FeFe]-hydrogenases

Abstract: Hydrogenases are the most active molecular catalysts for hydrogen production and uptake1, 2, and could therefore facilitate the development of new types of fuel cell3, 4, 5. In [FeFe]-hydrogenases, catalysis takes place at a unique di-iron centre (the [2Fe] subsite), which contains a bridging dithiolate ligand, three CO ligands and two CN- ligands6, 7. Through a complex multienzymatic biosynthetic process, this [2Fe] subsite is first assembled on a maturation enzyme, HydF, and then delivered to the apo-hydrogenase for activation8. Synthetic chemistry has been used to prepare remarkably similar mimics of that subsite1, but it has failed to reproduce the natural enzymatic activities thus far. Here we show that three synthetic mimics (containing different bridging dithiolate ligands) can be loaded onto bacterial Thermotoga maritima HydF and then transferred to apo-HydA1, one of the hydrogenases of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algae. Full activation of HydA1 was achieved only when using the HydF hybrid protein containing the mimic with an azadithiolate bridge, confirming the presence of this ligand in the active site of native [FeFe]-hydrogenases9, 10. This is an example of controlled metalloenzyme activation using the combination of a specific protein scaffold and active-site synthetic analogues. This simple methodology provides both new mechanistic and structural insight into hydrogenase maturation and a unique tool for producing recombinant wild-type and variant [FeFe]-hydrogenases, with no requirement for the complete maturation machinery

Supramolekulare Chemie – Moleküle, Übermoleküle und molekulare Funktionseinheiten (Nobel-Vortrag)†

Abstract: Supramolekulare Chemie ist die Chemie der intermolekularen Bindung und beschaftigt sich mit Strukturen und Funktionen von Einheiten, die durch Assoziation von zwei oder mehr chemischen Spezies gebildet werden. Molekulare Erkennung in Ubermolekulen, die bei der Rezeptor/Substrat-Bindung entstehen, beruht auf dem Prinzip der molekularen Komplementaritat, wie es bei der Erkennung spharischer, tetraedrischer und linearer Substrate durch Rezeptoren, Corezeptoren, Metallorezeptoren und amphiphile Rezeptoren vorgefunden wird. Supramolekulare Katalyse mit Rezeptoren, die reaktive Gruppen tragen, bewirkt Bindungsspaltungen und -knupfungen durch Cokatalyse. Lipophile Rezeptoren konnen als selektive Carrier fur verschiedenartige Substrate verwendet werden, und sie ermoglichen den Aufbau von Transportsystemen, die mit einem Elektronen- oder Protonengradienten oder mit einem Photoprozes gekoppelt sind. Wahrend Endorezeptoren Substrate durch „konvergente Wechselwirkungen” in Molekulhohlraumen binden, werden bei Exorezeptoren die Substrate durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Ausenflachen von Rezeptor und Substrat gebunden. Demgemas lassen sich neue Typen von Rezeptoren, z. B. die Metallonucleate, entwickeln. In polymolekularen Aggregaten konnen Rezeptoren, Carrier und Katalysatoren zu molekularen und supramolekularen Funktionseinheiten fuhren, die strukturell organisierte und funktionell integrierte chemische Systeme sind („supramolekulare Architektur”). Erkennungs-, Translokations- und Transformationsprozesse mit molekularen Funktionseinheiten werden unter dem Gesichtspunkt analysiert, ob sie durch Photonen, Elektronen oder Ionen ausgelost werden konnen. Auf diese Weise lassen sich die Gebiete der molekularen Photonik, Elektronik und Ionik definieren. Fuhrt man photosensitive Gruppen ein, ergeben sich photoaktive Rezeptoren, die sich zur Lichtumwandlung und Ladungstrennung eignen. Redoxaktive, langkettige Polyolefine – „molekulare Drahte” – konnen Elektronen, z. B. durch Membranen, ubertragen. Tubulare Mesophasen, die durch Stapelung geeigneter makrocyclischer Rezeptoren entstehen, konnen Ionenkanale bilden. Bei acyclischen Liganden gibt es das Phanomen der molekularen Selbstorganisation, was zu Komplexen mit doppelt-helicaler Struktur fuhrt. Derartige Entwicklungen im Bereich des „molekularen und supramolekularen Designs und Engineerings” lassen auf photonische, elektronische und ionische molekulare Funktionseinheiten hoffen, die hochselektive Erkennungs-, Umwandlungs- und Ubertragungsprozesse – Verarbeitung von Signalen und Informationen auf molekularer Ebene – ausfuhren konnen.

A possible involvement of TIF1 alpha and TIF1 beta in the epigenetic control of transcription by nuclear receptors.

Abstract: Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-inducible transcription factors that mediate complex effects on development, differentiation and homeostasis. They regulate the transcription of their target genes through binding to cognate DNA sequences as homodimers or heterodimers. The molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional activation by NRs are still poorly understood, although intermediary factors (mediators) appear to be involved in mediating the transactivation functions of NRs. TIF1 has been identified previously as a protein that interacts specifically with the ligand binding domain of several nuclear receptors, both in yeast and in vitro. The characteristics of these interactions have led us to suggest that TIF1 might be a mediator of the NR ligand-inducible activation function AF-2. Using a two-hybrid screening in yeast, we have now identified two TIF1-binding proteins, mHP1 alpha and mMOD1, that are mouse homologues of the Drosophila heterochromatinic protein 1. Using mHP1 alpha as a bait in a second two-hybrid screening, we have isolated cDNAs encoding proteins that are also very likely to be involved in chromatin structure and function, as well as a protein structurally and functionally related to TIF1 (renamed TIF1 alpha), which was named TIF1 beta. Here we discuss how the function of members of the TIF1 family in the control of transcription could be exerted at the level of the structure of the chromatin template.