Showing papers by "Colorado State University published in 1985"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of attachment theory as presented by John Bowlby in the three volumes of Attachment and Loss (1969/1982b, 1973, 1980), giving special emphasis to two major ideas: (1) attachment as grounded in a motivational-behavioral control system that is preferentially responsive to a small number of familiar caregiving figures and (2) the construction of complementary internal working models of attachment figures and of the self through which the history of specific attachment relationships is integrated into the personality structure.
Abstract: This chapter has several major aims The first is to provide an overview of attachment theory as presented by John Bowlby in the three volumes of Attachment and Loss (1969/1982b, 1973, 1980), giving special emphasis to two major ideas: (1) attachment as grounded in a motivational-behavioral control system that is preferentially responsive to a small number of familiar caregiving figures and (2) the construction of complementary internal working models of attachment figures and of the self through which the history of specific attachment relationships is integrated into the personality structure These two concepts, but especially the notion of internal working models, will be used in the second section of the chapter to interpret refinements and elaborations of the theory that have been primarily the result of the work and influence of Mary Ainsworth Topics discussed are maternal and infant contributions to the quality of attachment relationships, stability and change in the quality of attachment relationships, carryover effects from earlier to later relationships, and intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns as an intracultural and cross-cultural phenomenon An attempt is made to clarify a variety of theoretical points and to discuss others that remain to be clarified Finally, I consider how recent insights into the development of socioemotional understanding and the development of event representation can be integrated into attachment theory to shed new light on the origins of individual differences in personality development In doing so, I have also attempted to provide a framework for the studies presented in this volume
1,635 citations
654 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a statistical method is developed to determine the locations of major pollutant sources affecting a distant downwind receptor, provided that air trajectories can be estimated, and a source contribution function is formulated to indicate the relative contribution of different source regions to high concentrations at the receptor.
601 citations
TL;DR: The spectral properties of the HRTEM roughness on normally prepared and intentionally roughened samples appears to be well characterized as a first-order autoregressive or Markovian process which corresponds to an exponential decay in the autocovariance function rather than the usual Gaussian approximation which has been widely used.
Abstract: We have studied the statistical properties of random surface roughness at the Si-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The spectral properties of the HRTEM roughness on normally prepared and intentionally roughened samples appears to be well characterized as a first-order autoregressive or Markovian process which corresponds to an exponential decay in the autocovariance function rather than the usual Gaussian approximation which has been widely used. Such an exponential decay is characterized by tails in the spectrum which are directly attributable to the discrete or steplike nature of the interface roughness which is restricted to occur on crystalline atomic sites. Using a simplified model, we have estimated the effect of projecting the two-dimensional interface roughness through the cross-section thickness to form the one-dimensional boundary studied here. For an isotropic medium, we find that the statistical character of the roughness is preserved during this transformation, but that the rms fluctuation of the roughness is attenuated so that the actual interface is rougher than indicated by the HRTEM technique. After correcting for such averaging, the parameters estimated from the HRTEM are more in agreement with the same parameters used to fit the surface-roughness-limited Hall mobility in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor devices.
555 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of feminist identity development for women is presented based on Cross's theory of Black identity development and is based on the premise that women who live in contemporary society must first acknowledge, then struggle with, and repeatedly work through their feelings about the prejudice and discrimination they experience as women in order to achieve authentic and positive feminist identity.
Abstract: This article presents a model of feminist identity development for women. The model is derived, in part, from Cross's (1971) theory of Black identity development and is based on the premise that women who live in contemporary society must first acknowledge, then struggle with, and repeatedly work through their feelings about the prejudice and discrimination they experience as women in order to achieve authentic and positive feminist identity. The stages in this process include passive acceptance, revelation, embeddedness-emanation, synthesis, and active commitment. Implications of the model are outlined for women, nonsexist and feminist psychotherapies and contemporary society.
512 citations
TL;DR: The literature published on the use of the Soltanpour and Schwab Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (AB•DTPA) soil test shows that it can be used to determine availability and toxicity indices for many elements.
Abstract: The literature published on the use of the Soltanpour and Schwab Ammonium Bicarbonate‐DTPA (AB‐DTPA) soil test shows that it can be used to determine availability and toxicity indices for many elements. It has been shown to be an effective test for measuring the availability indices of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Ni, Cd and Se. Theoretically, it can also be used to determine the availability indices for S, Cu and As. The AB‐DTPA test can predict toxicity of B as well as the standard hot water rest, although within the non‐toxic range of B, it is not as effective as the hot water test. The hot water test alone predicts B availability well, but the AB‐DTPA B test result requires inclusion of soil water pH, organic matter and clay contents in a regression equation for predicting B availability. This test is not suitable for determination of exchangeable plus soluble Ca and Mg (high levels), as these precipitate as carbonates during extraction. The AB‐DTPA test procedure with analysis by an inductively...
422 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the surface properties of impregnated CuAl2O3 catalysts were investigated by a variety of spectroscopic techniques: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA or XPS), low-energy ion scattering spectro-graphs (ISS), photoacoustic spectroscope (PAS), and Xray diffraction.
413 citations
TL;DR: An account of the principal issues in bird-song dialects: evolution of vocal learning, experimental findings on song ontogeny, dialect descriptions, female and male reactions to differences in dialect, and population genetics and dispersal are given.
Abstract: No single theory so far proposed gives a wholly satisfactory account of the origin and maintenance of bird-song dialects. This failure is the consequence of a weak comparative literature that precludes careful comparisons among species or studies, and of the complexity of the issues involved. Complexity arises because dialects seem to bear upon a wide range of features in the life history of bird species. We give an account of the principal issues in bird-song dialects: evolution of vocal learning, experimental findings on song ontogeny, dialect descriptions, female and male reactions to differences in dialect, and population genetics and dispersal.We present a synthetic theory of the origin and maintenance of song dialects, one that accommodates most of the different systems reported in the literature. The few data available suggest that large, regional dialect populations are genetically differentiated; this pattern is correlated with reduced dispersal between dialects, assortative mating by females, and male-male exclusion. At the same time, “subdialects” may be formed within regional dialects. Subdialect clusters are usually small and may represent vocal mimicry among a few adjacent territorial males. The relative importance of genetic and social adaptation may contribute to the emergence of subdialects; their distinctiveness may be correlated with the degree of polygyny, for example. Thus, subdialect formation is linked to one theory of the evolution of repertoire size, but data are too fragmentary to examine this idea critically.
361 citations
TL;DR: The results show that progression of cells into the S phase is not a prerequisite for the increased frequency of chromosome fragments that appear in mitosis after A-T cells are irradiated in the G1 or G0 phase.
Abstract: The cells and tissues of patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), an inherited disease characterized by a high degree of proneness to cancer, are abnormally sensitive to ionizing radiation. Noncycling cultures of normal human and A-T fibroblasts were exposed to x-rays so that the breakage and rejoining of prematurely condensed chromosomes in the G1 phase could be compared. After a dose of 6.0 grays, both cell types had the same initial frequency of breaks and the same rate for rejoining of the breaks, but the fraction of breaks that did not rejoin was five to six times greater for the A-T cells. The results also show that progression of cells into the S phase is not a prerequisite for the increased frequency of chromosome fragments that appear in mitosis after A-T cells are irradiated in the G1 or G0 phase.
293 citations
278 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a low-cost extrusion technology is used to produce nutritious precooked foods in developing countries by low-power extrusion technologies, which can be used to reduce food import costs.
Abstract: (1985). Production of nutritious precooked foods in developing countries by low‐cost extrusion technology. Food Reviews International: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 27-97.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed available data on thermal conditions prevailing in lotic ecosystems of the Southern Hemisphere and examined the primary factors (hydrology, climate, insolation) that interact to determine the thermal regime.
Abstract: This chapter reviews available data on thermal conditions prevailing in lotic ecosystems of the Southern Hemisphere. The primary factors (hydrology, climate, insolation) that interact to determine the thermal regime are examined in the context of southern waters. Maximum temperatures are plotted against annual ranges for equatorial (0–10° latitude), tropical (l0–231/2° latitude), and temperate sites. In regions with seasonal climates, running waters exhibit diel and annual thermal periodicity patterns, the phasing of which varies between and within lotic systems. The universality of Illies’ river zonation system is analyzed in the context of thermal conditions in Southern Hemisphere running waters.
TL;DR: The chapter suggests that the number of luteal receptors for LH—but not circulating concentrations of LH—is correlated with serum levels of progesterone throughout the estrous cycle of ewes, and down-regulation of LH receptors depends upon occupancy of the receptor.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the control of luteal function in domestic ruminant animals. It focuses on data regarding the regulation of receptors for luteinizing hormone (LH) and the characterization of two distinct types of steroidogenic luteal cells. The function of the corpus luteum in ruminants is regulated by a complex interaction of the secretions from at least two other endocrine organs. The adenohypophysis secretes LH, generally accepted as the primary luteotropic hormone in these species. The chapter suggests that the number of luteal receptors for LH—but not circulating concentrations of LH—is correlated with serum levels of progesterone throughout the estrous cycle of ewes. Down-regulation of LH receptors depends upon occupancy of the receptor, based on correlation between number of receptors occupied and number lost after administration of 1 mg of LH in vivo. The major pathway for loss of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or LH bound to the luteal receptor for LH is via internalization and degradation of the hormone. Over 80% of 125I-labeled hCG bound to luteal cells in culture is internalized and degraded. A lesser amount of 125I-labeled LH is internalized and degraded because more of this hormone dissociates from the receptor. A major portion of the internalized population of receptors is recycled to the plasma membrane.
TL;DR: The authors analyzed des capacites de comprehension and de l'utilisation d'adjectifs decrivant des emotions chez des enfants âges de 18 a 71 mois, d'apres les evaluations effectuees par leurs parents sur la comprehension and l'usage of 125 adjectifs de ce type.
Abstract: Analyse des capacites de comprehension et de l'utilisation d'adjectifs decrivant des emotions chez des enfants âges de 18 a 71 mois, d'apres les evaluations effectuees par leurs parents sur la comprehension et l'usage de 125 adjectifs de ce type
TL;DR: An analysis of annual energy flows in an arid tropical ecosystem inhabited by nomadic pastoralists provides insight into a subsistence life-style that has persisted in droughted environments for hundreds to thousands of years.
Abstract: An analysis of annual energy flows in an arid tropical ecosystem inhabited by nomadic pastoralists provides insight into a subsistence life-style that has persisted in droughted environments for hundreds to thousands of years. Although a large fraction of the total energy consumed by the Ngisonyoka of Kenya followed a single pathway from plant to animal to human, they also harvested solar energy from a relatively diverse assemblage of energy flow channels. Energy utilization and conversion efficiencies were generally low, as the system is maintenance-rather than production-oriented. Energy flow to maintenance must be relatively high to support biotic responses that enable tolerance of abiotic variability and to stabilize energy flow under the stress of severe droughts. Energy utilization by the Ngisonyoka is therefore consistent with ecological patterns that promote rather than diminish ecological stability under stress.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that coordination of the talents of researchers and practitioners is essential for narrowing the gap between research and practice, and suggest researchers focus their research on the best methods of ensuring use of relevant and valid data in appraisal, given organizational constraints.
Abstract: Recently, performance appraisal researchers have adopted a cognitive approach to analyzing judgment processes in performance appraisal. While this approach allows researchers to tap a wealth of knowledge applicable to the appraisal context, this line of research is likely to widen the already existing gap between research and practice. We argue that coordination of the talents of researchers and practitioners is essential for narrowing the gap. Specifically, we suggest researchers focus their research on the best methods of ensuring use of relevant and valid data in appraisal, given organizational constraints. We also suggest practitioners focus on determining observable and measurable aspects of performance, and thus, specify appropriate appraisal content. We also note that cognitive process research has promise for increasing raters' ability to judge accurately, but that this approach does not necessarily address the rater's willingness to provide accurate ratings.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of cultivation and erosion on organic matter transformations were studied by systematically sampling slope positions on three paired rangeland and cropland toposequences.
TL;DR: Dry matter content of prairie vole digesta is high compared to larger herbivores, possibly compensating for a low ratio of gut capacity to metabolic requirement and changes in organ size are explained in terms of function.
Abstract: Prairie voles ( Microtus ochrogaster ) were held at 5°C or 23°C and fed an energy concentrate or energy dilute diet in a factorial design. With greater energy needs (temperature effects), small intestine tissue mass, mass with contents, and small intestine length increased by an average of 21%. Caecal length, wet tissue mass, and dry tissue mass increased 12%, 17%, and 12%, respectively, while mass of caecal tissues with contents increased 38%. Reduced energy availability (increased food fiber) accounted for a decrease of 14% in small intestine wet tissue mass, but increases of 11%, 46%, 13%, and 13% in caecal length, mass with contents, wet and dry tissue mass. Large intestine dry tissue mass increased with reduced energy availability, and there was a significant interaction between food and energy effects on wet tissue mass. Dry matter content of prairie vole digesta is high compared to larger herbivores, possibly compensating for a low ratio of gut capacity to metabolic requirement. Changes in organ size are explained in terms of function.
TL;DR: The relationship between secondary succession, soil disturbance, and soil biological activity were studied on a sagebrush community (Artemisia tridentata) in the Piceance Basin of northwestern Colorado, U.S.A as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The relationship between secondary succession, soil disturbance, and soil biological activity were studied on a sagebrush community (Artemisia tridentata) in the Piceance Basin of northwestern Colorado, U.S.A. Four levels of disturbance were imposed. I: the vegetation was mechanically removed and as much topsoil as possible was left; 2: the vegetation was mechanically removed and the topsoil scarified to a depth of 30 cm; 3: topsoil and subsoil were removed to a depth of 1 m, mixed and replaced; 4: topsoil and subsoil were removed to a depth of 2 m and replaced in a reverse order. Plant species composition, dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzymatic activity, mycorrhizae infection potentials, and percent organic matter were the variables measured. Treatment 4 drastically altered the pattern of vegetation succession. Treatments 2, 3, and 4 started with Salsola iberica as the dominant species but six years later, 3 and to lesser extent 2 changed in the direction of the species composition of 1, dominated by perennial grasses and perennial forbs. Treatment 4 developed a shrub dominated community. The rate of succession was not decreased by the increased levels of disturbance. Both dehydrogenase enzyme activity and mycorrhizae infection potential (MIP) increased with the change from Salsola iberica to a vegetation dominated by either perennial grasses and forbs or shrubs. The intensity of disturbance in 2, 3, and 4 reduced drastically dehydrogenase activity and MIP, but in six years they recovered to levels comparable to 1. Phosphatase enzyme activity and organic matter were unrelated to species composition but related to treatment and time elapsed. In both cases a significant decrease was observed throughout the six-year period.
TL;DR: In this article, the energy loss mechanisms of a parabolic dish/cavity receiver configuration are analyzed and power profiles produced in cavities of varying geometry with concentrators of varying rim angle are discussed.
TL;DR: Ion-beam sputter deposition of tantalum oxide films was investigated for possible optical coating applications and optical properties of such films were found to be a sensitive function of oxygen-to-argon ratio in the ion beam.
Abstract: Ion-beam sputter deposition of tantalum oxide films was investigated for possible optical coating applications. Optical properties of such films were found to be a sensitive function of oxygen-to-argon ratio in the ion beam. Refractive index and absorption coefficient were determined in the 250–2000-nm wavelength range by spectrophotometric transmissivity. The different bonding states of the tantalum atoms were revealed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The visible wavelength refractive index was found to be 2.18 and optical band gap 4.3 eV, so long as the films did not contain inclusions of metallic tantalum. Films with an admixture of oxygen deficient suboxide components had a low-energy tail of increasing magnitude in the absorption spectrum.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified multi-level soil moisture and surface temperature model is presented for use as in defining lower boundary conditions in mesoscale weather models, taking account of the hydraulic and thermal diffusion properties of the soil, their variations with soil type, and the mixing ratio at the surface.
Abstract: A modified multi-level soil moisture and surface temperature model is presented for use as in defining lower boundary conditions in mesoscale weather models. Account is taken of the hydraulic and thermal diffusion properties of the soil, their variations with soil type, and the mixing ratio at the surface. Techniques are defined for integrating the surface input into the multi-level scheme. Sample simulation runs were performed with the modified model and the original model defined by Pielke, et al. (1977, 1981). The models were applied to regional weather forecasting over soils composed of sand and clay loam. The new form of the model avoided iterations necessary in the earlier version of the model and achieved convergence at reasonable profiles for surface temperature and moisture in regions where the earlier version of the model failed.
TL;DR: In this article, a two-dimensional (x, z), time-dependent, numerical cloud model is developed for the purpose of investigating the role of various physical processes involved in the maintenance of cirriform clouds.
Abstract: A two-dimensional (x, z), time-dependent, numerical cloud model is developed for the purpose of investigating the role of various physical processes involved in the maintenance of cirriform clouds. In addition to accounting for dynamic and thermodynamic processes including phase changes of water, effects due to microphysical composition and radiative processes are also explicitly incorporated into the model. Diagnostic parameterizations for the local radiative properties of cloudy volumes and the gravity induced relative fall speed of the contained ice water are presented. Results of a simulation of a thin cirrostratus cloud are given. Features of the simulated cloud structure are quite realistic. Quantitative agreement is found between the simulated ice water contents and vertical motions and comparable observations. It is shown that radiative effect may be very significant in the maintenance of cirrus. The effects of the gravity-induced relative fall speed of ice crystals are found to be of cri...
TL;DR: The carbon-13 NMR spectra of amber from several mining sites in the Dominican Republic show considerable variation as mentioned in this paper, and in certain cases the differences are sufficiently distinct to serve as a reliable indicator of provenance.
Abstract: The carbon-13 NMR spectra of amber from several mining sites in the Dominican Republic show considerable variation. In certain cases the differences are sufficiently distinct to serve as a reliable indicator of provenance. The gradations within the resonances of unsaturated carbons may reflect the relative ages of the samples, because fossilization and diagenesis can remove this functionality.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: This chapter presents a survey of the applications of circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) to the analysis of peptide conformation.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents a survey of the applications of circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) to the analysis of peptide conformation. These spectroscopic techniques have a unique sensitivity to molecular conformation and stereochemical relationships that makes them ideally suited to the detection of conformational differences and changes. In addition, both empirical and theoretical analyses can provide information about the absolute conformations in many cases. Especially when combined with other spectroscopic methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and with conformational energy calculations, CD and ORD can be powerful probes into the conformation of peptides in solution. The chapter also discusses basic phenomenon of CD and ORD, wavelength dependence of optical rotation and CD, and general aspects of peptide CD and specific systems of cyclic peptides and the linear peptides.
TL;DR: Findings support the hypothesis that genetic variation exists for oral susceptibility to yellow fever virus in Ae.
Abstract: Twenty-eight populations representing a worldwide distribution of Aedes aegypti were tested for their ability to become orally infected with yellow fever virus (YFV). Populations had been analyzed for genetic variations at 11 isozyme loci and assigned to one of 8 genetic geographic groups of Ae. aegypti. Infection rates suggest that populations showing isozyme genetic relatedness also demonstrate similarity to oral infection rates with YFV. The findings support the hypothesis that genetic variation exists for oral susceptibility to YFV in Ae. aegypti.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured primary and secondary flows in a meandering gravel-bed river at low, intermediate and high discharges to confirm the existence of the main and outer bank cells but also indicate that in some bends the main cell does not extend to the inner bank.
Abstract: Natural channels often adopt a meandering course Water flow in meander bends is three-dimensional, consisting of primary velocities which are tangential to the bend, and secondary velocities, which are in the radial plane The pattern of secondary flow strongly affects the distribution of primary velocities This in turn affects the distribution of erosion and deposition in the bend and the way in which the channel shifts and changes shape Measurements of primary and secondary flows in a meandering gravel-bed river1,2 show that, in addition to the widely recognized main secondary circulation driving surface water outwards and bed water inwards, there can be a small cell of reverse rotation at the outer bank Further data have been collected in a sand-bedded river at low, intermediate and high discharges The results confirm the existence of the main and outer bank cells but also indicate that in some bends the main cell does not extend to the inner bank In fact, secondary flow at the inner bank of wide, shallow bends is directed radially outwards over the whole flow depth at all in-channel flows This indicates that some models of bend flow and channel development may be significantly in error
TL;DR: Natal dispersal and lek fidelity (attendance within and between years) of Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) were studied on Cold Spring Mountain, northwestern Colorado from July 1981 through May 1984.
Abstract: -Natal dispersal and lek fidelity (attendance within and between years) of Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) were studied on Cold Spring Mountain, northwestern Colorado, from July 1981 through May 1984. Female Sage Grouse followed the typical avian pattern of dispersing farther than males. However, there was no difference between proportions of male and female yearling grouse attending the lek closest to their juvenile banding location. Fifteen percent of all individually marked juveniles (24/157 birds) were known to have attended leks as yearlings. There was no difference between yearling and adult lek attendance rates for either sex; however, females attended leks less often than males. Yearling females, but not yearling males, visited 2 or more leks more often than adults. These differences may be related to yearlings' inexperience with breeding or to a strategy to enhance reproductive success. Received 9 July 1984, accepted 6 March 1985. DISPERSAL has a major role in population regulation (Lidicker 1962, Krebs et al. 1976) and distribution (Taylor and Taylor 1977). It also may have a role in the evolution of song dialects (Baker and Mewaldt 1978), mating systems (Greenwood 1980), and the stability of local populations (Reddingius and den Boer 1970). Despite its potential importance, studies of avian dispersal are few; most research has investigated fall movements, not movement from natal to initial breeding areas. There have been even fewer studies of dispersal of avian species that may show exceptions to the general pattern of greater female than male dispersal. Greenwood (1980) proposed that both femalebiased dispersal and monogamy can be a consequence of a resource-defense mating system. Bird species with lek mating systems may be exceptions to Greenwood's hypothesis because males do not appear to defend resources required by females. If there is a relationship among the intensity and direction of sexual selection, mating systems, and natal dispersal patterns (Oring and Lank 1982), then Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) are an ideal species in which to study dispersal because they exhibit some of the greatest variation in male mating success among 2 Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada. lekking species (Payne 1984: 8). Here we describe natal dispersal and lek fidelity (attendance within and between years, and movements between leks) of a population of Sage Grouse in northwestern Colorado. We examined female Sage Grouse to determine whether they follow the typical avian pattern of dispersing farther than males. We also present data on the natal philopatry of yearling grouse (birds 8-10 months old) and relate their patterns of dispersal and lek fidelity to recent hypotheses concerning lek mating systems. STUDY AREA AND METHODS The study was conducted on Cold Spring Mountain (2,622 m) in northwestern Moffat County, Colorado and adjacent parts of Wyoming and Utah from July 1981 through June 1983 and on 3 days in April and May 1984. The study area is semiarid sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) rangeland with interspersed quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and pinyon pine (Pinus edulis)-Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) stands, and meadows. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) occur above 2,620 m on Middle Mountain (2,904 m) and Diamond Peak (2,909 m) near the Wyoming border. Sage Grouse studies have been conducted on the area since 1978. From 120 to more than 300 juvenile Sage Grouse have been banded during July and August each year. In 1981 and 1982, juvenile grouse were captured and individually marked with numbered aluminum bands and unique combinations of colored plastic bands. Drive traps, a bumper-mounted cannon net, 621 The Auk 102: 621-627. July 1985 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.112 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 05:16:17 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 622 DUNN AND BRAUN [Auk, Vol. 102 and spotlighting with long-handled nets were used to capture grouse (Giesen et al. 1982). Captured birds were classified to sex and age by wing molt and primary length (Beck et al. 1975). Lek searches were made at least 5 days/week during late March through May 1982 and 1983 for birds individually banded during those springs and in previous summers. Lek searches also were made on 3 days in 1984 (22 April, 8 and 9 May) to observe changes in the leks where birds displayed during 1982 to 1984. We recorded observations of marked birds on leks and calculated straight-line dispersal distances between the juvenile banding location and the lek on which the bird was observed displaying (attended) as a yearling. The banding location was used as an approximation of a juvenile's natal area since most juveniles were marked before long-distance (>2 km) movements took place (Wallestad 1971; unpubl. data). For birds that attended more than one lek, the lek attended most frequently or where mating occurred was used in calculating dispersal distances. Lek attendance was calculated as the number of days that a bird was observed on a lek divided by the total days that males or females, depending on the sex of the particular bird, were observed on the lek multiplied by 100. Attendance was corrected for birds captured during each spring breeding season (26 adult males, 5 adult females, 5 yearling males) by subtracting the number of days of the respective sex's days of lek attendance prior to the bird's capture from the denominator. For example, adult male #9947 was captured and banded on Gee Flats Lek on 11 April 1983 after 6 days of lek observations during which males were seen. Therefore, the total days that males were seen on Gee Flats (37) minus the days prior to banding (6) equaled the number of days (31) in the denominator. Lek attendance for bird #9947 was 18 days seen on the lek . 31 = 58%. Total recruitment, defined as the number of birds entering the breeding population, was estimated by dividing the number of marked yearlings seen on leks each spring by the total number of juveniles banded the previous summer. Recruitment was adjusted for known mortality by subtracting hunter harvest and known predation from the number of banded juveniles. Recruitment rates of yearling grouse to each lek were first divided by the number of potential recruits (the number of juveniles assigned to a natal-area lek) to correct for differential marking, then expressed as grouse per hour to correct for differing observation times at leks, and, finally, divided by the maximum number of males observed on leks to express recruitment rates on a per-male basis. References to "grouse h-I male-"' refer to this relative recruitment rate. The natal-area lek of a juvenile grouse was defined as the lek closest to the capture location of the bird. Estimates of the percentage of marked grouse returning to their natal-area lek as yearlings may have been biased by unequally distributed summer banding efforts and lek observations in spring. Therefore, we present natal-lek attendance rates for only 2 leks (Gee Flats, Beaver Basin) around which we banded at least 50 juveniles whose capture location was closer to one of these leks than to any other lek (i.e. juveniles that were assigned one of these leks as their natal-area lek). All other leks on the study area either had no juveniles assigned to them or were observed on only a few mornings late in the breeding season. Statistical tests were considered significant at the 0.05 probability level; all tests were 2-tailed.
TL;DR: The genetic correlations between the A and k parameters in both curves indicated that cows with lighter mature weights reached that weight at younger ages, and that inbreds were lighter than linecrosses at maturity.
Abstract: Brody's growth curve, a three-parameter function, and Richards' function, a four-parameter function, were fit to data from 233 inbred and linecross cows to study the genetic and environmental aspects of the growth curve parameters and to compare the two functions. Fitting Brody's curve was faster and less costly to compute than Richards' function, but Richards' function had smaller sums of squares and a better fit to actual data points. Year of birth had an effect on the A (P less than .05), b (P less than .01) and k (P less than .01) parameters of Brody's curve. Parameter estimates from data of the youngest cows were at the extremes. The b parameter was the largest when estimated from data with no recorded birth weights. Year of birth was also an important effect for the b (P less than .01), k (P less than .05) and m (P less than .01) parameters of Richards' function, but year effects were less interpretable. Mating system affected (P less than .01) the A parameter of both functions; inbreds were lighter than linecrosses at maturity. Line of sire was an important source of variation (P less than .01) for the A parameter of both functions. The heritability estimate of the A parameter from both functions was .44 +/- .27; apparently the same trait in both curves. The estimate for the b parameter from Brody's curve was .39 +/- .27, comparable with literature estimates of birth weight. The heritability estimate for k from Brody's curve was .20 +/- .26. The heritability estimates for b, k and m parameters from Richards' function were .24 +/- .26, .32 +/- .27 and .21 +/- .26, respectively. The genetic correlations between the A and k parameters in both curves indicated that cows with lighter mature weights reached that weight at younger ages.