Showing papers by "Colorado State University published in 1971"
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present research findings which indicate that consumers have preferences for different risk resolution strategies when a buyer perceives risk in a purchase he can pursue different strategies of risk resolution.
Abstract: When a buyer perceives risk in a purchase he can pursue different strategies of risk resolution. This article presents research findings which indicate that consumers have preferences for different...
1,323 citations
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TL;DR: A density approximation involving convex combinations of gaussian density functions is introduced and proposed as a meaningful way of circumventing the difficulties encountered in evaluating these relations and in using the resulting densities to determine specific estimation policies.
965 citations
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TL;DR: Heating of synchronous cells, obtained by the selective removal of mitotic cells from an asynchronous population, revealed that the mitotic and S phases were the most sensitive, primarily indicated by the smaller shoulders on the survival curves compared with the curve for cells heated in the resistant G1 phase.
Abstract: SummaryWhen asynchronous cells were exposed for 4–100 min to heat shocks of 43·5–46·5°c, a sigmoidal relationship between survival and duration of heat treatment was observed. From an Arrhenius plot, an activation energy of 140 800 cal/mole was calculated, which is similar to that reported for the heat denaturation of several proteins.Heating of synchronous cells, obtained by the selective removal of mitotic cells from an asynchronous population, revealed that the mitotic and S phases were the most sensitive, primarily indicated by the smaller shoulders on the survival curves compared with the curve for cells heated in the resistant G1 phase. The mitotic cells failed to complete cytokinesis and appeared in the next division as tetraploid cells. For heat treatments which reduced the survival to only 50 per cent, the mitotic delay was about 11 hours (regardless of the phase heated). These results for heat contrast sharply with results for x-irradiation.
655 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a summary of the causes and effects of the reentry plasma sheath is presented, together with a discussion of reentry plasminarity diagnostic techniques, proposed methods of alleviating the communications blackout, and a review of various reentry flight experiments.
Abstract: Considerable progress has been made in the past few years toward understanding and solving the spacecraft communications blackout problem caused by the reentry plasma sheath. A summary of the causes and effects of the reentry plasma sheath is presented, together with a discussion of reentry plasma diagnostic techniques, proposed methods of alleviating the communications blackout, and a review of the reentry flight experiments performed to better our understanding of the reentry plasma.
282 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, ascorbic acid plus either BHA or PG effectively retarded both lipid and pigment oxidation in raw ground beef for up to 8 days of refrigerator storage in oxygen-permeable film.
Abstract: SUMMARY— Ascorbic acid plus either BHA or PG effectively retarded both lipid and pigment oxidation in raw ground beef for up to 8 days of refrigerator storage in oxygen-permeable film. Both trained and consumer-type panels judged the additive-treated meat to be significantly better than controls. Percent metmyoglobin was found to be a useful objective measurement of color in raw beef, but total pigment concentration did not provide an adequate evaluation of color. Treatment with these additives did not appear to mask bacterial spoilage.
264 citations
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TL;DR: Anxiety management training (AMT) as mentioned in this paper is a conditioning procedure to reduce anxiety reactions, which involves the arousal of anxiety and the training of the client to react to the anxiety with relaxation or success feelings.
242 citations
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TL;DR: The results suggest the following, G1 events requiring RNA and/or protein synthesis are involved in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis.
197 citations
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TL;DR: Channel patterns are described as being braided, meandering, or straight with braided rivers having steeper gradients than meandering rivers at the same discharge, and the last two can be related to the higher velocity and greater tractive force associated with steep gradients.
Abstract: RIVER channel patterns are described as being braided, meandering, or straight1 with braided rivers having steeper gradients than meandering rivers at the same discharge2. Recent experimental studies also suggest that straight channels have gentler gradients than meandering channels for the same discharge3. The difference in slope has at times been assumed to be the cause of the difference between braided and meandering channels, although braided channels have also been attributed to rapid variations in discharge, high sediment load, or erodible banks4. All of these explanations are plausible, and the last two can be related to the higher velocity and greater tractive force associated with steep gradients.
182 citations
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174 citations
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168 citations
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TL;DR: Synchronous Chinese hamster cells exposed to heat treatments of 45·5°c were very sensitive during S phase when chromosomal damage could account for cell killing, i.e. as for x-irradiated cells, the 37 per cent survival value for heated cells was observed when there was about one aberration per cell.
Abstract: SummarySynchronous Chinese hamster cells exposed to heat treatments of 45·5°c were very sensitive during S phase when chromosomal damage could account for cell killing, i.e. as for x-irradiated cells, the 37 per cent survival value for heated cells was observed when there was about one aberration per cell. However, the aberration frequency was very low and could not account for cell killing when the cells were heated, either during mitosis when they were most sensitive in terms of lethality, or during G1 when they were most resistant. Furthermore, about 50 per cent of the deletions in these cells heated in mitosis or G, occurred at the secondary constriction of the X chromosome. Incorporation of BUdR into DNA prior to synchronizing the cells had only an additive interaction with heat administered during G1 or S. This interaction was characterized by a reduction in the shoulder of the dose-response curves observed for both chromosomal aberrations and cell killing.These findings contrast greatly with those ...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the characteristics of a unique meteorological wind tunnel with a capability for simulating thermally stratified boundary layers are described, and mean wind speed, mean temperature and turbulence statistics measured in this laboratory facility are found to be similar to corresponding data obtained from measurements in the atmosphere.
Abstract: Similarity criteria are given for micro-, small-, and meso-scale motion of the atmospheric boundary layer. Requirements for simulation of dispersion of passive contaminants in the atmosphere are discussed. The characteristic features of a unique meteorological wind tunnel with a capability for simulating thermally stratified boundary layers are described. Mean wind speed, mean temperature and turbulence statistics measured in this laboratory facility are found to be similar to corresponding data obtained from measurements in the atmosphere. Examples of simulated dispersion over a variety of surface features including urban areas and complex topography are described.
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15 Feb 1971••
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of shear strength at very low pressure on the principal stress ratio at failure and showed that the increase in strength is mostly represented by the introduction of an apparent cohesion intercept.
Abstract: Data contributing to the understanding of the nature of shear strength at extremely low pressures are presented. The expanding use of models for solving soil stability problems has aroused considerable interest in the behavior of sand at confining pressures below 5 psi. Triaxial compression tests were carried out varying the cell pressure between 0.20 psi and 35 psi. Experimental evidence shows that the increased dilatancy of sands sheared at extremely low pressures produces an increase in the principal stress ratio at failure. The overall increase in strength is mostly represented by the introduction of an apparent cohesion intercept. Values of this intercept for the quartz sand tested range from 0.14 psi at loose states to 0.22 psi at dense states. Values of the angle of shearing resistance at extremely low pressures are smaller than those obtained at moderate pressures by less than 0.5°. For loose states, shear can be associated with expansive volume change if the normal pressures are low enough. The shearing behavior of loose sands at very low pressure is quite similar to that of dense sands at moderate pressure.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of aqueous aluminum complexes in neutral and basic media to rainbow trout fingerlings were investigated under constantly flowing, controlled conditions of concentration, pH, and temperature.
Abstract: Toxic effects of aqueous aluminum complexes in neutral and basic media to rainbow trout fingerlings were investigated under constantly flowing, controlled conditions of concentration, pH, and temperature. Toxicities of various concentrations were highly pH dependent. Dissolved concentrations over 1.5 ppm aluminum caused drastic physiological and behavioral aberrations as well as acute mortality. Toxic effects of suspended aluminum, while they are more noticeable at lower concentrations, are not as concentration dependent as those of dissolved forms. The safe concentration of either dissolved or suspended aluminum is well below 0.5 ppm. Mortalities among test animals ceased almost immediately after aluminum exposures were concluded. Recovery times for fish exposed to the various tests were proportional to the severity of the test conditions and to the length of exposure. Normal growth resumed almost immediately in fish from the less severe tests, and after a period of a few weeks in fish from the ...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the Mutual Formation, a group of allochthonous rocks that were thrust eastward during the Sevier orogeny, and show that these rocks are allochthyonous and appear to have been thrust in the Bannock and Malad Ranges.
Abstract: Recent stratigraphic studies in three widely separated localities in southeastern Idaho and western Utah have revealed a startling continuity of both individual rock units and of rock sequences over a distance of some 300 mi parallel to the strike of a late Precambrian and Cambrian depositional trough. Between 15,000 and 25,000 ft of beds were deposited in the axis of the trough, whereas only 1000 to 3300 ft of correlative rocks were laid down on the shelf to the east. In several areas a diamictite is present near the base of the sequence; this is underlain locally and overlain generally by argillites containing lenticular limestones and dolomites; these in turn are succeeded by quartzitic rocks containing a thick grayish-red to maroon unit—the Mutual Formation. In each area the sequence includes, at the top, quartzites typical of the basal Cambrian. Deposition in the basin was essentially continuous from late Precambrian into Cambrian time but was interrupted by uplift and erosion on the shelf. The hinge line of the ancient seaway is inferred to have coincided roughly with the present “Wasatch line,” but erosion prior to deposition of the Tintic Quartzite has removed most of the data needed to establish this with certainty. Rocks in each of the three areas described here in detail are regarded as allochthonous and appear to have been thrust eastward during the Sevier orogeny. A precise reconstruction of the sedimentary basin must therefore await not only additional stratigraphic studies in such areas as the Promontory Range of Utah and the Bannock and Malad Ranges of southern Idaho, but also final resolution of the structural events.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that in the tropics, cirrus emissivities were large enough to cause a significant warming tendency while mid-latitude data showed a cooling effect.
Abstract: Cirrus clouds may act to cool or warm the earth's surface, depending upon their infrared emissivity. Direct observation of cirrus cloud emissivities in mid-latitude and tropical environments indicates that cirrus may produce different effects at different latitudes. In the tropics, cirrus emissivities were large enough to cause a significant warming tendency while mid-latitude data showed a cooling effect.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a typology of possible patterned variations in bureaucraric adaptation is presented, indicating internal and external factors to the organization which influences the direction and kind of adaptation followed.
Abstract: Field data gathered by The Ohio State University Disester Research Center
in studying complex organizations suggest that the bureaucratic model is
inadequate to explain organizational adaptation to stress. The informal
structure does not replace the formal structure in such situations. There
is instead a variety of patterned responses in adating to the stress.
The article illustrates these general points, sets forth a typology of
possible patterned variations in bureaucraric adaptations, and indicates
some internal and external factors to the organization which influences the direction and kind of adaptation followed.
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TL;DR: The findings agree with MacArthur and Levins theory that the number of competing species which can coexist is proportional to the total range of the environment divided by the niche breadth of the species.
Abstract: Overlap in the diets of 14 species of grasshoppers on mixed-grass prairie in northeastern Colorado was estimated by microscopic examination of crop contents. Food availability estimates, taken by a weight-estimate method, facilitated the determination of food preferences. Two cases of high overlap in diets and period of habitat occupancy occurred between species which consumed equal or almost equal numbers of different foods (foodniche breadth) and had almost identical foraging behavior. The first case occurred early in the season between Xanthippus corallipes and Arphia conspersa with foodniche breadths of 14 and 11, respectively. The second case occurred later in the season between Amphitornus coloradus and Trachyrhachys kiowa both of which have foodniche breadths of 6. The amount of movement between plants while feeding was equal or almost equal in both cases, thus we observed high dietary overlap between species with equal ecological efficiencies. Dietary overlap between the 14 grasshopper species decreased as foodniche dimensions increased and the grasshopper population as a whole utilized each food resource approximately proportional to its relative abundance. Factors influencing the interpretation and importance of dietary overlap in this study included 1. non-synchronous life cycles, 2. seasonal changes in diets and food preferences, 3. complexity of the food resources, 4. variations in foodniche dimensions among grasshopper species, and 5. variations in diets between males and females within a species. Our findings agree with MacArthur and Levins theory that the number of competing species which can coexist is proportional to the total range of the environment divided by the niche breadth of the species.
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TL;DR: In this article, a hot-wire anemometer was attached to a self-adjusting positioner to measure instantaneous air velocities at a fixed distance from a moving water surface.
Abstract: This paper presents a laboratory study of the dynamic properties of air flow over small wind-generated water waves. On the basis of measurements of mean velocity profiles, turbulent intensity profiles and energy spectra, the detailed structure of turbulent wind immediately above and between the crests of progressive water waves has been examined.The velocity sensor (a hot-wire anemometer) was fastened to a self-adjusting positioner to measure instantaneous air velocities at a fixed distance from a moving water surface. The waves had a dominant frequency, 2·4 Hz, and a ratio of wave celerity and air friction velocity close to one. With the aid of a digital computer, the desired parameters of air flow were obtained by a statistical technique which was developed to sample and average simultaneous recordings of water surface displacements and instantaneous air velocities.The results of the wind field measurements over representative waves indicate that, on the average, the air flow separates from the wavy water surface just behind crests, and reattaches somewhere on the windward face of the next wave. The measured turbulent quantities consistently show the characteristics of separated air flow. The separation phenomenon suggests that, without some modification, the Benjamin-Miles shearing flow mechanism is inapplicable to the growth of fully-developed small water waves, at least when the ratio of the phase speed to air friction velocity is of order unity. The observed flow configuration tends to support the separation mechanism of energy transfer originally outlined by Jeffreys and later explored further by Stewart and Deardorff.Mean properties of the turbulent air flow referred to the mean water level were obtained by continuous sampling of the air flow over many waves with a sensing probe, either at a fixed distance from the mean water level (fixed probe measurement) or at a constant distance from the moving water surface (moving probe measurement). It was found that for continuously averaged measurements, the fixed probe yielded results which deviate less from the local mean than the moving probe results. This holds for the mean velocity distributions and especially for the turbulent quantities.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived stress intensity factors for a circular crack near the surface of a beam in pure bending and an approximation of the thickness effect on the stress intensity factor for a deep surface flaw in a plate.
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TL;DR: The compound N-bromosuccinimide completely destroyed the toxicity of the preparation, which, under the conditions employed, strongly suggests that tryptophan is necessary for toxicity.
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TL;DR: Quantitative electron microscopic techniques were used to establish the size and volume changes in nucleolar structures during the cell cycle of the Chinese hamster cell in vitro and suggest nucleolar reformation following division results from the activation of the nucleolar organizer regions which transcribe for RNA.
Abstract: Changes in the structure of the nucleolus during the cell cycle of the Chinese hamster cell in vitro were studied. Quantitative electron microscopic techniques were used to establish the size and volume changes in nucleolar structures. In mitosis, nucleolar remnants, "persistent nucleoli," consisting predominantly of ribosome-like granular material, and a granular coating on the chromosomes were observed. Persistent nucleoli were also observed in some daughter nuclei as they were leaving telophase and entering G1. During very early G1, a dense, fibrous material characteristic of interphase nucleoli was noted in the nucleoplasm of the cells. As the cells progressed through G1, a granular component appeared which was intimately associated with the fibrous material. By the middle of G1, complete, mature nucleoli were present. The nucleolar volume enlarged by a factor of two from the beginning of G1 to the middle of S primarily due to the accumulation of the granular component. During the G2 period, there was a dissolution or breakdown of the nucleolus prior to the entry of the cells into mitosis. Correlations between the quantitative aspects of this study and biochemical and cytochemical data available in the literature suggest the following: nucleolar reformation following division results from the activation of the nucleolar organizer regions which transcribe for RNA first appearing in association with protein as a fibrous component (45S RNA) and then later as a granular component (28S and 32S RNA).
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TL;DR: The toxin was isolated from the venom of sea snake, Lapemis hardwickii (Hardwick's sea snake), through a four-step purification by column chromatography, and was proven homogenous by zonal electrophoresis, analytical ultra-centrifugation, and isoelectric focusing.
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TL;DR: Noradrenaline and carbachol were microinjected into the anterior-preoptic area of the hypothalamus and the effects of these injections on colonic temperature, food intake, water intake, and body weight were recorded.