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Showing papers by "Columbia University published in 1976"


Journal ArticleDOI
10 Dec 1976-Science
TL;DR: It is concluded that changes in the earth's orbital geometry are the fundamental cause of the succession of Quaternary ice ages and a model of future climate based on the observed orbital-climate relationships, but ignoring anthropogenic effects, predicts that the long-term trend over the next sevem thousand years is toward extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
Abstract: 1) Three indices of global climate have been monitored in the record of the past 450,000 years in Southern Hemisphere ocean-floor sediments. 2) Over the frequency range 10(-4) to 10(-5) cycle per year, climatic variance of these records is concentrated in three discrete spectral peaks at periods of 23,000, 42,000, and approximately 100,000 years. These peaks correspond to the dominant periods of the earth's solar orbit, and contain respectively about 10, 25, and 50 percent of the climatic variance. 3) The 42,000-year climatic component has the same period as variations in the obliquity of the earth's axis and retains a constant phase relationship with it. 4) The 23,000-year portion of the variance displays the same periods (about 23,000 and 19,000 years) as the quasi-periodic precession index. 5) The dominant, 100,000-year climatic [See table in the PDF file] component has an average period close to, and is in phase with, orbital eccentricity. Unlike the correlations between climate and the higher-frequency orbital variations (which can be explained on the assumption that the climate system responds linearly to orbital forcing), an explanation of the correlation between climate and eccentricity probably requires an assumption of nonlinearity. 6) It is concluded that changes in the earth's orbital geometry are the fundamental cause of the succession of Quaternary ice ages. 7) A model of future climate based on the observed orbital-climate relationships, but ignoring anthropogenic effects, predicts that the long-term trend over the next sevem thousand years is toward extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation.

3,408 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Performance on tests requiring rapid repetitive naming of pictured objects, colors, letters and numbers differentiates dyslexic children not only from normal controls but also from non-dyslexic, otherwise learning-disabled children.

1,426 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A sampler for defining compositional changes over distances on the order of 1 cm in aqueous systems operates by equilibration of water contained by a dialysis membrane with the surrounding water.
Abstract: A sampler for defining compositional changes over distances on the order of 1 cm in aqueous systems operates by equilibration of water contained by a dialysis membrane with the surrounding water. Depth profiles of methane and phosphate in Hudson Estuary sediments are presented as examples.

728 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Mar 1976-Science
TL;DR: Fluorescein-labeled antibody to rabbit pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme localized in the vascular endothelium of rabbit lung, liver, adrenal cortex, pancreas, kidney, and spleen demonstrated immunoreactivity.
Abstract: Fluorescein-labeled antibody to rabbit pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme localized in the vascular endothelium of rabbit lung, liver, adrenal cortex, pancreas, kidney, and spleen. Epithelial cells of the renal proximal tubules were the only parenchymal cells among the organs studied that demonstrated immunoreactivity.

622 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
13 Aug 1976-Science
TL;DR: Evidence has been obtained that a specific isomer of a diol epoxide derivative of benzo(a)pyrene, (+/-)-7 beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo( a)pyene, is an intermediate in the binding of benzos(a).pyrene to RNA in cultured bovine bronchial mucosa.
Abstract: Evidence has been obtained that a specific isomer of a diol epoxide derivative of benzo(a)pyrene, (+/-)-7 beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha, 10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, is an intermediate in the binding of benzo(a)pyrene to RNA in cultured bovine bronchial mucosa. An adduct is formed between position 10 of this derivative and the 2-amino group of guanine.

576 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
10 Dec 1976-Science
TL;DR: The neural changes accompanying sensitization of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia are associated with presynaptic facilitation at monosynaptic connections between sensory neurons and motor cells, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the facilitation were examined.
Abstract: The neural changes accompanying sensitization of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia are associated with presynaptic facilitation at monosynaptic connections between sensory neurons and motor cells. To analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying the facilitation, the pharmacological actions of serotonin, octopamine, and dopamine were examined. Only serotonin enhanced synaptic transmission between the sensory and the motor neurons. A serotonin antagonist, cinanserin, reversibly blocked the synaptic facilitation. The action of serotonin may be mediated by adenosime 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Exposing the ganglion to dibutyryl cyclic AMP or injecting cyclic AMP into the cell body enhances the synaptic action of a sensory neuron. The mechanism of presynaptic facilitation, therefore, may include activation of one or more serotonergic neurons, which enhance the release of a neurotransmitter by increasing the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in the terminals of the sensory neurons.

516 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Because the globus pallidus gives rise to the principal efferent system of the corpus striatum and is traversed by several fibers systems, attempts were made to study the projections of its cells by autoradiographic technics.
Abstract: Because the globus pallidus gives rise to the principal efferent system of the corpus striatum and is traversed by several fibers systems, attempts were made to study the projections of its cells by autoradiographic technics. Tritiated amino acids (L-leucine, L-proline and L-lysine) were injected into: (1) the medial pallidal segment (MPS), (2) the MPS and the substantia innominata (SI), (3) portions of the MPS and the lateral pallidal segment (LPS) and (4) parts of the putamen. Cells labeled by injections of the MPS transported isotope to thalamic nuclei (ventral anterior, VApc, ventral lateral, VLo and VLm, and the centromedian, CM), the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), and the lateral habenular nucleus (Hbl). Labeled cells of the MPS and SI transported isotope to: (1) thalamic nuclei (VLo, VLm and CM), (2) PPN, (3) Hbl, (4) lateral and posterior regions of the hypothalamus, and (5) extensive dorsal regions of the substantia migra (SN). Comparisons of label transported from uptake of isotope by cells of the MPS, and cells of both pallidal segments, suggest that the LPS projects fibers only to the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Not all regions of the STN appear to receive fibers from the LPS. Selectively labeled neurons of the putamen transport isotope to broad regions of both pallidal segments and to the pars reticulata of the SN. This study suggests that cells of the MPS project profusely and topographically to: (1) the rostral ventral tier thalamic nuclei (VApc, VLo and VLm), (2) lateral portions of CM, and (3) the PPN. Fibers of the lenticular fasciculus appear to terminate preferentially in VLo. Cells in sublenticular portions of SI, and those extending into the medullary laminae of the pallidum, appear to project to: (1) HB1 via the stria medullaris, (2) the pars compacta of SN, (3) lateral and posterior regions of the hypothalamus, and (4) the so-called nucleus of the ansa lenticularis. Some fibers from cells of SI appear to join the dorsal stria terminalis, but none enter the inferior thalamic peduncle and none project to any part of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus.

457 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is no evidence for “perceptual impairment” underlying dyslexic subjects' low scores and prolonged latencies, as the distribution of their errors is similar to that of normal children.

443 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results support earlier reports that the expression of human ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes is suppressed in mouse-human hybrid cells and suggest that silver staining by the Ag-AS method reflects activity of rRNA genes rather than just the presence of these genes.

428 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used biostratigraphic data from commercial boreholes from the Gulf of Lion and the East Coast U.S.A. to quantitatively determine the contribution of sediment loading to the subsidence.

389 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
10 Dec 1976-Science
TL;DR: Studies of the neural circuit of the gill-withdrawal reflex in the isolated abdominal ganglion on Aplysia indicate that short-term sensitization is due to presynaptic facilitation.
Abstract: Sensitization is an elementary form of nonassociative learning, related to behavioral arousal, in which a strong stimulus facilitates a reflex response. Studies of the neural circuit of the gill-withdrawal reflex in the isolated abdominal ganglion on Aplysia indicate that short-term sensitization is due to presynaptic facilitation. The facilitation results in a sudden increase in the amount of neurotransmitter released by the sensory neurons at their synapses with motor neurons.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A demographic analysis of 561 local band and village populations in 112 societies found that male-supremacy social patterns were overwhelmingly predominant and that this male supremacy complex leads to both overt and covert female infanticide as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A demographic analysis of 561 local band and village populations fro m 112 societies found that male-supremacy social patterns were overwhelmingly predominant and that this male supremacy complex leads to both overt and covert female infanticide. Patrilocal or virilocal residence patterns were found in 48% compared with 22% matrilocal or uxorilocal and 19% bilocal. Polygyny was found in 84.8% compared with .6% for polyandry and 14.6% for monogamy. This practice may actually provide a defense for female children because they are needed to supply multiple wives. Brideprice is found in 57% while no corresponding groomprice is found in any society. Demographic analysis of 160 band and village populations censused prior to modern contact and while they still practiced warfare showed average sex ratio in age group 14 and und er of 128 boys to 100 girls indicating postpartum selection. Many cultures with markedly skewed ratios deny they practice any infanticide at all indicating such covert selection as clandestine aggression and various forms of malign and/or benign neglect. It is hypothesized that the perpetuation of warfare in band and village society and its interaction with selective female infanticide is a response to the need to regulate population growth in the absence of effective or less costly alternatives. In these same societies after tribal warfare had been suppressed for 26 years or more male: female ratios approached a more b iological normal. A hypothesis following this is that any sudden shift from high-protein low-calorie diets to low-protein high-calorie diets among less developed peoples may produce a spurt of population growth followed by an increase in female infanticide and intensification of warfare. This hypothesis has yet to be tested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A class of three-space-dimensional soliton solutions is given in this paper, which are made of scalar fields and are of a nontopological nature; the necessary conditions for having such soliton solution are (I) the conservation of an additive quantum number, say Q, and (II) the presence of a neutral (Q = 0) scalar field.
Abstract: A class of three-space-dimensional soliton solutions is given; these solitons are made of scalar fields and are of a nontopological nature. The necessary conditions for having such soliton solutions are (I) the conservation of an additive quantum number, say Q, and (II) the presence of a neutral (Q = 0) scalar field. It is shown that there exist two critical values of the additive quantum number, Q/sub C/ and Q/sub S/, with Q/sub C/ smaller than Q/sub S/. Soliton solutions exist for Q > Q/sub C/. When Q > Q/sub S/, the lowest soliton mass is Qm; never and Q/sub S/, the soliton mass is > Qm; nevertheless, the lowest-energy soliton solution can be shown to be always classically stable, though quantum-mechanically metastable. The canonical quantization procedures are carried out. General theorems on stability are established, and specific numerical results of the soliton solutions are given. (AIP)


Journal ArticleDOI
22 Jan 1976-Nature
TL;DR: In conclusion, chick embryo fibroblasts with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) induces a cell-specified plasminogen activator, and several established cell lines which are not highly tumorigenic or transformed by the usual criteria are active producers of plasmineg activator.
Abstract: INFECTION of chick embryo fibroblasts with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) induces a cell-specified plasminogen activator1. Induction occurs with transforming viruses but not with lytic viruses or with oncornaviruses which are not themselves transforming2. Similarly, many mammalian cell lines and embryo cultures transformed with either viruses or chemical carcinogens may be high producers of plasminogen activator in contrast to their untransformed counterparts3–6. A correlation has been demonstrated between production of plasminogen activator and various features of the transformed phenotype, such as cell locomotion, morphology and loss of anchorage-dependent growth4,7. Several established cell lines which are not highly tumorigenic or transformed by the usual criteria are, however, active producers of plasminogen activator; there are examples also of transformed or tumorigenic cell lines which do not produce significant levels of plasminogen activator3,8–10.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identified two processes which produce stick-slip instability in the frictional slliding of rock and identified the Bowden and Tabor adhesion theory to predict frictional behavior of rock when brittle fracture of asperities is inhibited.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that the rapid penetrance of naloxone into the brain and the high brain-serum concentration ratio contribute to its rapid onset of action and potency as a narcotic antagonist.
Abstract: Using a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay, naloxone concentrations in the brains and sera of rats were measured at intervals for four hours following iv injection (5 mg/kg). Decrement curves of naloxone were compared with those after iv injection of morphine (5 mg/kg). Serum concentration of naloxone at 5 minutes was 1.45 +/- 0.1 mug/ml (mean +/- SE) and that of morphine was 1.0 +/- 0.08 mug/ml. Their serum half-lives from one to four hours were approximately the same, 30-40 minutes. With naloxone, the brain-serum concentration ratios ranged from 2.7 to 4.6. Concentration of naloxone in the brain declined parallel to that in the serum. However, with morphine the initial brain concentration was approximately one tenth that in the serum (0.096 +/- 0.04 mug/ml). The brain morphine concentration was sustained for one hour, while serum morphine concentrations declined from 1.0 to 0.19 mug/ml during this period. Two minutes after iv injection of naloxone HCl (0.4 mg) in nine healthy volunteers, the serum drug concentration was 0.01 +/- .001 mug/ml. At 5 minutes, 97 per cent of the administered dose was no longer found in the serum, the serum concentration being 0.004 +/- .0003 mug/ml. From 20 minutes to two hours after injection, the calculated mean serum half-life of naloxone was 64 minutes. These results suggest that the rapid penetrance of naloxone into the brain and the high brain-serum concentration ratio contribute to its rapid onset of action and potency as a narcotic antagonist. The rapid decline of naloxone concentration in the brain found in the animal model, in contrast to that of morphine, could be the basis for its relatively short duration of action.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of differential solution and diagenetic calcification reveal a considerable morphologic variability within numerous species and the available information is incorporated into a stratigraphic scale allowing correlation over wide distances and across paleoprovincial boundaries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors investigated how children use the information from adults' input sentences to form contingent responses, and found that linguistically contingent speech occurred more often after questions than nonquestions, while non-contingent speech was greater than non-adjacent speech.


Journal ArticleDOI
R. W. Embley1
01 Jun 1976-Geology
TL;DR: Debris flow deposits generated by a large sediment slide or slides off the Spanish Sahara have been identified on the lower continental rise west of the Canary Islands as discussed by the authors, covering an area of sea floor of about 30,000 km 2.
Abstract: Clearly defined debris flow deposits generated by a large sediment slide or slides off the Spanish Sahara have been identified on the lower continental rise west of the Canary Islands. The debris flow traveled over a slope as low as 0.1° and a distance of several hundred kilometres. The deposits cover an area of sea floor of about 30,000 km 2 . Recognition of the debris flow deposits is based on a characteristic geometry, a distinctive acoustic character, a pebbly mudstone fabric and sharp angular contacts in piston cores, and an undulating surface morphology revealed by bottom photographs. Similar deposits are observed on the Amazon cone and the North American continental rise and in the Gulf of Mexico and the Mediterranean Sea. Debris flows are probably a much more important depositional process on the sea floor than was previously suspected.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is indicated that the cerebellar nuclei connect with a continuum of cells located on either side of midline in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain, and a lesion in nucleus fastigii results in a decrease of dopamine levels in ipsilateral forebrain.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that the giant cerebral serotonin-containing neurons of Aplysia and of pulmonate molluscs are true homologues and extended the known distribution of these neurons to a second major subclass (Opisthobranchiata) of mollsuscs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data indicate that there is a twofold increase in the conversion of alanine into glucose in sepsis and, further, this increase was observed while the patients were receiving a constant glucose infusion prior to and during the single injection of (14C)L-alanine.
Abstract: The contribution of alanine to the synthesis of glucose and the oxidation of alanine was evaluated in normal and septic patients using ( 14 C)L-alanine. The data indicate that there is a twofold increase in the conversion of alanine into glucose in sepsis and, further, this increase was observed while the patients were receiving a constant glucose infusion (100 mg/min) prior to and during the single injection of ( 14 C)L-alanine. Failure of glucose to decrease this gluconeogenic response in these septic patients clearly indicates that the controlling mechanism for glucose synthesis is modified following injury and undoubtedly plays a role in the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism observed in injury. The contribution of alanine carbon to oxidation was the same in the control and septic group as measured by the per cent of the ( 14 C)L-alanine dose expired in 3 h. Since the control subjects received glucose continuously during the study with and without amino acids, it is clear that nutritional intake and injury has minimal effect on the oxidation of alanine. This suggests that transamination is not affected by sepsis nor is there an inhibition of pyruvate oxidation following sepsis.

Journal ArticleDOI
26 Nov 1976-Science
TL;DR: Either nitrous oxide releases an endogenous analgesic or narcotic antagonists have analgesic antagonist properties heretofore unappreciated that reduce the analgesia in mice.
Abstract: Nitrous oxide produced a dose-related "analgesia" in mice (median effective dose, 55 percent). The analgesia was evaluated by means of a phenylquinone writhing test. Narcotic antagonists or chronic morphinization reduced nitrous oxide analgesia. Either nitrous oxide releases an endogenous analgesic or narcotic antagonists have analgesic antagonist properties heretofore unappreciated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of increased vertical load and increased pore pressure on seismic activity in large reservoir-induced earthquakes and concluded that the induced stress changes are not sufficient to generate post-impounding earthquakes.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Serpentinite may be a significant component of the oceanic crust, not as a continuous layer, but as vertical tectonic protrusions and sills emplaced from the upper mantle into fault zones parallel to the axis of spreading ridges as discussed by the authors.