Colorado State University

About: Colorado State University is a education organization based out in Fort Collins, Colorado, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Radar. The organization has 31430 authors who have published 69040 publications receiving 2724463 citations. The organization is also known as: CSU & Colorado Agricultural College.

Learning to Talk about Emotions: A Functionalist Perspective.

Abstract: BRETHERTON, INGE; FRITZ, JANET; ZAHN-WAXLER, CAROLYN; and RIDGEWAY, DOREEN. Learning to Talk about Emotions: A Functionalist Perspective. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 529-548. Although the recent focus on functionalist theories of emotions has led to an upsurge of interest in many aspects of emotional development, not enough attention has been paid to young children's developing ability to talk about emotions. In this paper we attempt to place what is presently known about this topic into a framework that emphasizes the intrapsychic and interpersonal functions of emotion. We also consider suggestive evidence concerning the importance of the ability to talk about emotions in the conduct of interpersonal interaction. The paper concludes with some ideas on future directions for research, placing particular emphasis on a functionalist approach to the analysis of emotion-denoting terms.

Completely recyclable biopolymers with linear and cyclic topologies via ring-opening polymerization of γ-butyrolactone

Abstract: Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is a powerful synthetic methodology for the chemical synthesis of technologically important biodegradable aliphatic polyesters from cyclic esters or lactones. However, the bioderived five-membered γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL) is commonly referred as ‘non-polymerizable’ because of its low strain energy. The chemical synthesis of poly(γ-butyrolactone) (PγBL) through the ROP process has been realized only under ultrahigh pressure (20,000 atm, 160 °C) and only produces oligomers. Here we report that the ROP of γ-BL can, with a suitable catalyst, proceed smoothly to high conversions (90%) under ambient pressure to produce PγBL materials with a number-average molecular weight up to 30 kg mol–1 and with controlled linear and/or cyclic topologies. Remarkably, both linear and cyclic PγBLs can be recycled back into the monomer in quantitative yield by simply heating the bulk materials at 220 °C (linear polymer) or 300 °C (cyclic polymer) for one hour, which thereby demonstrates the complete recyclability of PγBL. Bio-derived γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL) is commonly referred to as ‘non-polymerizable’ due to its low strain energy. Now it has been shown that ring-opening polymerization of γ-BL can in fact proceed to high conversions under ambient pressure with a suitable catalyst, producing high-molecular-weight polymers with controlled topologies and complete recyclability.

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Interior of Aqueous Reverse Micelles

Abstract: Aqueous reverse micelles, which are surfactant aggregates in nonpolar solvents that enclose packets of aqueous solution, have been widely studied experimentally and theoretically, but much remains unknown about the properties of water in the interior. The few previous molecular dynamics simulations of reverse micelles have not examined how the micelle size affects these properties. We have modeled the interior of an aqueous reverse micelle as a rigid spherical cavity, treating only the surfactant headgroups and water at a molecular level. Interactions between the interior molecules and the cavity are represented by a simple continuum potential. The basic parameters of the modelmicelle size, surface ion density, and water contentare based on experimental measurements of Aerosol OT reverse micelles but could be chosen to match other surfactant systems as well. The surfactant head is modeled as a pair of atomic ions: a large headgroup ion fixed at the cavity surface and a mobile counterion. The SPC/E model ...

Revisiting the Concepts of Return Period and Risk for Nonstationary Hydrologic Extreme Events

Abstract: Current practice using probabilistic methods applied for designing hydraulic structures generally assume that extreme events are stationary. However, many studies in the past decades have shown that hydrological records exhibit some type of nonstationarity such as trends and shifts. Human intervention in river basins (e.g., urbanization), the effect of low-frequency climatic variability (e.g., Pacific Decadal Oscillation), and climate change due to increased greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere have been suggested to be the leading causes of changes in the hydrologic cycle of river basins in addition to changes in the magnitude and frequency of extreme floods and extreme sea levels. To tackle nonstationarity in hydrologic extremes, several approaches have been proposed in the literature such as frequency analysis, in which the parameters of a given model vary in accordance with time. The aim of this paper is to show that some basic concepts and methods used in designing flood-related hydraulic structures assuming a stationary world can be extended into a nonstationary frame- work. In particular, the concepts of return period and risk are formulated by extending the geometric distribution to allow for changing exceeding probabilities over time. Building on previous developments suggested in the statistical and climate change literature, the writers present a simple and unified framework to estimate the return period and risk for nonstationary hydrologic events along with examples and applications so that it can be accessible to a broad audience in the field. The applications demonstrate that the return period and risk estimates for nonstationary situations can be quite different than those corresponding to stationary conditions. They also suggest that the nonstationary analysis can be helpful in making an appropriate assessment of the risk of a hydraulic structure during the planned project-life. DOI: 10.1061/ (ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000820. © 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.