Showing papers by "Columbia University published in 1974"
TL;DR: The assumption that multiplicity of roles produces a strong tendency toward role strain as a consequence of role conflict or role overload is disputed by as discussed by the authors, who argue that the benefits of role accumulation tend to outweigh any stress to which it might give rise, thereby yielding net gratification.
Abstract: The assumption that multiplicity of roles produces a strong tendency toward role strain as a consequence of role conflict or role overload is disputed. The benefits of role accumulation tend to outweigh any stress to which it might give rise, thereby yielding net gratification. Four types of rewards derived from role accumulation are discussed: role-privileges; overall status security; resources for status enhancement and role performance; and enrichment of the personality and ego gratification. The importance of taking rights more fully into account in research and theory is emphasized. The possibility that barriers to role accumulation are a source of social instability is briefly assayed. A key assumption underlies current theories of social roles-that multiple relationships with diverse role partners is a source of psychological stress and social instability. Goode (1960:485) in particular supports this viewpoint, although it is more or less implicit in the writings of most role theorists. Goode introduced the term "role strain" to signify the difficulty of performing multiple roles, asserting that the resultant tendency toward strain is a ubiquitous feature of social life.
1,590 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the average film thickness for the world ocean based on the distribution of natural radiocarbon, bomb-produced radioccarbon, and radon are in good agreement, and Radon data from the BOMEX area and from station PAPA lend support to Kanwisher's suggestion that gas exchange rates should vary in proportion to the square of the wind velocity.
Abstract: Gas exchange rate studies carried out in the laboratory suggest that the stagnant film model is adequate to relate the transfer coefficients of most gases between the atmosphere and sea to an accuracy of ±15%. Estimates of the average film thickness prevailing for the world ocean based on the distribution of natural radiocarbon, bomb-produced radiocarbon, and radon are in good agreement. Radon data from the BOMEX area and from station PAPA lend support to Kanwisher's suggestion that gas exchange rates should vary in proportion to the square of the wind velocity. These observations permit a number of generalizations regarding the potential of the ocean as a source and sink for trace gases to be made. They also permit the more complicated situation for carbon dioxide to be assessed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01948.x
1,009 citations
TL;DR: The results point to a reaction between H2O2 and O2- (Haber-Weiss reaction) as a major source of the ·OH radicals and to a combined action of blocking ·OH formation as well as accelerating its removal.
896 citations
TL;DR: Turbidity measurements have been used to study the in vitro assembly and disassembly of porcine neurotubules and GTP, ATP and ADP, but not GDP, are effective in promoting tubule assembly, which is essentially fully reversible in the presence of excess GTP.
781 citations
759 citations
TL;DR: Children's facility in “automatization” of naming different semantic categories is considered in terms of the contributions of overlearning, stimulus discriminability, “operativity”, word frequency and response competition; only the last two appear to be explanatory factors.
727 citations
TL;DR: Contrary to previous reports, music perception supports the hypothesis that the left hemisphere is dominant for analytic processing and the right hemisphere for holistic processing.
Abstract: Musically experienced listeners recognize simple melodies better in the right ear than the left, while the reverse is true for naive listeners. Hence, contrary to previous reports, music perception supports the hypothesis that the left hemisphere is dominant for analytic processing and the right hemisphere for holistic processing.
708 citations
667 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider how judgments of uncertainty discriminate between hypotheses with respect to grades of uncertainty, probability, belief, or credence, and show that such judgments are relevant to the conduct of deliberations aimed at making choices between rival policies not only in the context of games of chance, but in moral, political, economic, or scientific decision making.
Abstract: Some men disclaim certainty about anything. I am certain that they deceive themselves. Be that as it may, only the arrogant and foolish maintain that they are certain about everything. It is appropriate, therefore, to consider how judgments of uncertainty discriminate between hypotheses with respect to grades of uncertainty, probability, belief, or credence. Discriminations of this sort are relevant to the conduct of deliberations aimed at making choices between rival policies not only in the context of games of chance, but in moral, political, economic, or scientific decision making. If agent X wishes to promote some aim or system of values, he will (ceteris paribus) favour a policy that guarantees him against failure over a policy that does not. Where no guarantee is to be obtained, he will (or should) favor a policy that reduces the probability of failure to the greatest degree feasible. At any rate, this is so when X is engaged in deliberate decision making (as opposed to habitual or routine choice).
509 citations
TL;DR: The induced voltage field in bone appears to increase the organization and strength of the repair process at 28 days after "fracture" in canine osteotomies.
Abstract: Pulsing electromagnetic fields of low frequency and strength have been inductively coupled across skin, directly to bone, to enhance the repair of canine osteotomies. The induced voltage field in bone appears to increase the organization and strength of the repair process at 28 days after "fracture."
440 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the expectation value of a neutral spin-0 field may be quite different from its normal vacuum expectation value, and that such a configuration can be metastable and its physical size may become substantially greater than the usual microscopic dimension in particle physics.
Abstract: The theoretical possibility that in a limited domain in space the expectation value $〈\ensuremath{\varphi}(x)〉$ of a neutral spin-0 field may be abnormal (that is to say quite different from its normal vacuum expectation value) is investigated. It is shown that if the ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{3}$ coupling is sufficiently large, then such a configuration can be metastable, and its physical size may become substantially greater than the usual microscopic dimension in particle physics. Furthermore, independent of the strength of the ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{3}$ coupling, if $\ensuremath{\varphi}(x)$ has sufficiently strong scalar interaction with the nucleon field, the state that has an abnormal $〈\ensuremath{\varphi}(x)〉$ inside a very heavy nucleus can become the minimum-energy state, at least within the tree approximation; in such a state, the "effective" nucleon mass inside the nucleus may be much lower than the normal value. Both possibilities may lead to physical systems that have not yet been observed.
TL;DR: In the southern part of the South American continent, a marginal basin opened behind an active andesitic island arc in the earliest Cretaceous, during the period of fast seafloor spreading, causing the penetrative deformation of the southern Andean Cordillera.
Abstract: In the southern part of the South American continent a marginal basin opened behind an active andesitic island arc in the earliest Cretaceous. The basin closed again in the middle Cretaceous, during the period of fast seafloor spreading, causing the penetrative deformation of the southern Andean Cordillera.
TL;DR: Impaired adhesion of platelets to some component of the blood vessel wall may account for the prolonged bleeding time in patients with von Willebrand's disease.
TL;DR: This article explored the function of imitation for first language learning and found that imitative and spontaneous utterances were compared in the naturalistic speech of six children in the course of their development from single-word utterances to the emergence of grammar (when mean length of utterance approached 2.0).
TL;DR: In this article, a system of two-dimensional equations for high frequency motions of crystal plates accounting for coupling of mechanical, electrical and thermal fields is derived for high-frequency motions.
TL;DR: Breast milk through induction of passive enteric immunity and control of intestinal flora protects the rat and may protect at-risk premature infants from acute enterocolitis.
TL;DR: The complete amino acid sequence of plasma prealbumin has been determined and it is shown that it forms a stable complex with plasma retinol-binding protein and plays an important role in vitamin A transport.
TL;DR: In this article, a composite property, 9NO 3 + O 2, is proposed as a conservative water-mass tracer, which is chosen so that the increase in "NO" resulting from nitrate introduction during respiration just balances the consumption of dissolved oxygen gas.
TL;DR: In this article, a rearrangement inequality for an integral of a product of functions of one variable is further extended to the case of function of several variables, which is a generalization of the rearrange inequality given in the book by Hardy, Littlewood and Polya1 and by Luttinger and Friedberg.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of the calculated and observed rates of the motion for the Yellowstone plume with respect to that for the North American plate was made, and it was concluded that the Yellowstone plate has remained stationary relative to the Hawaiian plume.
Abstract: The Intermountain seismic belt, a north-trending zone of seismicity in the western United States, is interpreted as a boundary between subplates of the North American plate. The seismic activity closely follows the boundary between the Great Basin and the Colorado Plateau–Middle Rocky Mountains and extends northwestward into the Northern Rocky Mountains. Seismicity is characterized by shallow focal depths, most less than 15 km, and by earthquake swarms that are coincident in some cases with geothermal features and areas of high heat flow. A secondary zone of earthquakes extends from southwestern Utah along the southern margin of the Great Basin. The Northern Rocky Mountains are separated from the Great Basin and the Snake River Plain by an east-trending seismic zone in Idaho. Together, these patterns of seismicity outline the Great Basin and Northern Rocky Mountain subplates. The contemporary motions of the subplates with respect to one another and with respect to the North American plate are inferred from fault-plane solutions of earthquakes around their borders. The Northern Rocky Mountain and Great Basin subplates are moving relatively west with respect to the stable part of the North American plate. The Idaho seismic zone exhibits north-south extension, the same as that postulated for the Snake River Plain. The overall motions of the subplates of the Intermountain West may be explained as a response to a mantle plume that tracked beneath the Snake River Plain and that is now beneath Yellowstone Park. On the basis of a comparison of the calculated and observed rates of the motion for the Yellowstone plume with respect to that for the North American plate, we conclude that the Yellowstone plume has remained stationary relative to the Hawaiian plume. Deformation along the southern and western margins of the Great Basin is dominated by northwest-southeast extension and appears to be primarily related to the relative motion between the Pacific and North American plates.
TL;DR: This paper obtains similar equivalents for chance-constrained programming models with coefficient matrices whose elements are normally distributed and with dependent random right-hand-side elements.
Abstract: Miller and Wagner have shown that a deterministic equivalent of a joint chance-constrained programming model with independent random right-hand-side elements is a concave programming problem. This paper obtains similar equivalents for chance-constrained programming models with coefficient matrices whose elements are normally distributed and with dependent random right-hand-side elements.
TL;DR: The efficacy of silver sulfadiazine is thought to result from its slow and steady reactions with serum and other sodium chloride-containing body fluids, which permits the slow and sustained delivery of silver ions into the wound environs.
Abstract: The role of silver and sulfadiazine in the mechanism of action of silver sulfadiazine on burn wound infections was investigated. Silver, but not sulfadiazine, was bound by bacteria. Sulfadiazine did not act as an antibacterial agent in low concentrations, but exhibited specific synergism in combination with subinhibitory levels of silver sulfadiazine. The efficacy of silver sulfadiazine is thought to result from its slow and steady reactions with serum and other sodium chloride-containing body fluids, which permits the slow and sustained delivery of silver ions into the wound environs. In this circumstance, a relatively minute amount of sulfadiazine appears active.
TL;DR: The present light and electron microscopic study, in which the spermatozoa of many vertebrates and some invertebrates were exposed to SDS with or without dithiothreitol, demonstrates that the extreme degree of disulfide bonding in the sperm chromatin of eutherian mammals is highly unusual in a comparative sense.
Abstract: The extraordinary resistance to disruption shown by the eutherian sperm nucleus is associated with a significant complement of -S-S- crosslinks within the chromatin. The present light and electron microscopic study, in which the spermatozoa of many vertebrates and some invertebrates were exposed to SDS with or without dithiothreitol, demonstrates that the extreme degree of disulfide bonding in the sperm chromatin of eutherian mammals is highly unusual in a comparative sense. In no other species did the sperm nucleus display a resistance to disruption comparable to that in eutherians; on the contrary, in most groups including prototherian and metatherian mammals, such crosslinks are absent or relatively sparse, the greatest degree of crosslinking outside the eutheria being seen in octopus and skate.
The suggestion is advanced that the unusually thiol-rich protamines have evolved as a structural adaptation which, through crosslinking, endows the sperm head with a rigidity of possible importance in the penetration phase of fertilization. This seems likely because (1) any degree of -S-S- determined stability present or inducible in sperm chromatin often appears more intense in or is confined to the anterior region of the nucleus (e.g., newt, snail, turtle and immature eutherian spermatozoa); (2) the zona pellucida, which the fertilizing sperm must penetrate, is an unusually thick, compact and resilient coat in the eutherian ovum in particular; and (3) the occasional observation of a sperm nucleus buckled within the pathway of its penetration into the rabbit zona pellucida suggests that in eutheria this tough vestment presents a relatively rigid barrier to the sperm head.
Its apical location suggests a similar structural role for the -S-S- stabilised perinuclear projection, or “perforatorium” around the leading border of the sperm nucleus in eutherians as well as in some non-eutherian species, such as octopus, snake and turtle.
TL;DR: 5-MeC is an almost universal, although minor component of DNA in plants and animals, and is located at the centromeric end of nearly every chromosome6.
Abstract: DEOXY-5-METHYLCYTIDYLIC acid (5-MeC) is an almost universal, although minor component of DNA in plants and animals. It makes up 4–7% of the bases in plants1, no more than 1.5% of the bases in the mouse2 and even less in the human3. 5-MeC itself is not incorporated directly into DNA. Instead, specific deoxycytidylic acid residues in preformed DNA are methylated enzymatically by a highly specific DNA methylase, which transfers a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to specific sites in DNA4. In the mouse, as in other mammals, virtually all of the 5-MeC is in the 5-MeCpG doublet5, which is distributed non-randomly in the DNA. Mouse satellite DNA contains about 3% 5-MeC in comparison to about 1.3% in main band DNA2 amd is located at the centromeric end of nearly every chromosome6.
TL;DR: In this paper, simple models for the flexure of the lithosphere caused by the load of the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain have been determined for different values of the effective flexural rigidity.
Abstract: Summary Simple models for the flexure of the lithosphere caused by the load of the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain have been determined for different values of the effective flexural rigidity of the lithosphere. The gravity effect of the models have been computed and compared to observed free-air gravity anomaly profiles in the vicinity of the seamount chain. The values of the effective flexural rigidity which most satisfactorily explain both the amplitude and wavelength of the observed profiles have been determined. Computations show that if the lithosphere is modelled as a continuous elastic sheet, a single effective flexural rigidity of about 5 x loz9 dyne-cm can explain profiles along the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain. If the lithosphere is modelled as a discontinuous elastic sheet an effective flexural rigidity of about 2 x lo3' dyne-cm is required. Since the age of the seamount chain increases from about 3 M y near Hawaii to about 70 My near the northernmost Emperor seamount these results suggest there is apparently little decrease in the effective flexural rigidity of the lithosphere with increase in the age of loading. This suggests the lithosphere is rigid enough to support the load of the seamount chain for periods of time of at least several tens of millions of years. Thus the subsidence of atolls and guyots along the chain is most likely to be regional in extent and is unlikely to be caused by an inelastic behaviour of the lithosphere beneath individual seamounts.
TL;DR: The results show that the principal path for the reversible thermal unfolding of tRNA 1 fMet under these solution conditions is first, transient opening of the dihydrouridine helix, followed by simultaneous melting of the diazepam helix and a “tertiary” interaction, which does not correspond to a cloverleaf helix.
TL;DR: Contraction appears to be a primary early effect of CD, upon which other visible changes follow, and the possible bases of the contractile response to CD are discussed.
Abstract: HeLa, Vero, L, HEp2, and MDBK cells respond immediately to 0.2–0.5 µg/ml cytochalasin D (CD) with sustained contraction (contracture), loss of microvilli, expression of endoplasmic contents (zeiosis), nuclear protrusion, and extension of cytoplasmic processes. The development of these changes is depicted, and the dose-response patterns in these cell lines are described. MDBK is generally most resistant and HeLa most sensitive to these effects of CD. Cells in G1 are most sensitive to CD; responsiveness decreases progressively during early S and is least in mid S through G2. CD inhibits transport of [14C]deoxyglucose in HeLa by about 45% but has no significant effect on hexose uptake in Vero and MDBK; sugar transport is thus apparently unrelated to any morphologic effect of CD. Although spreading and attachment are impeded, CD does not decrease and may even enhance the adhesiveness of established monolayers. Contraction appears to be a primary early effect of CD, upon which other visible changes follow. It is prevented by some inhibitors of energy metabolism (deoxyglucose and dinitrophenol) and does not occur in glycerinated models without ATP. The possible bases of the contractile response to CD are discussed. Although direct or indirect action of CD on some microfilaments may occur, a generalized structural disruption of contractile filaments by CD is considered unlikely.
TL;DR: In this paper, four new interstellar lines have been detected near 87.3 GHz, based on laboratory ESR data these lines were positively defined as hyperfine components of the lowest rotational transition of the ethynyl radical C2H.
Abstract: Four new interstellar lines have been detected near 87.3 GHz. Based on laboratory ESR data these lines have been positively defined as hyperfine components of the lowest rotational transition of the ethynyl radical C2H. The observations gave precise values for the C2H rotation, spin-doubling, and hyperfine constants. C2H is probably one of the most abundant interstellar polyatomic molecules yet detected.