Showing papers by "Colorado State University published in 1987"
TL;DR: In this article, a system which determines slope, aspect, and curvature in both the downslope and across-slope directions is developed for an altitude matrix, and the upslope drainage area and maximum drainage distance are determined for every point within the altitude matrix.
Abstract: Land surface topography significantly affects the processes of runoff and erosion. A system which determines slope, aspect, and curvature in both the down-slope and across-slope directions is developed for an altitude matrix. Also, the upslope drainage area and maximum drainage distance are determined for every point within the altitude matrix. A FORTRAN 66 program performs the analysis.
1,316 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a questionnaire that asked 1,388 ESL students to identify their perceptual learning style preferences and found that NNS learning style preference often differ significantly from those of NSs.
Abstract: Following a review of the literature on learning styles and cognitive styles for both native speakers (NSs) and nonnative speakers (NNSs) of English, this article presents the results of a questionnaire that asked 1,388 students to identify their perceptual learning style preferences. Statistical analyses of the questionnaires indicated that NNS learning style preferences often differ significantly from those of NSs; that ESL students from different language backgrounds sometimes differ from one another in their learning style preferences; that other variables such as sex, length of time in the United States, length of time studying English in the U.S., field of study, level of education, TOEFL score, and age are related to differences in learning styles; and that modifications and extensions of ESL student learning styles may occur with changes in academic environment and experience. During the past decade, educational research has identified a
1,043 citations
TL;DR: The SL-ASIA, Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale, was modeled after a successful scale for Hispanics as discussed by the authors, which was used to assess the level of acculturation for Asians.
Abstract: Level of acculturation has been recognized as important in clinical work with ethnic minorities. However, scales are lacking for assessment of this variable for Asians. The SL-ASIA, Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale, was modeled after a successful scale for Hispanics. Initial reliability and validity data are reported for two samples of Asian subjects, from two states.
755 citations
TL;DR: The experimental approach is supplemented with theoretical calculations of nitrogen transformations in a shortgrass prairie, which incorporate a wide array of information on decomposer organisms, including their feeding preferences, nitrogen contents, life spans, assimilation efficiencies, productio:assimilation ratios, decomposabilities, and population sizes.
Abstract: Several experimental approaches have been taken to demonstrate the importance of soil fauna in nitrogen mineralization, but there have been difficulties interpreting the results We have supplemented the experimental approach with theoretical calculations of nitrogen transformations in a shortgrass prairie The calculations incorporate a wide array of information on decomposer organisms, including their feeding preferences, nitrogen contents, life spans, assimilation efficiencies, productio:assimilation ratios, decomposabilities, and population sizes The results are estimates of nitrogen transfer rates through the detrital food web, including rates of N mineralization by bacteria, fungi, root-feeding nematodes, collembolans, fungal-feeding mites, fungal-feeding nematodes, flagellates, bacterial-feeding nematodes, amoebae, omnivorous nematodes, predaceous nematodes, nematode-feeding mites, and predaceous mites Bacteria are estimated to mineralize the most N (45 g N m−2 year−1), followed by the fauna (29), and fungi (03) Bacterial-feeding amoebae and nematodes together account for over 83% of N mineralization by the fauna The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie is similar to that of a desert grassland The shortgrass detrital web seems to be divided into bacteria- and fungus-based components, although these two branches are united at the level of predaceous nematodes and mites
664 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that there are optimum levels of Ca2+ influx that promote normal neurite elongation and growth cone movements; these 2 components of outgrowth appear to have differential sensitivities to Ca2+.
Abstract: Neurite outgrowth from isolated, identified molluscan (Helisoma trivolvis) neurons in culture can be suppressed by neurotransmitters and electrical activity, both of which increase intraneuronal Ca2+ levels (Haydon et al., 1984; Cohan et al., 1986, 1987). We explored the possibility of a causal relationship between Ca2+ influx from the cell exterior and neurite outgrowth using a spectrum of pharmacological manipulations known to affect transmembrane Ca2+ flux. Ca2+ ionophore A23187, an agent expected to increase Ca2+ influx, suppressed both elongation and motile growth cone structures (i.e., filopodia and lamellipodia) in a dose-dependent (10(8)-10(6) M) and reversible manner. Furthermore, high concentrations of Ca2+ channel blockers (La3+, Cd2+, Co2+; e.g., 10(-4) M La3+) suppressed both elongation and growth cone movements. These data support previous experiments, which indicated that neurite outgrowth is dependent upon a specific range of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations (Connor, 1986; Cohan et al., 1987). However, tests of the dose-dependency of the effects of Ca2+ channel blockers on outgrowth revealed that specific, low concentrations of Ca2+ channel blockers (e.g., 10(-5) M La3+) caused, simultaneously, a reduction of growth cone filopodia and an acceleration of elongation. Consistent with the results using low levels of Ca2+ channel blockers, reduced extracellular Ca2+-stimulated neurite elongation while suppressing growth cone motility. Finally, neurotransmitter regulation of neurite outgrowth was shown to require influx of extracellular Ca2+; serotonin inhibition of neuron B19 was prevented by La3+ (10(-5) M) or by incubation in a reduced Ca2+ environment. Taken together, these results indicate that there are optimum levels of Ca2+ influx that promote normal neurite elongation and growth cone movements; these 2 components of outgrowth appear to have differential sensitivities to Ca2+.
442 citations
391 citations
TL;DR: In this article, several models that can be used to optimally size water distribution pipes were applied to a hypothetical system, and the results are summarized in this paper, where the models produced solutions with costs that were within 10% of one another, although the solutions were quite different.
Abstract: Several models that can be used to optimally size water distribution pipes were applied to a hypothetical system. The results are summarized in this paper. The models produced solutions with costs that were within 10% of one another, although the solutions were quite different. While the models were helpful in sizing pipes, some manual calculations and a good deal of engineering judgment were required to apply them.
328 citations
TL;DR: There is a one-to-one correspondence between the initial breakage and rejoining of G0 chromosomes and the induction and repair of PLD measured by delayed plating from plateau-phase cultures of these cells.
Abstract: After long postirradiation incubation periods, the residual frequency of prematurely condensed chromosome fragments following X-ray exposure of noncycling diploid human fibroblasts was found to be correlated with the frequency of chromosome aberrations observed under identical treatment conditions when the cells were subcultured and scored after they reached mitosis. Over a wide range of doses, the proportion of such cells without aberrations at their first metaphase was not significantly different from the proportion able to form macroscopic colonies. Further, the rate of rejoining of interphase chromosome breaks was the same as the rate of increase in survival due to the repair of potentially lethal damage (PLD). These results suggest that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the initial breakage and rejoining of G0 chromosomes and the induction and repair of PLD measured by delayed plating from plateau-phase cultures of these cells.
325 citations
01 Jan 1987
307 citations
TL;DR: In this article, strong empirical evidence links deposition of strong acids from the atmosphere to acidification of freshwaters and loss offish populations and the widespread recent acidification in eastern North America and Europe is due to the superposition of acid deposition upon natural acidifying processes in soils.
Abstract: Strong empirical evidence links deposition of strong acids from the atmosphere to acidification of freshwaters and loss offish populations. Chemical processes in soils explain the composition of soil solution and surface waters and when coupled with input-output fluxes these processes, in concert with acid deposition, account for observed trends in soil and water acidification. The widespread recent acidification of surface water in eastern North America and Europe is due to the superposition of acid deposition upon natural acidifying processes in soils.
238 citations
TL;DR: As a model of brain damage following energy deficiency, NPA intoxication has the advantages of producing morphological brain injury in a highly predictable anatomical pattern, and at a time paralleling the onset of clinical recumbency.
Abstract: The clinical signs and morphological brain lesions associated with histotoxic hypoxia induced by subcutaneous injection of 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA) in rats are described, and compared to hypoxic brain damage from other causes including ischemia and hypoglycemia. The brains were perfusion-fixed with paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde fixative, and examined by light and electron microscopy. Intoxicated rats developed severe neurological disease characterized by somnolence, uncoordinated gait with stereotypical paddling movements, and ventral or lateral recumbency. Recumbent rats had a selective, bilaterally symmetrical pattern of severe morphological injury in the caudate-putamen, hippocampus, and thalamus. Recumbency was a consistent indicator of the development of morphological brain lesions. In contrast to reports describing rat models of ischemia and hypoglycemia, morphological injury was not seen in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices of NPA-intoxicated rats. Ultrastructurally, neuronal alterations ranged from chromatin clumping with increased cytoplasmic lucency to severe cellular shrinkage or swelling with marked mitochondrial swelling (high amplitude swelling). White matter alterations included axonal swelling and adaxonal splitting of myelin lamellae. Vascular changes included perivascular deposits of proteinaceous material presumably from leakage of serum proteins, variable electron lucency of endothelial cell cytoplasm, an apparent increase in pinocytotic vesicles, rare platelet thrombosis of capillaries, and rare intravascular blebs of luminal plasma membrane. As a model of brain damage following energy deficiency, NPA intoxication has the advantages of producing morphological brain injury in a highly predictable anatomical pattern, and at a time paralleling the onset of clinical recumbency.
TL;DR: Results indicated that the degree of adherence was higher for medication taking and glucose testing than for regimen tasks requiring greater lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, and no clear relationship between adherence and glycemic control could be demonstrated through either bivariate or multivariate analyses.
TL;DR: A generalized forward-in-time upstream advective operator following the methodology of Crowley is developed and a new flux form is derived which does reduce to the Advective form under the conditions of constant velocity and grid spacing.
Abstract: A generalized forward-in-time upstream advective operator following the methodology of Crowley is developed and advective schemes of orders 1 through 10 are tested analytically and numerically. Flux forms of these schemes are also derived with Crowley’s methodology. It is shown that thew flux forms do not reduce to the advective form with constant velocity and grid spacing for schemes of order 3 and higher and they are not as accurate as the advective form. A new flux form is derived which does reduce to the advective form under the conditions of constant velocity and grid spacing. The schemes were tested in two dimensions using time splitting. In the rotating cone test, the advective and new flux forms performed identically, while the other flux form had larger dissipation and dispersion errors. In the deformational flow field test, the advective forms were unstable for both time steps tested. Use flux forms were less unstable for the higher Courant number and the domain as a whole was stable fo...
TL;DR: In this article, a 1D option of the CSU Cloud/Mesoscale Model, a partially diagnostic higher-order turbulence model, an atmospheric radiation model, a partial condensation parameterization, and drizzle process were used to simulate the stratocumulus-capped mixed layer.
Abstract: In order to simulate the stratocumulus-capped mixed layer, a one-dimensional stratocumulus model is developed. This model consists of five major points: 1) a one-dimensional (1D) option of the CSU Cloud/Mesoscale Model, 2) a partially diagnostic higher-order turbulence model, 3) an atmospheric radiation model, 4) a partial condensation parameterization, and 5) the drizzle process. This model is tested against the observed structure of the marine stratocumulus layer reported by Brost et al. In this paper we also investigate the interactions among the following physical processes: atmospheric radiation, cloud microphysics, vertical wind shear, turbulent mixing, large-scale divergence, the sea surface temperature and the presence of high-level clouds above the capping inversion. The model simulated fields were found to be in generally good agreement with observations, although the amount of cloud liquid water predicted was too large. This may have been a result of employing a wind profile that exhib...
TL;DR: Locomotor performance of hatchling snapping turtles was assessed while turtles were running on land and swimming in water, and observations may provide a physiological basis for the improved survival of larger hatchlings of many species of reptiles.
Abstract: Locomotor performance of hatchling snapping turtles ( Chelydra serpentina ) was assessed while turtles were running on land and swimming in water. Hatchlings from eggs incubated on a relatively wet substrate were faster than hatchlings from eggs incubated on a drier medium, both in absolute distance and in body lengths moved per unit time. The superior performance of turtles from the wet substrate was not due to differences in hydration of tissues, because differences in performance persisted after turtles from both groups had been fully hydrated. The superior performance of turtles from the wet substrate may stem from a greater aerobic capacity, because these animals accumulated lactate more slowly during locomotion than did turtles from eggs incubated on the dry substrate. These observations may provide a physiological basis for the improved survival of larger hatchlings of many species of reptiles.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The technique and results of arthroscopic surgery for the removal of osteochondral fragments from 1,000 carpal joints in 591 horses are reported and the prognosis for both breeds was worst with lesions of the third carpal bone.
Abstract: The technique and results of arthroscopic surgery for the removal of osteochondral fragments from 1,000 carpal joints in 591 horses are reported. Of the 591 horses, 580 were racehorses (including 349 Quarter Horses and 220 Thoroughbreds). The distal aspect of the radial carpal bone was the most commonly affected site, followed by the proximal aspect of the intermediate carpal bone and distolateral aspect of the radius. More than one carpal joint was simultaneously operated on in 58.9% of the Quarter Horses and in 37.4% of the Thoroughbreds. Marked differences in the amount of damage were noted at arthroscopy, compared with what was observed on radiography. Arthroscopic surgery was an effective technique for removing the osteochondral fragments as well as for treating other lesions. The overall functional ability as well as cosmetic appearance of the limbs were excellent. There was no postoperative intra-articular infection. Postsurgical follow-up information was obtained for 445 racehorses. After surgery, 303 (68.1%) raced at a level equal to or better than their preinjury level, 49 (11.0%) had decreased performance or still had problems referable to the carpus, 23 (5.2%) were retired without returning to training, 28 (6.3%) sustained another chip fracture, 32 (7.2%) developed other problems, and 10 (2.2%) sustained collapsing slab fractures while racing. When horses were separated into 4 categories of articular damage, the performance in the 2 most severely affected groups was significantly inferior. One hundred thirty-three of 187 horses with grade-1 damage (71.1%), 108 of 144 with grade-2 damage (75.0%), 41 of 77 with grade-3 damage (53.2%), and 20 of 37 horses with grade-4 damage (54.1%) returned to racing at a level equal to or better than their preinjury level. In examining the prognosis relative to site of the fracture, the prognosis for both breeds was worst with lesions of the third carpal bone.
TL;DR: In this article, the correlation structure of radar estimates versus rain rate was analyzed using time series simulations. But the correlation between radar reflectivity, attenuation, optical extinction, and rainrate was not analyzed.
Abstract: Raindrop size distributions (RSDs) are often estimated using surface raindrop sampling devices (e.g., disdrometers) or optical array (2D-PMS) probes. A number of authors have used these measured distributions to compute certain higher-order RSD moments that correspond to radar reflectivity, attenuation, optical extinction, etc. Scatter plots of these RSD moments versus disdrometer-measured rainrates are then used to deduce physical relationships between radar reflectivity, attenuation, etc., which are measured by independent instruments (e.g., radar), and rainrate. In this paper RSDs of the gamma form as well as radar reflectivity (via time series simulation) are simulated to study the correlation structure of radar estimates versus rainrate as opposed to RSD moment estimates versus rainrate. The parameters N0, D0 and m of a gamma distribution are varied over the range normally found in rainfall, as well as varying the device sampling volume. The simulations are used to explain some possible features related to discrepancies which can arise when radar rainfall measurements are compared with surface or aircraft-based sampling devices.
TL;DR: In this article, the first-derivative of the X-ray excited (XAES) CKLL spectrum from a diamond-like carbon (DLC) film exhibited almost the same spectrum as both the XAES and AES spectra from natural diamond.
TL;DR: This article focuses on association management as doing things right through planned growth and accountability.
Abstract: Management and leadership are key ingredients in the future of the American Oc· cupational Therapy Association. Ben· nis and Nanus (1985) define manage· ment as doing the right thing and leadership as doing things right. There is a need to establish a partner· ship between management and lead· ership, because both are critical to our success in the future. This article focuses on association management as doing things right through planned growth and accountability. The dis· cussion of leadership, or doing the right thing, centers around the con· cept of trans/ormative leadership as presented by Bennis and Nanus (1985) In comparing our Association to the rest of the health, education, and human service industries, we must credit, in large part, our volunteer and national office staff management teams for our successes. Our profes· sion's philosophic beliefs and values also set us apart. Although we spend countless hours trying to maintain a stable association management sys· tem, we seem somewhat reluctant to promote that which we have worked so long and hard to develop-our profession. In today's society it wou ld be unrealistic if we attempted to keep our Association viable and competitive without accepting the responsibility for being accountable for our profes· sion's philosophical beliefs and val· ues. A primary tenet of the responsi· bilities of a successful enterprise, and therefore a successful association, is the unequivocal acceptance of the necessity for accountability of the profession. To manage, an accounta· bility principle needs to be estab· lished and I propose that our princi· pie be stated as \"Our Association shall Elnora M. Gilfoyle
TL;DR: A prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colony with a known history of habitation was studied to quantify the effects of herbivory on plant species composition, dominance, stature and diversity in a North American mixedgrass prairie.
Abstract: A prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colony with a known history of habitation was studied to quantify the effects of herbivory on plant species composition, dominance, stature and diversity in a North American mixedgrass prairie. Gradient analysis was used to quantify the relationship between plant community structure, prairie dog density, burrow density and habitation history and to document community-level responses of plants subjected to heavy grazing pressure. The results quantify the type, rate and extent of change which plant populations and communities may undergo in response to the differential grazing of plants variously tolerant of defoliation.
TL;DR: The ascarids T. canis and T. cati continue to be a significant zoonotic disease in North America and underscores the need for the veterinary profession to control ascarid infections in cats and dogs at every opportunity.
Abstract: The ascarids Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, and Toxascaris leonina are probably the most common gastrointestinal helminths encountered in small animal practice. Both T. canis and T. cati can cause serious disease in kittens and puppies; T. leonina is generally less pathogenic. Prenatal transmission assures that virtually all puppies are born infected with T. canis. Transmammary transmission is probably the major route of infection for kittens with T. cati. In addition, all three species of worm produce resistant eggs and use paratenic hosts to facilitate transmission. Much is now known about the complex biology and life history of T. canis. However, many questions, such as those concerning the mechanisms of larval survival within host tissues and of larval reactivation and migration during pregnancy, await further study. The mechanism of resistance to ascarid infections in cats and dogs has not been clearly defined. Ascariasis is traditionally thought to be a disease of young animals, with older animals being considered immune. However, at least in the case of T. canis, adult dogs can be repeatedly infected. A wide range of anthelmintics is available with extremely high efficacy against patent ascarid infections. The problem of prenatal infection with T. canis may be overcome by strategic use of the newer benzimidazole-carbamates, and the production of ascarid-free puppies now seems possible. However, complete larvicidal activity against somatic stages has not been convincingly demonstrated. Visceral larva migrans-like syndromes are now being recognized in dogs and cats. In addition, visceral larva migrans in children due to T. canis continues to be a significant zoonotic disease in North America and underscores the need for the veterinary profession to control ascarid infections in cats and dogs at every opportunity.
TL;DR: In this paper, a chromophore-quencher complex with a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and a porphyrin-based electron transfer quencher was investigated.
Abstract: Examples are known of chromophore-quencher complexes where following optical excitation of a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) or a porphyrin ..pi.. ..-->.. ..pi..* chromophore, oxidative or reductive intramolecular electron-transfer quenching occurs. In a recent example, photolysis of a porphyrin-based system containing both an electron-transfer donor and an acceptor led to a relatively long-lived (3 ..mu..s) photoinduced charge separation onto peripheral donor and acceptor redox sites where in terms of the redox potential stored, ..delta..G/sup 0/ > 1.0 eV. One value of such systems is that they begin to reveal how oxidative and reductive equivalents can be generated photochemically and stored within the same molecule. They report here that MLCT-based excitation of the complex (Ru(Me(bpy)-3DQ/sup 2 +/)(Me(bpy)-PTZ)/sub 2/)/sup 4 +/ is followed by a sequence of intramolecular events which lead with relatively high efficiency to a charge-separated state based on the PTZ and -DQ/sup 2 +/ redox sites for which the transiently stored free energy is ..delta..G/sup 0/' approx. 1.29 eV.
TL;DR: The measurement of intracellular pH is described using 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (pyranine) that has been scrape-loaded into BALB/c-3T3 mouse cells and it is observed that the cells can slowly equilibrate their intrace cellular pH to near control levels when presented with either an acute alkaline or acid load.
TL;DR: In this paper, the vapor pressure of several liquid metals was measured using a method based on the gas-controlled heat pipe, and small samples of the test material were placed in a tungsten tube and heated to temperatures above 2900 K. Most of the tests were terminated by the failure of the containment tube.
Abstract: The vapor pressure of several liquid metals was measured using a method based on the gas-controlled heat pipe. Small samples of the test material were placed in a tungsten tube and heated to temperatures above 2900 K. The vapor pressure was measured using a gas-buffered pressure transducer and the vapor temperature was inferred from the tube surface temperature, which was measured with an optical pyrometer. Most of the tests were terminated by the failure of the containment tube. The measured pressures agree well with those calculated by thermodynamic methods from data at lower temperatures.
TL;DR: In this article, the types, formation pathways, and sensory properties of important classes of flavor compounds associated with wood smoke are summarized and the role of wood source, smoke generation conditions, and storage in resulting volatiles is discussed.
Abstract: The objectives of this review are to summarize the types, formation pathways, and sensory properties of important classes of flavor compounds associated with wood smoke; and to discuss the role of wood source, smoke generation conditions, and storage in resulting volatiles.
TL;DR: In this article, 1H-13C NMR spectra have been obtained of the insoluble carbon residues resulting from HF-digestion of three carbonaceous chondrites, Orgueil (C1), Murchison (CM2), and Allende (CV3).
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of flights that were conducted off the east coast of Australia through and over stratocumulus and fair-weather cumulus cloud fields were conducted by the CSIRO Fokker F-27 research aircraft to obtain radiation and in situ cloud microphysical and thermodynamic measurements.
Abstract: This paper reports on a series of flights that were conducted off the east coast of Australia through and over stratocumulus and fair-weather cumulus cloud fields. The CSIRO Fokker F-27 research aircraft was used to obtain radiation and in situ cloud microphysical and thermodynamical measurements. Central to the analyses presented in this paper were the measurements obtained by a spectrally scanning visible near-infrared radiometer (SPERAD) which was designed specifically for the experiments reported herein. Analyses of the data obtained during the flights that are reported in this paper showed that the clouds sampled were warm and mainly maritime in character, with both low droplet concentrations and liquid water contents. The stratiform clouds were shallow, with optical depths of about 10. Despite the lack of cloud vertical development significant concentrations of large droplets were recorded by the Knollenberg 2D probe. Variance analyses of the cloud optical properties indicated that the samp...
TL;DR: The covalently bound, highly immunogenic arabinogalactan of mycobacteria, and presumably of other actinomycetes, is highly unusual, in that all of the glycosyl residues are in the furanoid form.
TL;DR: In this paper, the anomalous diffraction theory of van de Hulst with some modifications, provides a reasonable approximation of the volume extinction and absorption coefficients of water clouds and also shows how the shortwave radiative properties of a water cloud can be derived in terms of 1) cloud liquid water path, 2) the effective radius of the droplet distribution, and 3) the balk absorption coefficient of water.
Abstract: In this paper we demonstrate that the anomalous diffraction theory of van de Hulst with some modifications, provides a reasonable approximation of the volume extinction and absorption coefficients. We also show how the shortwave radiative properties of a water cloud can be derived in terms of 1) cloud liquid water path, 2) the effective radius of the droplet distribution, and 3) the balk absorption coefficient of water. With the aid of the approximate diffraction theory we describe how cloud albedo and shortwave absorption depend on the droplet size. We demonstrate this dependence to be somewhat complex and show that the variation of absorption with variation of droplet size depends also on the cloud liquid water path. For “deep” or semi-infinite clouds, absorption increases monotonically with increasing effective radius, but the reverse dependence is established for thin clouds. The implications of these results to the so-called absorption paradox and to the possibility of determining droplet si...