Showing papers by "Colorado State University published in 1976"
TL;DR: A precipitous drop in serum concentrations of melatonin resulted when ewes experiencing peak melatonin concentrations were exposed to light and returned to peak levels when the lights were turned off 3.5 h later.
Abstract: A specific and sensitive double-antibody radioimmunoassay for melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has been developed utilizing rabbit antisera to a bovine serum albumin conjugate of N-succinyl-5-methoxytryptamine and utilizing N-3-(4-hydroxyphenl)-propionyl-5-methoxytryptamine for radioiodination. The least detectable concentration of melatonin standard was 10 pmolar (2.3 pg/tube) with 50% inhibition resultinhibition curves obtained with increasing quantities of melatonin or increasing quantities of chloroform extracts of ovine sera were parallel. The immunoreactivity found in ovine sera c-migrated with [3H]melatonin on silica gel G when developed with chloroform:methanol (9:1). N-Acetylserotonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, serotonin, tryptophan, 6-hydroxymelatonin, 6-methoxytetrahydroharmalan, and several other indole and beta-carboline compounds do not influence the estimation of melatonin in the radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of melatonin could be accurately determined when 31 to 1000 pg were added to 1 ml ovine serum. Serum samples with melatonin concentrations of 1000 pg/ml, 500 pg/ml and 75 pg/ml had intra-assay coefficients of variation of 9.1%, 8.6%, and 17.4%, respectively. The respective inter-assay coefficients of variation were 22.7%, 18.1%, and 37.1%. Ewes exposed to a 12 h light: 12 h dark lighting regimen demonstrated a circadian rhythm in serum concentrations of melatonin. Concentrations ranged from 10-30 pg/ml during periods of light to 100-300 pg/ml during periods of dark. During exposure to continuous light, the circadian rhythm was abolished and concentrations of melatonin were maintained at 10-50 pg/ml. When exposed to conditions of continuous dark the circadian rhythm persisted. A precipitous drop in serum concentrations of melatonin resulted when ewes experiencing peak melatonin concentrations were exposed to light. Concentrations returned to peak levels when the lights were turned off 3.5 h later.
661 citations
TL;DR: Findings are difficult to interpret if LU is the hormone responsible for regulation of luteal function when endogenous levels of LU and progesterone are quantified throughout the reproductive cycle in women.
Abstract: Historically, hormones from the adenohypophysis have been shown to be important in regulating the corpus luteum of mammals. However, complete understanding of the interactions between the adenohypophyseal hormones and other endocrinological and physiological factors which control luteal function has remained elusive. The relationships between the gonadotropic hormones and the physiological activity of the ovaries have been the subject of several recent reviews (Ross et al., 1970; Vande Wide et al., 1970; Niswender et al., 1972; Hansel et al., 1973; Midgley et al., 1973; and Nalbandov, 1973). In all of these reviews LU has been implicated as the endocrine factor primarily responsible for the control of luteal function. Yet, when endogenous levels of LU and progesterone are quantified throughout the reproductive cycle in women (Midgley and Jaffe, 1966; Ross et al., 1967), monkeys (Neill et al., 1967; Niswender and Spies, 1973), rats (Gay et al., 1970), sheep (Niswender et al., 1968; Niswender, 1974), pigs (Niswender et al., 1970; Henricks et al., 1972; Wilfinger et al., 1973) or cattle (Henricks et al., 1970; Swanson and Hafs, 1970; Hansel and Echternkamp, 1972) levels of LU are at their nadir when secretion of progesterone is maximal. These findings are difficult to interpret if LU is the hormone responsible for regulation of luteal function. The situation is even more confusing when one considers that LU stimulates the synthesis of progesterone when incubated with slices of human (Savard et al., 1965;Marsh and LeMaire, 1974), bovine (Savard et al., 1965; Marsh et at., 1966; Armstrong and Black, 1966), ovine (Kaltenbach et al., 1967) or porcine (Cook et al., 1967) luteal tissue in vitro. Additionally, LH
283 citations
TL;DR: An exact permutation test for analyzing and/or dredging multi-response data at the ordinal or higher levels is presented in this paper, and the associated test statistic is based on the average distance (or any specified norm) between points within a priori disjoint subgroups of a finite population of points in an r-dimensional space.
Abstract: An exact permutation test for analyzing and/or dredging multi-response data at the ordinal or higher levels is presented. The associated test statistic is based on the average distance (or any specified norm) between points within a priori disjoint subgroups of a finite population of points in an r-dimensional space (corresponding to r measured responses from each object in a finite population of objects). Alternative approximate tests based on the beta and normal distributions are provided. Two detailed examples utilizing actual social science data are considered, including comparisons of the approximate tests. An additional example describes the behavior of these tests under a variety of conditions, including extreme data configurations
281 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the long-term mean heat balance of the earth and its normal seasonal variation are investigated over the Northern Hemisphere, based on the best presently available satellite radiation, atmospheric and oceanic data sets.
Abstract: Based on the best presently available satellite radiation, atmospheric and oceanic data sets, the long-term mean heat balance of the earth and its normal seasonal variation are investigated over the Northern Hemisphere. Quantitative estimates for the various flux and storage terms in the atmospheric and terrestrial branches of the heat balance are given for 10-deg-wide latitude belts and for each calendar month. The results are presented in both graphical and tabular form. As was known before, the storage of heat in the oceans is found to dominate the energy storage in the combined atmosphere-ocean-land-cryosphere system. In the tropics, large changes in oceanic heat storage are found in the 10 N-20 N belt with a maximum in spring and a minimum in late summer. The main new finding of this study is that the inferred oceanic heat transports appear to undergo very large seasonal variations especially in the tropics.
258 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the dynamic behavior of the continuous stirred tank reactor is analyzed and classified for a variable reactor residence time, and plots are given to show the influence of system parameters on the reactor behavior.
241 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that sperm matures within the epididymis of this species within 5 days, even though a 265-fold difference in epidodymal reserves was found.
Abstract: Experiments were performed to establish the daily level of testicular production of spermatozoa the distribution of spermatozoa within the epididymis and the time required for transport of spermatozoa through the epididymis in 8 sexually rested rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of at least 6 years of age. The daily production of spermatozoa was similar among all animals averaging a production rate of 23 times 10 (6) sperm/gm of testicular parenchyma per day. However the weight of testicular parenchyma ranged from 15 to 32 gm. Per testis the average daily spermatozoal production was found to be 547 plus or minus 69 tomes 10(6). Consequently the normal average production of spermatozda for the rhesus monkey per day during the breeding seasson is about 1.1 times 10(9). The number of sperm in the caput corpus and cauda epididymis was found to be .6 plus or minus .1 2.1 plus or minus .3 and 2.9 plus or minus .3 times 10(9) respectively. 1 plus or minus .1 times 10(9) sperm were found in the proximal 49-70 mm of the ductus deferens. The mean transport times of sperm through the caput corpus and cauda epididymis were approximately 1.1 3.8 and 5.6 days respectively. The rate of transport of sperm through the epididymis was virtually the same between 2-5.5 days even though a 265-fold difference in epididymal reserves was found. The results indicate that sperm matures within the epididymis of this species within 5 days.
217 citations
TL;DR: A number of minor and trace elements including Be, C, Ca, Cr, K, Li, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S, Tl, V and Zn present in coal fly ash are found to be preferentially concentrated on the particle surfaces.
Abstract: A number of minor and trace elements including Be, C, Ca, Cr, K, Li, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S, Tl, V, and Zn present in coal fly ash are found to be preferentially concentrated on the particle surfaces. Environmentally effective concentrations of these elements are thus much higher than indicated by conventional bulk analyses.
169 citations
TL;DR: An improved, non-surgical technique for recovering bovine eggs is described using modified Foley catheters, which shows good results for normal, unsuperovulated donors and poor results for donors with known fertility problems.
163 citations
TL;DR: The data obtained from these experiments indicate that administration of PGF, a to ewes reduced blood flow to the ovary with a corpus luteum and reduced secretion of progesterone.
Abstract: Intra-uterine administration of prostaglandin F,o-tham salt (PGF,a) to ewes on Days 9 or 10 of the estrous cycle was followed by reduced flow of blood to the ovary containing the corpus luteum and reduced levels of progesterone in the systemic circulation. These parameters were highly correlated (P<0.01). In an attempt to separate a direct effect of PG on the luteal cell from the effects on ovarian blood flow, analogs of PGF2o, ICI-79939 and ICI-81008, having 10 times more and 50 times less smooth muscle stimulating activity than PGF2O, respectively, were administered intramuscularly to ewes on Day 10 of the estrous cycle. Levels of progesterone in the systemic circulation and blood flow to the ovary with a corpus luteum decreased to basal levels within 12 h after treatment in both groups of ewes. Ovarian blood flow and systemic progesterone levels were also correlated in ewes receiving ICI-79939 (r = 0.87, P<0.01) and ICI-81008 (r = 0.50, P<0.05) In corpora lutea removed from ewes 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after administration of PGF, o there was a decrease in percentage of the total volume of the corpus luteum occupied by endothelial cells (P<0.001), red blood cells (P<0.01) and lumens of capillaries (P<0.05) with time. There was an increase in cellular debris in the extra-cellular space (P<0.O1) and within capillaries (P<0.05) after injection of PGF2o. Percent volume of the corpus luteum occupied by theca-lutein cells, fibroblasts, eosinophils, connective tissue and white blood cells was not affected by this treatment. Ultrastructurally, cnrpora lutea removed from ewes 6 h after injection of PGF, o were similar to corpora lutea removed from control ewes. By 12 h, a proliferation of coated vesicles, dense bodies and lipid droplets was observed in granulosa-lutein cells and local areas of cytoplasmic degeneration were visible. By 24 h after treatment with PGF2o many of the capillaries which were present contained cellular debris, nucleoli in granulosa-lutein cells were rare and granules within the matrix of the mitochondria were numerous. By 48 h, granulosa-lutein cells were extremely shrunken, contained irregular nuclei with condensed chromatin, abundant lipid droplets and swollen mitochondria. Morphological changes occurring in the theca-lutein cells after administration of PGF2o to ewes were similar to the changes described for granulosa-lutein cells. The data obtained from these experiments indicate that administration of PGF, a to ewes reduced blood flow to the ovary with a corpus luteum and reduced secretion of progesterone. Morphological studies suggested that PGF2o affected the vascular component of the corpus luteum.
163 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of wind on people's walking performance and balance were investigated in a wind tunnel at the National Physical Laboratory in the UK, where volunteers performed a number of everyday tasks at wind speeds of 4 and 8·5 m/s with and without turbulence.
145 citations
TL;DR: The oxazoline ring system, first prepared in 1884, has only in the last five years been shown to possess considerable utility in the synthesis of a variety of functionalized organic compounds.
Abstract: The oxazoline ring system, first prepared in 1884, has only in the last five years been shown to possess considerable utility in the synthesis of a variety of functionalized organic compounds. By appropriate metalation of the 2-alkyl substituent it is possible to prepare a variety of homologated carboxylic acid derivatives, both chiral and achiral. Various other manipulations of the oxazoline ring lead to aldehydes, ketones, lactones, amino acids, thiiranes, and olefins. Due to the inertness of the oxazoline ring system to various reagents (RMgX, LiAlH4, CrO3, mild acid or alkali) it may be utilized as a protecting group for carboxylic acids during the transformations involving the above reagents. Two major new developments in oxazoline chemistry involve (a) the use of a chiral oxazoline as a reagent for asymmetric synthesis of chiral carboxylic acids, lactones, alcohol, thiiranes, and olefins and (b) a new mode of aromatic substitution in which the aryloxazolines act as nucleophilic or electrophilic reagents. This behavior has led to a variety of polysubstituted benzenes and biphenyls which would be inaccessible by classical routes. A variety of examples illustrating the utility of oxazolines indicated above are presented so that the reader may appreciate the vast potential of this simple ring system in synthesis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the uncertainties inherent in severe storm reports, and in the positioning of proximity data relative to moving storms, were examined, and it was found that the small-scale storm environment cannot be resolved with mean proximity data.
Abstract: Over 250 tornado proximity soundings have been closely studied. Emphasis was given to a detailed examination of the wind profiles and stabilities of the soundings. The uncertainties inherent in severe storm reports, and in the positioning of proximity data relative to moving storms, were examined. It was found that the small-scale storm environment cannot be resolved with mean proximity data. On the synoptic scale a very large range of winds and stabilities was found to be associated with confirmed tornadoes. Only slight differences were found between mean tornado proximity soundings, mean soundings associated with destructive tornado outbreaks, and mean soundings associated with outbreaks of non-tornadic severe thunderstorms. Storm relative wind fields were found to be similar for all types of tornado soundings studied. The storm relative flow fields vary dramatically as thunderstorm velocity changes within a given environment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the steering flow concept of cyclone motion appears to be quite valid in the statistical sense, and the correlation of surrounding flow features applies equally well for cyclones with different directions of motion, speeds of propagation, intensities and intensity changes.
Abstract: Ten years of rawinsonde data for 30 stations in the western North Pacific have been composited relative to tropical cyclone center positions. This information is used to study tropical cyclone motion and surrounding parameter relationships. Tropical cyclone motion and lower troposphere surrounding actual and geostrophic flow fields from 1°–7° radius are very well correlated. This general correlation of surrounding flow features applies equally well for cyclones with different directions of motion, speeds of propagation, intensities and intensity changes. The 700 mb level best specifies cyclone speed. The 500 mb level best specifies cyclone direction. The steering flow concept of cyclone motion appears to be quite valid in the statistical sense. These results may be useful to tropical cyclone forecasters.
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TL;DR: This review summarizes their occurrences in foods along with their formation pathways, sensory properties, and isolation, identification, and synthesis techniques specific to lactones associated with food flavor.
Abstract: Lactones represent another important class of flavor compounds that have been found in a wide variety of foods although traditionally they have been mainly associated with dairy products. This review summarizes their occurrences in foods along with their formation pathways, sensory properties, and isolation, identification, and synthesis techniques specific to lactones associated with food flavor.
TL;DR: This article found that aggression toward the victim would increase as the degree of negative affect induced among subjects by the experimental conditions increased up to moderate levels, but that beyond this point, further increments in negative affect would actually tend to inhibit such behavior.
Abstract: Sixty-four undergraduate males received either very postive or very negative personal evaluations from an attitudinally similar or dissimilar stranger, and were then given an opportunity to aggress against this person by means of electric shock. Half were exposed to these stimuli under comfortably cool environmental conditions, while half were so treated under uncomfortably hot conditions. It was predicted that aggression toward the victim would increase as the degree of negative affect induced among subjects by the experimental conditions increased up to moderate levels, but that beyond this point, further increments in negative affect would actually tend to inhibit such behavior. A significant (p lt 0.007) curvilinear relationship between negative affect and aggression supported these predictions, and suggested that such affect mediates the influence of high ambient temperatures on human aggression.
TL;DR: Diet selection is treated as an ecosystem process with important implications for ecosystem structure and function as well as for community and population interactions.
01 Mar 1976
TL;DR: The effects of cooling, storage, glycerolization and spermatozoal numbers on fertility were investigated utilizing three stallions and 72 mares, finding the fertility of freshly extended semen was superior to that of semen cooled for 2 hr plus Glycerol and to semen cooled and stored for 24 hours.
Abstract: The effects of cooling, storage, glycerolization and spermatozoal numbers on fertility were investigated utilizing three stallions and 72 mares. Semen was extended in a cream-gel extender and inseminated: a) within 1 hr (fresh) at 38 C, b) after cooling for 2 hr to 5 C, c) after cooling for 2 hr plus the addition of 7% (v/v) glycerol, and d) after cooling for 24 hours. Onehalf of the mares were inseminated with 100 and one-half with 500 • 106 progressively motile spermatozoa per insemination. Firstcycle pregnancy rates of 55.6, 38.9, 5.6 and 27.8% were obtained with the fresh, cooled 2 hr, cooled 2 hr plus glycerol and the cooled 24hr seminal treatments, respectively; after three cycles, the pregnancy rates were 94.4, 83.3, 44.4 and 55.6%. The fertility of freshly extended semen was superior (P<.05) to that of semen cooled for 2 hr plus glycerol and to semen cooled and stored for 24 hours. Semen cooled for 2 hr was superior (P<.05) to semen cooled for 2 hr plus glycerol. The 63.9% pregnancy rate for mares inseminated with 100 x 106 did not differ (P>.05) from the 75.0% for mares receiving 500 • 106 spermatozoa. There was no difference in fertility among the three stallions. (
TL;DR: Frost creep and gelifluction are the cold-climate representatives of mass-wasting processes that occur in a broad range of environments as mentioned in this paper, and they are not generally considered to be indicators of permafrost.
TL;DR: Both the muscle relaxation treatment, and the combined muscle relaxation and biofeedback treatment were significantly more effective in reducing headache duration than the biofeedbacks, but with regard to headache severity, the combined treatment was the only procedure to be significantly moreeffective than the no-treatment control.
TL;DR: In this article, a simple two-layer model is used to show that the precipitating convection appears to strip off the subcloud layer which ascends in updrafts, and to replace it with an equal layer of air from just above cloud base, which descends in downdrafts associated with the evaporation of falling rain.
Abstract: The transformation by precipitation of the well-mixed subcloud layer into a new structure which is nearly wet adiabatic and has a lower moist static energy is presented. A simple two-layer model is used to show that the precipitating convection appears to strip off the subcloud layer which ascends in updrafts, and to replace it with an equal layer of air from just above cloud base, which descends in downdrafts associated with the evaporation of falling rain. The mean transformation is presented, and the incorporation of the results into a parametric model of the transformation of the subcloud layer is discussed.
Abstract: Lilly's model of a horizontally homogeneous cloud-topped mixed layer is studied. The model is closed by taking a weighted (weighting factor or entrainment parameter k) average of Lilly's maximum and minimum entrainment cases. The dependence of steady-state solutions on large-scale divergence, sea surface temperature and entrainment parameter k is investigated. By numerical integration the response of the mixed layer to a diurnally varying radiative flux is investigated. Significant variations in the state of the mixed layer and in the convective fluxes are found.
TL;DR: A rapid and sensitive technique for the visualization and quantitation of protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-containing polyacrylamide gels has been developed and has been applied to muscle actin, brain tubulin, and ovalbumin which give identical standard curves.
TL;DR: Applications of the methods to unextracted plasma, serum and myocardial homogenate has been demonstrated through tests of specificity, recovery, reproducability and parallelism and the utility of the methodology in differentiation of experimental variables is demonstrated.
TL;DR: In this article, a model for the growth of thermal oxides on the III-V compound semiconductors is proposed, based on the diffusion rates of the elements, the mutual solubilities of the mixed oxides and the thermodynamic stabilities of the oxides are important factors in oxide growth.