Showing papers by "Columbia University published in 1968"
TL;DR: The psychosocial conditions and mechanisms underlying the Matthew effect are examined and a correlation between the redundancy function of multiple discoveries and the focalizing function of eminent men of science is found—a function which is reinforced by the great value these men place upon finding basic problems and by their self-assurance.
Abstract: This account of the Matthew effect is another small exercise in the psychosociological analysis of the workings of science as a social institution. The initial problem is transformed by a shift in theoretical perspective. As originally identified, the Matthew effect was construed in terms of enhancement of the position of already eminent scientists who are given disproportionate credit in cases of collaboration or of independent multiple discoveries. Its significance was thus confined to its implications for the reward system of science. By shifting the angle of vision, we note other possible kinds of consequences, this time for the communication system of science. The Matthew effect may serve to heighten the visibility of contributions to science by scientists of acknowledged standing and to reduce the visibility of contributions by authors who are less well known. We examine the psychosocial conditions and mechanisms underlying this effect and find a correlation between the redundancy function of multiple discoveries and the focalizing function of eminent men of science—a function which is reinforced by the great value these men place upon finding basic problems and by their self-assurance. This self-assurance, which is partly inherent, partly the result of experiences and associations in creative scientific environments, and partly a result of later social validation of their position, encourages them to search out risky but important problems and to highlight the results of their inquiry. A macrosocial version of the Matthew principle is apparently involved in those processes of social selection that currently lead to the concentration of scientific resources and talent ( 50 ).
5,689 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt is made to ascertain rules for the sequencing of a limited part of natural conversation and to determine some properties and empirical consequences of the operation of those rules.
Abstract: An attempt is made to ascertain rules for the sequencing of a limited part of natural conversation and to determine some properties and empirical consequences of the operation of those rules. Two formulations of conversational openings are suggested and the properties "nonterminality" and "conditional relevance" are developed to explicate the operation of one of them and to suggest some of its interactional consequences. Some discussion is offered of the fit between the sequencing structure and the tasks of conversational openings.
2,260 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the linear theory of elasticity in which the potential energy-density depends on the gradient of the strain in addition to the strain was performed, and the relations connecting the stresses in the three forms and the boundary conditions in three forms were derived.
1,323 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a geometrical model of the surface of the earth is obtained in terms of rigid blocks in relative motion with respect to each other, and a simplified but complete and consistent picture of the global pattern of surface motion is given on the basis of data on sea-floor spreading.
Abstract: A geometrical model of the surface of the earth is obtained in terms of rigid blocks in relative motion with respect to each other. With this model a simplified but complete and consistent picture of the global pattern of surface motion is given on the basis of data on sea-floor spreading. In particular, the vectors of differential movement in the ‘compressive’ belts are computed. An attempt is made to use this model to obtain a reconstruction of the history of spreading during the Cenozoic era. This history of spreading follows closely one previously advocated to explain the distribution of sediments in the oceans.
1,293 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the abundance of large ion elements in alkaline basalts cannot be consistently explained by fractional crystallization processes and that these characteristics are produced by previous partial melting episodes.
1,035 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the geomagnetic anomalies are caused by a sequence of normally and reversely magnetized blocks that have been produced by sea floor spreading at the axes of the ridge in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the results of the three previous papers in this series, which have shown the presence of a pattern of magnetic anomalies, bilaterally symmetric about the crest of the ridge in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans. By assuming that the pattern is caused by a sequence of normally and reversely magnetized blocks that have been produced by sea floor spreading at the axes of the ridges, it is shown that the sequences of blocks correspond to the same geomagnetic time scale. An attempt is made to determine the absolute ages of this time scale using paleomagnetic and paleontological data. The pattern of opening of the oceans is discussed and the implications on continental drift are considered. This pattern is in good agreement with continental drift, in particular with the history of the break up of Gondwanaland.
958 citations
TL;DR: Structural homogeneity is found in over 80% of normal rat liver parenchymal cells, with most of the significant differences being confined to those cells immediately surrounding the central veins.
Abstract: The principles of stereology have been applied to a morphometric analysis of parenchymal cells from the peripheral, midzonal, and central regions of normal rat liver lobules. The fractional volumes of cytoplasm occupied by mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, lipid, and glycogen have been determined. The surface densities of smooth- and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and of mitochondrial envelope and cristae have also been measured. The average number and dimensions of mitochondria and peroxisomes have been evaluated. By the use of an independent measurement of the average cytoplasmic volume, these data have been expressed as the actual volumes, areas, and numbers per cell in the different parts of the hepatic lobule. Similarly, the volumes of the envelope, cristae, and matrix compartments and the area of cristae membranes have been calculated for the average-sized mitochondrion in each lobular zone. Structural homogeneity is found in over 80% of normal rat liver parenchymal cells, with most of the significant differences being confined to those cells immediately surrounding the central veins.
676 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the elastic constants and related pressure and temperature derivatives of ten compounds of interest to geophysical and geochemical theories are reported and analyzed, and the corrections that are expected from effects of anisotropy and porosity are discussed.
Abstract: Measurements of the elastic constants and related pressure and temperature derivatives of ten compounds of interest to geophysical and geochemical theories are reported and analyzed. We discuss the corrections that are expected from effects of anisotropy and porosity and conclude that polycrystalline samples with porosities of 4% are not adequate for reliable acoustic measurements. We find that two anharmonic parameters, γth and δS, are independent of temperature at high temperature, and we use this result to estimate the temperature derivative of the bulk modulus at high temperatures. We present a number of correlations between the elastic constants and illustrate their use by attempting to predict the unmeasured elastic properties of fayalite.
498 citations
469 citations
TL;DR: Data show a parallelism over the last 150,000 years between changes in Earth's climate and changes in the summer insolation predicted from cycles in the tilt and precession of Earth's axis.
Abstract: Barbados provides a possibly unique opportunity for reconstruction of the times and elevations of late-Pleistocene high stands of the sea. The island appears to be rising from the sea at a uniform rate that is fast enough to separate in elevation coral-reef tracts formed at successive high stands of the sea. Unaltered coral found in the lower terraces enables high-precision Th(230): U(234) and Pa(231): U(235) dating. Three distinct high stands of the sea are found about 122,000, 103,000, and 82,000 years ago. New Pa(231) and Th(230) dates from a deep-sea core also indicate that Ericson's W-X cold-to-warm climatic change occurred close to 126,000 years ago. These data show a parallelism over the last 150,000 years between changes in Earth's climate and changes in the summer insolation predicted from cycles in the tilt and precession of Earth's axis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extended the classical theory of piezoelectricity to accommodate an electro-mechanical interaction in centrosymmetric (including isotropic) materials and a surface energy of deformation and polarization.
TL;DR: Although capsids of herpes simplex virus were encountered within phagocytic vesicles, they were more commonly observed free within the cytoplasm, and Antibody probably interferes with the first two stages.
Abstract: Although capsids of herpes simplex virus were encountered within phagocytic vesicles, they were more commonly observed free within the cytoplasm. Stages in the release of virus from vesicles were not seen. There appeared to be five distinct steps in the process whereby the virus initiates infection: attachment, digestion of the viral envelope, digestion of the cell wall, passage of the capsid directly into the cytoplasm, and digestion of the capsid with release of the core. Antibody probably interferes with the first two stages. Images
Book•
12 Sep 1968TL;DR: More than thirty years after its initial publication, William Hinton's Fanshen continues to be the essential volume for those fascinated with China's continuous process of rural reform and social change as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: More than thirty years after its initial publication, William Hinton's Fanshen continues to be the essential volume for those fascinated with China's continuous process of rural reform and social change. A pioneering work, Fanshen is a revealing look into life in the Chinese countryside, where tradition and modernity have had both a complimentary and caustic relationship in the years since the Chinese Communist Party first came to power. Fanshen continues to offer profound insight into China as it prepares to enter the twenty-first century, and will appeal to anyone interested in understanding China's complex social processes or who wish to rediscover this classic volume.
TL;DR: This article explored risk-reduction processes of information seeking, prepurchase deliberation, and brand loyalty in consumer decision making over time, and found that perceived risk was manipulated by consumers.
Abstract: This experimental study of consumer decision making over time explored risk-reduction processes of information seeking, prepurchase deliberation, and brand loyalty. Perceived risk was manipulated b...
TL;DR: The concentrations of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in twenty different regions of Rhesus monkey brain were studied and indirect evidence supporting an inhibitory transmitter role for GABA is discussed.
Abstract: —The concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in twenty different regions of Rhesus monkey brain were studied The highest levels were found in the substantia nigra, globus pallidus, and hypothalamus Regions of the cerebral cortex and thalamus contained low amounts and white matter the lowest Indirect evidence supporting an inhibitory transmitter role for GABA is discussed
TL;DR: It was concluded that enveloped virus consitutes the infectious particle and that the unenveloped capsid is unstable outside the cell, and it is likely that capsids enclosing infectious nucleic acid can pass directly from one cell to another after fusion has taken place.
Abstract: Examination of infected cells at sequential intervals after infection revealed that the first viral forms to appear were capsids enclosing cores of low density. Not until the 6th hr were dense cores encountered, and at approximately the same time enveloped virus was seen. Envelopment occurred most frequently in close proximity to the nuclear surface, although the process was also encountered within the nuclear matrix and in the cytoplasm. There was often extensive proliferation of the nuclear membrane. Envelopment of the virus by budding from the cell surface was not observed. It was concluded that enveloped virus consitutes the infectious particle and that the unenveloped capsid is unstable outside the cell. Nevertheless, it is likely that capsids enclosing infectious nucleic acid can pass directly from one cell to another after fusion has taken place.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the evolution of the concept of competition and the weaknesses of the classical competition concept, and conclude that it is not a good idea to use it in the real world.
Abstract: Introduction, 639. — I. Meaning of competition, 639. — II. Evolution of the concept of competition, 643. — III. Weaknesses of the classical concept of competition, 650. — IV. Conclusion, 656.
TL;DR: By the use of doctored clocks, the external, food-relevant cue, "dinner time," is manipulated so that some Ss entered an experimental eating situation believing it to be later than their regular dinner time and others believing itto be before dinner time.
Abstract: By the use of doctored clocks, the external, food-relevant cue, "dinner time," is manipulated so that some Ss entered an experimental eating situation believing it to be later than their regular dinner time and others believing it to be before dinner time. Obese Ss ate more when they thought that they were eating after their regular dinner hour than they did when they thought that they were eating before their dinner hour. There is no such effect for normal Ss. Additional data relevant to the hypotheses are presented from a questionnaire study of the eating routine and regularity of obese and normal Ss.
TL;DR: Tl + has been found to replace K + in activation of the (Na + -K + )-sensitive ATPase of rabbit kidney and is unique in that it has an affinity approx.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the pericryptal fibroblasts and the epithelium act as a unit to maintain the normal structure, maturation, and function of the crypt of Lieberkuhn.
TL;DR: In this article, the light shift due to virtual transitions in any alkali atom is calculated, and the theoretically calculated light shifts are compared with experimentally measured light shifts, and good quantitative agreement is obtained.
Abstract: Quantitative formulas for computing the light shift due to virtual transitions in any alkali atom are presented. The theoretically calculated light shifts for ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ are compared with experimentally measured light shifts, and good quantitative agreement is obtained.
TL;DR: The formation of heterologous pyrroles was demonstrated and it can be predicted that the molecule of δ-aminolevulinic acid which gives rise to the acetic acid side chain in porphobilinogen is the molecule which was in Schiff base linkage with the enzyme, whereas the other molecule was either at another site or came from solution.
TL;DR: The development of techniques to estimate the turnover of 5-HT in vivo will allow studying the effects of environmental change and drugs on indole metabolism in the brain and to acquire a better understanding of the fundamental role of5-HT.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the methods for measuring the turnover of brain 5-HT Turnover rates are better indicators of neuronal activity and of transmitter–receptor concentration than tissue transmitter levels The rates of accumulation of 5-HIAA after probenecid, 5-HT after a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, and the initial rate of 5-HIAA loss after the MAO inhibitor are all virtually identical In this context, this chapter illustrates a model for 5-HT metabolism in the normal rat brain The model assumes that the major metabolic pathway for 5-HT is oxidative deamination The model must be adjusted accordingly if other pathways are found The rapid turnover of 5-HT in brain suggests that 5-HT serves an important role in maintaining normal brain function The development of techniques to estimate the turnover of 5-HT in vivo will allow studying the effects of environmental change and drugs on indole metabolism in the brain and to acquire a better understanding of the fundamental role of 5-HT
TL;DR: The fenestrated appearance of the pericryptal fibrocyte processes in the zone of cellular differentiation, which subtends the fully differentiated absorptive epithelium, may shed some light on the nature of the epithelial basal complex and the role of the well ordered system of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in fluid transport across colonic mucosa.
TL;DR: It was concluded that a sufficient condition for the occurrence of behavioral contrast and the peak shift was reduction of the rate of responding to one of two alternating discriminative stimuli and that a peak shift will occur only if contrast had occurred during discrimination training.
Abstract: A discrimination between two successively alternating stimuli was trained under conditions that maintained equal frequencies of reinforcement in the presence of each of the discriminative stimuli (S1 and S2) but that also reduced the rate of responding to S2. These conditions included a multiple variable-interval differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule and a multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedule in which responses to S2 were punished. Whenever the rate of responding to S2 was reduced, rate of responding to S1 (behavioral contrast) increased, and the peak of a subsequently obtained generalization gradient did not occur at the expected location (between S1 and S2) but was displaced away from S2, below S1. Discrimination training in which the frequencies of reinforcement earned in S1 and S2 were not equal (variable-interval 1-min variable-interval 5-min training) produced contrast and the peak shift only if the rate of responding to S2 had been reduced, as after non-differential reinforcement in which variable-interval 1-min schedules were correlated with S1 and with S2. It was concluded that a sufficient condition for the occurrence of behavioral contrast and the peak shift was reduction of the rate of responding to one of two alternating discriminative stimuli and that a peak shift will occur only if contrast had occurred during discrimination training.
TL;DR: Results of differential centrifugation of bovine pineal gland and of rat cerebellar homogenates indicated that most of the adenyl cyclase is particulate, being in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, whereas the majority of the phosphodiesterase is soluble.