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Showing papers by "Colorado State University published in 1968"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A global observational study of atmospheric conditions associated with tropical disturbance and storm development is presented in this article, which primarily uses upper air observations which have become available over the tropical oceans in the last decade.
Abstract: A global observational study of atmospheric conditions associated with tropical disturbance and storm development is presented. This study primarily uses upper air observations which have become available over the tropical oceans in the last decade. Climatological values of vertical stability, low level wind, tropospheric vertical wind shear and other parameters relative to the location and seasons of tropical disturbance and storm development are discussed. Individual storm data are also presented in summary form for over 300 development cases (with over 1,500 individual observation times) for four tropical storm genesis areas. Results show that most tropical disturbances and storms form in regions equatorward of 20° lat. on the poleward side of doldrum Equatorial Troughs where the tropospheric vertical shear of horizontal wind (i.e., baroclinicity) is a minimum or zero. Storm development occurring on the poleward side of 20° lat. in the Northwest Atlantic and North-west Pacific takes place unde...

1,776 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of the relations existing between the morphologic and hydrologic characteristics of river channels demonstrates that fluvial sedimentary deposits are significantly different depending upon the nature of the sediment load moved through the channel.
Abstract: The relations that have been recorded among modern climatic, phytologic, and hydrologic data are used to speculate about the effects of evolving vegetation on the hydrologic cycle. At present the peak of erosion rates occurs in semiarid regions, whereas during prevegetation time erosion rates rose to a plateau, the magnitude of which depended upon the erodibility and weathering characteristics of the rocks. With the appearance of terrestrial vegetation and its colonization of the earth's surface, erosion rates decreased, as did runoff and flood peaks. A review of the relations existing between the morphologic and hydrologic characteristics of river channels demonstrates that fluvial sedimentary deposits are significantly different depending upon the nature of the sediment load moved through the channel. Combining the conclusions obtained from an analysis of hydrologic relations with conclusions concerning effects of type of sediment load upon river morphology, it is possible to speculate on the changing nature of the land phase of the hydrologic cycle before and during the colonization of the landscape by vegetation. During prevegetation time, bed-load channels moved coarse sediments from their sources and spread them as sheets on piedmont areas. With increased plant cover, alluvial deposits were stabilized, but large floods caused periodic flushing of sediment from the system, thereby creating cyclic sedimentary deposits. The influence of climate change on the volume and type of sediment moved from an erosional system became more pronounced as the effect of vegetation on the hydrologic cycle increased. Finally, with the appearance of grasses during the Cenozoic Era, the relations between climate, vegetation, erosion, and runoff became much as today except for the influence of man.

418 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between supervisory perception and incumbent self-perceptions of the performance of executive personnel and found that executives tended to rate themselves higher than they were rated by their supervisors, disagreement in the relationship of the two sets of ratings was found in several areas.
Abstract: Summary There has been increased use of self-appraisal programs for evaluating the performance of executive personnel. Because objective measures of performance are rarely available or adequate for this level of personnel, ratings are often relied upon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between supervisory-perceptions and incumbent self-perceptions of the performance of executive personnel. The rationale for this study was that the relationship between supervisory-ratings and self-ratings has important implications for the usefulness of self-appraisal programs. If self-evaluations are to be effective in enlisting a person's cooperation and participation, it seems essential that his perceptions agree with those of his superior. This study was designed to identify those areas of executive performance where there might be significant amounts of disagreement. Knowledge of these problem areas would then be useful in conducting self-appraisal programs. Supervisory-ratings and self-ratings on 27 performance variables were obtained for the top executives of a large manufacturing corporation. A measure of promotability was used as the criterion and analysis of variance and correlation analyses were carried out to attain the objectives. The major conclusions of the study were: (1) Executives tended to rate themselves higher than they were rated by their supervisors, (2) Disagreement in the relationship of the two sets of ratings was found in several areas, (3) Executives who tended to overrate themselves were found to be the ones who were considered least promotable on the basis of a criterion measure of success in the organization.

148 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic phenomenon of interlayer slip is considered and a consistent theory for layered beams is developed, and experiments with layered wood beams connected with nails, with and without glued ends, are given.
Abstract: Layered systems of various materials are used to fabricate beams, plates and shells. The procedures commonly employed to analyze such systems are based on assumption of rigid interconnection between layers. In some widely used systems, however, this assumption is questionable. The basic phenomenon of interlayer slip is considered and a consistent theory for layered beams is developed. The results of experiments with layered wood beams connected with nails, with and without glued ends, are given. Excellent agreement with the general theory is shown. The importance of interlayer slip effect on the deflection of layered beams is demonstrated. The procedures developed can be used for any mechanically-connected beam system.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model forest canopy was designed to simulate the meteorological characteristics of typical live forests and measurements were made of velocity, turbulence, drag, and gaseous plume spread within the simulated canopy.
Abstract: A model forest canopy was designed to simulate the meteorological characteristics of typical live forests. Measurements were made of velocity, turbulence, drag, and gaseous plume spread within the simulated canopy. The resulting data compares favorably with prototype field measurements in all cases. Several new aspects of the flow at the upwind edge of a forest are displayed.

112 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The gross reactions of rumen bacteria obtained from wild, as well as captive, deer to the volatile oils seemed to be of the same magnitude; thus no adaptation by the bacteria to the oils was apparent.
Abstract: Rumen microorganisms of wild and captive deer were subjected to increasing amounts of volatile oils. The oils had a marked antibacterial effect on the rumen bacteria when the concentration reached approximately 16 muliters of oil per 10 ml of rumen fluid nutrient broth. The gross reactions of rumen bacteria obtained from wild, as well as captive, deer to the volatile oils seemed to be of the same magnitude; thus no adaptation by the bacteria to the oils was apparent.

97 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The increment provided is sufficient to overcome the initial advantage of parents producing large numbers of young in their first litters, and the contribution to the total rate of increase of the litters produced in the additional time afforded by long seasons is greater for producers of small litters.
Abstract: Our explanation of the latitudinal and altitudinal variation in litter sizes of small mammals invokes the effect of length of season and parental mortality related to reproduction. It may be assumed that a portion of the maternal mortality rate varies directly as the size of litter produced. Short seasons limit the maximum number of times a female can reproduce in her lifetime and give an advantage to phenotypes producing large litters. Long seasons favor producers of small litters. The contribution to the total rate of increase of the litters produced in the additional time afforded by long seasons is greater for producers of small litters because a larger proportion of parents of small litters survive to produce throughout the periods. The increment provided is sufficient to overcome the initial advantage of parents producing large numbers of young in their first litters.

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three three‐year‐old Rocky Mountain mule deer were studied for a year to determine the role of skeletal mineral in antler growth and a cyclic physiological osteoporosis was produced.
Abstract: Three three-year-old Rocky Mountain mule deer were studied for a year to determine the role of skeletal mineral in antler growth. Costal biopsy material, which was obtained at four-week intervals, was analyzed histologically and histometrically. There was a cyclic mobilization of costal cortical bone during antler growth despite the dietary access to high quantities of elements essential for bone development. Following antler growth the ribs returned to a stable configuration with few resorption spaces. Corresponding to the period of possible weakening from the internal remodeling, there also appeared to be a thickening of the cortical bone by circumferential lamellar addition. A cyclic physiological osteoporosis was produced.

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an equation-of-motion formalism is used to give a nonlinear spin-wave treatment of fcc solid ortho-hydrogen, and the excitation spectrum, long-range order, and ground-state energy are calculated.
Abstract: An equation-of-motion formalism is used to give a nonlinear spin-wave treatment of fcc solid ortho-hydrogen. The elementary excitations in ortho-hydrogen are librational waves and can be treated in a manner similar to spin waves in magnetism. The excitation spectrum, long-range order, and ground-state energy are calculated. It is found that the spin-wave excitations have a nonvanishing effect on both the long-range order and the ground-state energy. But, because of a large energy gap, the spin-wave-theory results deviate only slightly from their molecular-field values.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Anisotropic solar reflectance over white sand, snow and stratus clouds using Nimbus F-3 radiometer and silicon cell pyranometer on Piper Twin Comanche as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Anisotropic solar reflectance over white sand, snow and stratus clouds using Nimbus F-3 radiometer and silicon cell pyranometer on Piper Twin Comanche

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Standard metabolic rates of montane voles, Microtus mont anus, average 2.65 ce O2/g hr, a value that is 75% higher than would be predicted from empirical equations relating metabolism to body weight.
Abstract: Standard metabolic rates of montane voles, Microtus mont anus, average 2.65 ce O2/g hr, a value that is 75% higher than would be predicted from empirical equations relating metabolism to body weight. A thermoneutral zone extends from 26-31 °C. Below thermoneutrality, oxygen consumption is an inverse, linear function of ambient temperature. Minimal thermal conductance is estimated at 0.816 cal/g hr °C. Body temperatures of montane voles are independent of ambient temperature between -5°C and 26°C, and average 37.5-37.8°C.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental and analytical study of the separation of a turbulent boundary layer is reported, and two distinct turbulent separation regions, an intermittent and a steady separation, with correspondingly different velocity distributions are confirmed.
Abstract: An experimental and analytical study of the separation of a turbulent boundary layer is reported. The turbulent boundary-layer separation model proposed by Sandborn & Kline (1961) is demonstrated to predict the experimental results. Two distinct turbulent separation regions, an intermittent and a steady separation, with correspondingly different velocity distributions are confirmed. The true zero wall shear stress turbulent separation point is determined by electronic means. The associated mean velocity profile is shown to belong to the same family of profiles as found for laminar separation. The velocity distribution at the point of reattachment of a turbulent boundary layer behind a step is also shown to belong to the laminar separation family.Prediction of the location of steady turbulent boundary-layer separation is made using the technique employed by Stratford (1959) for intermittent separation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a statically accurate limiting equilibrium procedure is developed for the numerical treatment of nonhomogeneous earth slopes, including a variety of loads including a static approximation for the influence of seismic forces.
Abstract: A statically accurate limiting equilibrium procedure is developed for the numerical treatment of nonhomogeneous earth slopes. The analysis includes a variety of loads including a static approximation for the influence of seismic forces. It may be carried out with use of total or effective strength parameters and yields a factor of safety on strength for any specified potential slip surface of physically reasonable shape. An assumption regarding the distribution of total normal stress on the sliding surface is required. An example giving results for several loading conditions, and comparisons with previous methods are included. Assuming the availability of a high speed computer, the engineer is provided an additional tool for estimating the stability of complex earth slopes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the amino acid composition was determined by the use of an amino acid analyzer and the mineral content was estimated, quantitatively, by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Abstract: SUMMARY— Although considerable work has been done on the sediment sometimes formed in clarified apple juice upon storage, the sediment itself has not been completely characterized as to its chemical composition and the precursors involved. The fact that the sediment yielded phloroglucinol and protocatechuic acid upon alkali fusion and amino acids upon acid hydrolysis indicated that the sediment was a polymeric phenolic-protein complex. The variable nitrogen, mineral and ash contents of different sediments and the variable amino acid composition of the protein fraction in conjunction with the behavior of the sediments on Sephadex gel columns indicated the heterogeneous nature of this material. Poly-amide thin-layer chromatography and calorimetric analyses have shown that leucoanthocyanidins and catechins are the main precursors of the polymeric phenolic component. Chlorogenic acid appears to play an insignificant role in sediment formation. The amino acid composition was determined by the use of an amino acid analyzer and the mineral content was estimated, quantitatively, by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on airborne observations, estimates of air and moisture flux have been calculated for 18 hailstorms: eight in Colorado, one in Oklahoma, and nine in South Dakota as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Based on airborne observations, estimates of air and moisture flux have been calculated for 18 hailstorms: eight in Colorado, one in Oklahoma, and nine in South Dakota. The average air flux for hailstorms in this study was 2.3 × 1011 gm sec−1, while the moisture flux averaged near 2.1 × 109 gm sec−1. Precipitation efficiency for eight thunderstorms was found to be near 55%, though two severe hailstorms did exhibit slightly less efficiency.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Bone densities, amount of ash per unit volume and levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium per unitVolume indicated bone mineral was mobilized during periods of antler growth, however, calcium to phosphorus ratios were maintained at normal levels during this reversible cyclic phenomenon.
Abstract: In an attempt to support the morphological data indicating a cyclic physiological osteoporosis in three three-year-old captive Rocky Mountain mule deer, costal cortical biopsy material was analyzed by densitometric and chemical methods. Bone densities, amount of ash per unit volume and levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium per unit volume indicated bone mineral was mobilized during periods of antler growth. However, calcium to phosphorus ratios were maintained at normal levels during this reversible cyclic phenomenon. These data substantiated the morphological observation of a cyclic physiological osteoporosis in the mule deer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The personality and background of women participating in intercollegiate sports competition were described and compared and groups were similar on 14 dimensions of personality and significantly different on 9.
Abstract: This study described and compared the personality and background of women participating in intercollegiate sports competition. Personal feelings about competition and faculty adviser estimation of personality were also described. The Cattell 16 PF test of personality and a personal information questionnaire were administered. This investigation involved four groups of junior or senior college women athletes: 15 individual, 16 subjectively-judged, 28 team, and 18 team-individual sports participants. Each subject was required to have competed in her sport for at least two seasons. A group of 42 nonparticipants was also studied. The subjects were selected from the five largest state universities in Ohio. Results indicated groups were similar on 14 dimensions of personality and significantly different on 9. The individual and subjectively-judged were more alike and also more similar to the nonparticipants than to the other two groups. The team and team-individual groups tended to be alike and dissimi...



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: On a effectué une analyse spectrométrique de HUP and HOP et déterminé leur activité peroxydasique dans diverses conditions.
Abstract: L'hemoundecapeptide (HUP) a ete prepare par digestion pepsique du cytochromec qui a ete extrait et purifie a partir du cœur de cheval. L'hemooctapeptide (HOP) a ete obtenu par digestion trypsique de l'HUP. L'un et l'autre ont donne des produits homogenes par chromatographie sur colonne et sur papier, par electrophorese sur papier a differents pH et par analyse des acides amines. On a effectue une analyse spectrometrique de HUP et HOP et determine leur activite peroxydasique dans diverses conditions. Ces 2 composes n'ont pas montre d'activite catalasique.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an equation is presented for calculating saturated permeability from capillary pressure-desaturation data, along with the relative permeability equations of Brooks and Corey is proposed for calculating the permeability of both saturated and partially saturated media.
Abstract: An equation is presented for calculating saturated permeability from capillary pressure-desaturation data. The use of this equation along with the relative permeability equations of Brooks and Corey is proposed for calculating the permeability of both saturated and partially saturated media. The analysis leading to the development of the equation is based on theory developed in the petroleum industry. The equation utilizes parameters introduced by Brooks and Corey for describing the hydraulic behavior of partially saturated porous media on the drainage cycle. In laboratory measurements, the permeability of three disturbed soils each packed at five different values of porosity was determined at various capillary pressures. Predicted relationships were calculated using capillary pressure-desaturation data in the new equation and in the relative permeability equations of Brooks and Corey. Calculated and experimental values of permeability agreed within 27% over the range of capillary pressures studied.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a shape parameter is proposed which correlates Reynolds number with drag coefficient to describe the motion of irregular shapes and results in a useful Reynolds number-drag coefficient relation.
Abstract: The determination of the free-fall velocity of irregularly shaped particles in viscous fluids is presented. A shape parameter is proposed which correlates Reynolds number with drag coefficient to describe the motion of irregular shapes. This shape parameter results in a useful Reynolds number-drag coefficient relation. Data for analysis were collected from tests of natural gravel-sized particles of various shapes and sizes supplemented by larger regular geometric shapes. The basic motions of a particle in free-fall are classified and analyzed considering causes such as flow separation and vortex formation.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rate of mitosis in planarians was measured by tabulating the proportion of nuclei displaying metaphase mitotic figures after varying lengths of time in colchicine and measuring the total DNA in a colony of planarians as a function of time.
Abstract: The rate of mitosis in planarians was measured by two methods. First, by tabulating the proportion of nuclei displaying metaphase mitotic figures after varying lengths of time in colchicine. Second, by measuring the total DNA in a colony of planarians as a function of time. The first method gave a rate of mitosis by non-regenerating Dugesia dorotocephala of 1.4 × 10−4 divisions/cell hour. This rate remains constant for the first 24 hours following decapitation but increases to 2.7 × 10−4 divisions/cell hour by 54 hours. The rate of mitosis in the blastema was no larger than that of the mesenchymal tissues of the older portions. Measurements of the total DNA versus time gave an estimate of the average rate of cell division for spontaneously fissioning planarians of 5.8 × 10−4 divisions/cell hour which, in view of the tendency of the colchicine method to underestimate the true rate, is in satisfactory agreement. The implications of these results for mechanisms of regeneration are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a bed pattern with alternate scour holes, which occurs occasionally in rivers, was reproduced consistently in a straight laboratory flume, and the occurrence of this pattern was directly related to the presence of rough walls and the increase of main flow velocity with both time and distance.
Abstract: Meandering bed pattern with alternate scour holes, which occurs occasionally in rivers, was reproduced consistently in a straight laboratory flume. The occurrence of this pattern was directly related to: (1) The presence of rough walls, and (2) the increase of main flow velocity with both time and distance. This study clearly pointed out the importance of investigation on unsteady and nonuniform flows for the understanding of river morphology.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: By the end of the first month, myelination of the vermis was practically complete, and by the tenth week, the arbor vitae of the hemispheres appeared fully myelinated.
Abstract: The cerebellum of the neonatal puppy was found to be incompletely differentiated. Its gross dimensions were less than half those of the normal adult, and although major lobules were recognizable, folial development was rudimentary. Microscopically, the cortex on the second postnatal day was distinguished by a thick subpial external granular layer of actively dividing cells. Beneath this transient layer, permanent cortical layers were largely undeveloped and myelination was not yet evident. During the first two postnatal weeks, the width of the external granular layer remained relatively constant (at slightly more than 50 μ), while other cortical layers underwent considerable growth, with histologic and cytologic differentiation. After the second postnatal week, the width of the external granular layer declined steadily, so that by the tenth week only a vestige of the layer remained. Between the second and seventy-second postnatal days, a tenfold increase occurred in the width of the molecular layer. Major growth and differentiation also occurred in the internal granular layer, which became almost tripled in its width during the first ten postnatal weeks. Myelination proceeded in a centrifugal direction and occurred earlier in the vermis than in the hemispheres. By the end of the first month, myelination of the vermis was practically complete, and by the tenth week, the arbor vitae of the hemispheres appeared fully myelinated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simulation program for a digital computer that is designed to establish an optimum crop pattern on irrigated farms is described, where the goal is to make the most efficient use of predicted water supply throughout the season in order to derive the highest net income.
Abstract: THIS paper describes a simulation program for a digital computer that is designed to establish an optimum crop pattern on irrigated farms The program called PLAN is designed to make the most efficient use of the predicted water supply throughout the season in order to derive the highest net income A basic part of the program is crop response to soil moisture conditions, which varies for individual crops over a season and among periods in the growth cycle Schedules of adequate soil moisture conditions for crops and of reductions in yields that result from missing specified irrigation turns are input data for the program The program uses three decision points: an irrigation organization allocates water to farms, and irrigators and farm managers make decisions as to which crops to water and in what order The PLAN routine determines the optimum crop pattern to be grown on each farm based on the water supply of the individual farm and its seasonal availability The results of four computer runs using three water supply situations are presented to illustrate the effects of the planning process on the acres of crops to be grown under different water supply expectations and on farm and area incomes Table 1 contains estimates, based on evapotranspiration studies, of irri-

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fine structure associated with the various maturational and functional stages of a type of secretory cell of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala is described which appears to be isomorphic with the goblet cells involved in the mucous secretion of mammals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that the present results and some described by others may arise from an inhibition of glutamine synthesis or of reactions in which glutamine participates, and that cycloheximide somehow interferes with the interconversion of UTP and CTP.