Institution
College of Wooster
Education•Wooster, Ohio, United States•
About: College of Wooster is a education organization based out in Wooster, Ohio, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Glacier. The organization has 1062 authors who have published 1631 publications receiving 43319 citations. The organization is also known as: The College of Wooster & Wooster.
Topics: Population, Glacier, Politics, Ordovician, Context (language use)
Papers published on a yearly basis
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Broad Institute1, Sainsbury Laboratory2, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center3, Uppsala University4, Wageningen University and Research Centre5, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute6, University of California, Riverside7, University of Aberdeen8, Scottish Crop Research Institute9, University of Warwick10, Agricultural Research Service11, Royal Institute of Technology12, Cornell University13, Oregon State University14, Lafayette College15, University of Glasgow16, Harvard University17, Delaware Biotechnology Institute18, North Carolina State University19, University of Delaware20, University of Tennessee21, University of Maryland, Baltimore22, Vanderbilt University23, College of Wooster24, Bowling Green State University25, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre26, J. Craig Venter Institute27, Tel Aviv University28, University of Wisconsin-Madison29, University of Hohenheim30, University of Dundee31
TL;DR: The sequence of the P. infestans genome is reported, which at ∼240 megabases (Mb) is by far the largest and most complex genome sequenced so far in the chromalveolates and probably plays a crucial part in the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plants and underpins its evolutionary potential.
Abstract: Phytophthora infestans is the most destructive pathogen of potato and a model organism for the oomycetes, a distinct lineage of fungus-like eukaryotes that are related to organisms such as brown algae and diatoms. As the agent of the Irish potato famine in the mid-nineteenth century, P. infestans has had a tremendous effect on human history, resulting in famine and population displacement(1). To this day, it affects world agriculture by causing the most destructive disease of potato, the fourth largest food crop and a critical alternative to the major cereal crops for feeding the world's population(1). Current annual worldwide potato crop losses due to late blight are conservatively estimated at $6.7 billion(2). Management of this devastating pathogen is challenged by its remarkable speed of adaptation to control strategies such as genetically resistant cultivars(3,4). Here we report the sequence of the P. infestans genome, which at similar to 240 megabases (Mb) is by far the largest and most complex genome sequenced so far in the chromalveolates. Its expansion results from a proliferation of repetitive DNA accounting for similar to 74% of the genome. Comparison with two other Phytophthora genomes showed rapid turnover and extensive expansion of specific families of secreted disease effector proteins, including many genes that are induced during infection or are predicted to have activities that alter host physiology. These fast-evolving effector genes are localized to highly dynamic and expanded regions of the P. infestans genome. This probably plays a crucial part in the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plants and underpins its evolutionary potential.
1,341 citations
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TL;DR: Results support the idea that the pervasiveness of perceived discrimination is fundamental to its harmful effects on psychological well-being.
Abstract: In 2 meta-analyses, we examined the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being and tested a number of moderators of that relationship. In Meta-Analysis 1 (328 independent effect sizes, N = 144,246), we examined correlational data measuring both perceived discrimination and psychological well-being (e.g., self-esteem, depression, anxiety, psychological distress, life satisfaction). Using a random-effects model, the mean weighted effect size was significantly negative, indicating harm (r = -.23). Effect sizes were larger for disadvantaged groups (r = -.24) compared to advantaged groups (r = -.10), larger for children compared to adults, larger for perceptions of personal discrimination compared to group discrimination, and weaker for racism and sexism compared to other stigmas. The negative relationship was significant across different operationalizations of well-being but was somewhat weaker for positive outcomes (e.g., self-esteem, positive affect) than for negative outcomes (e.g., depression, anxiety, negative affect). Importantly, the effect size was significantly negative even in longitudinal studies that controlled for prior levels of well-being (r = -.15). In Meta-Analysis 2 (54 independent effect sizes, N = 2,640), we examined experimental data from studies manipulating perceptions of discrimination and measuring well-being. We found that the effect of discrimination on well-being was significantly negative for studies that manipulated general perceptions of discrimination (d = -.25), but effects did not differ from 0 when attributions to discrimination for a specific negative event were compared to personal attributions (d = .06). Overall, results support the idea that the pervasiveness of perceived discrimination is fundamental to its harmful effects on psychological well-being.
1,167 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized data for δ18O in zircons that have been analyzed from 1,200 dated rocks ranging over 96% of the age of Earth.
Abstract: Analysis of δ18O in igneous zircons of known age traces the evolution of intracrustal recycling and crust-mantle interaction through time. This record is especially sensitive because oxygen isotope ratios of igneous rocks are strongly affected by incorporation of supracrustal materials into melts, which commonly have δ18O values higher than in primitive mantle magmas. This study summarizes data for δ18O in zircons that have been analyzed from 1,200 dated rocks ranging over 96% of the age of Earth. Uniformly primitive to mildly evolved magmatic δ18O values are found from the first half of Earth history, but much more varied values are seen for younger magmas. The similarity of values throughout the Archean, and comparison to the composition of the “modern” mantle indicate that δ18O of primitive mantle melts have remained constant (±0.2‰) for the past 4.4 billion years. The range and variability of δ18O in all Archean zircon samples is subdued (δ18O(Zrc)=5–7.5‰) ranging from values in high temperature equilibrium with the mantle (5.3± 0.3‰) to slightly higher, more evolved compositions (6.5–7.5‰) including samples from: the Jack Hills (4.4–3.3 Ga), the Beartooth Mountains (4.0–2.9 Ga), Barberton (3.5–2.7 Ga), the Superior and Slave Provinces (3.0 to 2.7 Ga), and the Lewisian (2.7 Ga). No zircons from the Archean have been analyzed with magmatic δ18O above 7.5‰. The mildly evolved, higher Archean values (6.5–7.5‰) are interpreted to result from exchange of protoliths with surface waters at low temperature followed by melting or contamination to create mildly elevated magmas that host the zircons. During the Proterozoic, the range of δ18O(Zrc) and the highest values gradually increased in a secular change that documents maturation of the crust. After ∼1.5 Ga, high δ18O zircons (8 to >10‰) became common in many Proterozoic and Phanerozoic terranes reflecting δ18O(whole rock) values from 9 to over 12‰. The appearance of high δ18O magmas on Earth reflects nonuniformitarian changes in the composition of sediments, and rate and style of recycling of surface-derived material into magmas within the crust.
940 citations
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31 Jan 2004TL;DR: The Global Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) was undoubtedly one of the most significant evolutionary events in the history of the marine biosphere as discussed by the authors, however, it was not paralleled by an increase in the abundance of bioturbation structures.
Abstract: The Global Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) was undoubtedly one of the most significant evolutionary events in the history of the marine biosphere. A continuous increase in ichnodiversity occurs through the Ordovician in both shallow- and deep-marine environments. The earlier view that early Paleozoic deep-marine ichnofaunas are of low alpha diversity has been challenged by discoveries of moderately diverse associations. Interestingly, however, the increase in global ichnodiversity through the Ordovician is not paralleled by an increase in ichnodisparity of bioturbation structures. In fact, whereas global ichnodiversity in the Ordovician almost doubled Cambrian levels, Ordovician ichnodisparity of bioturbation structures is roughly similar to that resulting from the Cambrian explosion. Macroboring organisms also display significant evolutionary innovation and diversification in shallow-water hardgrounds and other carbonate substrates, resulting in the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution. Along with this macroboring ichnodiversity and ichnodisparity increase is a significant rise in the rate of bioerosion in carbonate substrates. Ichnofaunal changes in lower-shoreface and offshore siliciclastic deposits through the Ordovician reveal faunal turnovers resulting from the evolutionary radiation. Lower Ordovician deposits tend to be dominated by abundant trilobite-produced trace fossils. Middle to Upper Ordovician shallow-marine ichnofaunas tend to show more varied behavioral patterns and trilobite trace fossils are rarely the dominant components. During the early Paleozoic, the tiering structure of ichnofaunas became more complex, as a result of both the addition of deeper tiers and of a wider variety of biogenic structures in previously occupied tiers. Infaunalization by deposit feeders in offshore siliciclastic environments was most likely diachronous, with the establishment of a mid-tier infauna first in Laurentia and Baltica, and only subsequently in Gondwana.
722 citations
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TL;DR: Hard substrate communities are formed by organisms with a variety of strategies for adhering to and/or excavating the substrates they inhabit as discussed by the authors, and they are excellent systems with which to study community evolution over hundreds of millions of years.
559 citations
Authors
Showing all 1072 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Lester Packer | 112 | 751 | 63116 |
Irwin Fridovich | 108 | 406 | 86523 |
James A. Yorke | 101 | 445 | 44101 |
Edward Ott | 101 | 669 | 44649 |
Alfred L. George | 92 | 399 | 30592 |
Lawrence T. Goodnough | 85 | 417 | 27027 |
Celso Grebogi | 76 | 488 | 22450 |
George Galster | 60 | 226 | 13037 |
James West | 52 | 181 | 7776 |
Esther van der Knaap | 48 | 89 | 7997 |
Ning Jiang | 47 | 123 | 14882 |
Daniel R. George | 45 | 183 | 13059 |
William L. Ditto | 43 | 193 | 7991 |
Paul D. Taylor | 41 | 290 | 5865 |
Susan Clayton | 40 | 111 | 6375 |