Showing papers by "Concordia University published in 2008"
TL;DR: The optimal detector for the so-called spatial modulation (SM) system introduced by Mesleh et al. in 2006 is derived, and it is shown that SM with the optimal detector achieves performance gains over popular multiple antenna systems, making it an excellent candidate for future wireless communication standards.
Abstract: In this letter, we derive the optimal detector for the so-called spatial modulation (SM) system introduced by Mesleh et al. in (Mesleh, 2006). The new detector performs significantly better than the original (~ 4 dB gain), and we support our results by deriving a closed form expression for the average bit error probability. As well, we show that SM with the optimal detector achieves performance gains (~ 1.5 - 3 dB) over popular multiple antenna systems, making it an excellent candidate for future wireless communication standards.
875 citations
TL;DR: This paper conducted a meta-analysis that summarizes the available empirical evidence on the impact of instruction on the development and enhancement of critical thinking skills and dispositions and found that type of CT intervention and pedagogical grounding were substantially related to fluctuations in CT effects sizes, together accounting for 32% of the variance.
Abstract: Critical thinking (CT), or the ability to engage in purposeful, self-regulatory judgment, is widely recognized as an important, even essential, skill. This article describes an ongoing meta-analysis that summarizes the available empirical evidence on the impact of instruction on the development and enhancement of critical thinking skills and dispositions. We found 117 studies based on 20,698 participants, which yielded 161 effects with an average effect size (g+) of 0.341 and a standard deviation of 0.610. The distribution was highly heterogeneous (QT = 1,767.86, p < .001). There was, however, little variation due to research design, so we neither separated studies according to their methodological quality nor used any statistical adjustment for the corresponding effect sizes. Type of CT intervention and pedagogical grounding were substantially related to fluctuations in CT effects sizes, together accounting for 32% of the variance. These findings make it clear that improvement in students’ CT skills and ...
726 citations
TL;DR: The results show that applying SDT to e-learning in a work setting can be useful for predicting continuance intention and is one of the first to examine the effects of motivational factors affecting TAM constructs.
603 citations
TL;DR: A novel approach based on a much shorter barcode sequence is established and demonstrated its effectiveness in archival specimens, which will significantly broaden the application of DNA barcoding in biodiversity studies.
Abstract: The goal of DNA barcoding is to develop a species-specific sequence library for all eukaryotes. A 650 bp fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) gene has been used successfully for species-level identification in several animal groups. It may be difficult in practice, however, to retrieve a 650 bp fragment from archival specimens, (because of DNA degradation) or from environmental samples (where universal primers are needed). We used a bioinformatics analysis using all CO1 barcode sequences from GenBank and calculated the probability of having species-specific barcodes for varied size fragments. This analysis established the potential of much smaller fragments, mini-barcodes, for identifying unknown specimens. We then developed a universal primer set for the amplification of mini-barcodes. We further successfully tested the utility of this primer set on a comprehensive set of taxa from all major eukaryotic groups as well as archival specimens. In this study we address the important issue of minimum amount of sequence information required for identifying species in DNA barcoding. We establish a novel approach based on a much shorter barcode sequence and demonstrate its effectiveness in archival specimens. This approach will significantly broaden the application of DNA barcoding in biodiversity studies.
586 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the CO2 emissions requirements for global temperature stabilization within the next several centuries, using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, and show that any future anthropogenic emissions will commit the climate system to warming that is essentially irreversible on centennial timescales.
Abstract: [1] Current international climate mitigation efforts aim to stabilize levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere However, human-induced climate warming will continue for many centuries, even after atmospheric CO2 levels are stabilized In this paper, we assess the CO2 emissions requirements for global temperature stabilization within the next several centuries, using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity We show first that a single pulse of carbon released into the atmosphere increases globally averaged surface temperature by an amount that remains approximately constant for several centuries, even in the absence of additional emissions We then show that to hold climate constant at a given global temperature requires near-zero future carbon emissions Our results suggest that future anthropogenic emissions would need to be eliminated in order to stabilize global-mean temperatures As a consequence, any future anthropogenic emissions will commit the climate system to warming that is essentially irreversible on centennial timescales
474 citations
TL;DR: Psychological symptom effects were larger and more consistent than somatic symptom effects; because other studies have confirmed the ubiquity of somatic presentations worldwide, these results suggest that Western psychologization may be more culturally specific than is Chinese somatization.
Abstract: The expectation that Chinese people present distress somatically is a central prediction of cultural psychopathology and has been the subject of considerable theoretical speculation. At the same time, empirical studies have been infrequent and have yielded mixed results. The authors examined symptom presentation in Chinese (n=175) and Euro-Canadian (n=107) outpatients, using spontaneous problem report, structured clinical interview, and symptom questionnaire methods. All 3 methods yielded cross-culturally equivalent somatic and psychological symptom subscales. Chinese outpatients reported more somatic symptoms on spontaneous problem report and structured clinical interview compared with Euro-Canadians, who in turn reported more psychological symptoms on all 3 methods. The relation between culture and somatic symptom presentation was mediated by a tendency toward externally oriented thinking. Difficulties with identifying emotions or describing them to others did not differ significantly across cultures, supporting a nonpathological interpretation of observed differences. Psychological symptom effects were larger and more consistent than somatic symptom effects; because other studies have confirmed the ubiquity of somatic presentations worldwide, these results suggest that Western psychologization may be more culturally specific than is Chinese somatization.
431 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that while recurrent neural networks and support vector machines show the best performance, their forecasting accuracy was not statistically significantly better than that of the regression model.
419 citations
TL;DR: This work reviews language performance in MCI, compares these findings to those seen in AD, and identifies the primary issues in understanding language performance and selecting tasks with diagnostic and prognostic value.
Abstract: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) manifests as memory impairment in the absence of dementia and progresses to Alzheimer's disease (AD) at a rate of around 15% per annum, versus 1–2% in the general population. It thus constitutes a primary target for investigation of early markers of AD. Language deficits occur early in AD, and performance on verbal tasks is an important diagnostic criterion for both AD and MCI. We review language performance in MCI, compare these findings to those seen in AD, and identify the primary issues in understanding language performance in MCI and selecting tasks with diagnostic and prognostic value.
414 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined the definition of a Born Global (BG) firm and described the three phases through which BGs progress: introductory, growth and resource accumulation, and break-out to independent growth.
404 citations
TL;DR: Low frequency recordings of ultrasonic vocalizations made during mating, aggression, and both conspecific and heterospecific rough-and-tumble play behavior suggest that frequency modulated 50-kHz calls index a positively valenced, appetitive, social-emotional state in rats.
Abstract: Rats (Rattus norvegicus) emit a variety of ultrasonic vocalizations throughout their lifespan that reflect different forms of emotional arousal and accompanying affective states. In this study, high frequency recordings of ultrasonic vocalizations were made during mating, aggression, and both conspecific and heterospecific (dubbed “tickling”) rough-and-tumble play behavior. We found that frequency modulated 50-kHz calls (trills and step calls) were positively correlated with positively valenced appetitive behavior during mating, play, and aggression. These calls were also positively correlated with the reward value of these social encounters. However, constant frequency (i.e., flat) 50-kHz calls were not related to appetitive behaviors or reward. In contrast, 22-kHz calls were positively related to aversive/withdrawal behaviors during mating, play, and aggression. Finally, we found that rats self-administered playback of frequency modulated 50-kHz trill calls and avoided playback of 22-kHz calls. Playback of flat 50-kHz calls or tape hiss was neutral. These results suggest that frequency modulated 50-kHz calls index a positively valenced, appetitive, social-emotional state in rats.
399 citations
13 Jul 2008
TL;DR: This paper proposes an attack graph-based probabilistic metric for network security and studies its efficient computation, and defines and proposes heuristics to improve the efficiency of such computation.
Abstract: To protect critical resources in today's networked environments, it is desirable to quantify the likelihood of potential multi-step attacks that combine multiple vulnerabilities. This now becomes feasible due to a model of causal relationships between vulnerabilities, namely, attack graph. This paper proposes an attack graph-based probabilistic metric for network security and studies its efficient computation. We first define the basic metric and provide an intuitive and meaningful interpretation to the metric. We then study the definition in more complex attack graphs with cycles and extend the definition accordingly. We show that computing the metric directly from its definition is not efficient in many cases and propose heuristics to improve the efficiency of such computation.
TL;DR: In this article, a model of global climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycling, including a fully coupled carbon cycle, is presented and evaluated, which is consistent with multiple observational data sets from the past 50 years as well as with the observed warming of global surface air and sea temperatures during the last 150 years.
Abstract: A new model of global climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycling, including a fully coupled carbon cycle, is presented and evaluated. The model is consistent with multiple observational data sets from the past 50 years as well as with the observed warming of global surface air and sea temperatures during the last 150 years. It is applied to a simulation of the coming two millennia following a business-as-usual scenario of anthropogenic CO2 emissions (SRES A2 until year 2100 and subsequent linear decrease to zero until year 2300, corresponding to a total release of 5100 GtC). Atmospheric CO2 increases to a peak of more than 2000 ppmv near year 2300 (that is an airborne fraction of 72% of the emissions) followed by a gradual decline to ∼1700 ppmv at year 4000 (airborne fraction of 56%). Forty-four percent of the additional atmospheric CO2 at year 4000 is due to positive carbon cycle–climate feedbacks. Global surface air warms by ∼10°C, sea ice melts back to 10% of its current area, and the circulation of the abyssal ocean collapses. Subsurface oxygen concentrations decrease, tripling the volume of suboxic water and quadrupling the global water column denitrification. We estimate 60 ppb increase in atmospheric N2O concentrations owing to doubling of its oceanic production, leading to a weak positive feedback and contributing about 0.24°C warming at year 4000. Global ocean primary production almost doubles by year 4000. Planktonic biomass increases at high latitudes and in the subtropics whereas it decreases at midlatitudes and in the tropics. In our model, which does not account for possible direct impacts of acidification on ocean biology, production of calcium carbonate in the surface ocean doubles, further increasing surface ocean and atmospheric pCO2. This represents a new positive feedback mechanism and leads to a strengthening of the positive interaction between climate change and the carbon cycle on a multicentennial to millennial timescale. Changes in ocean biology become important for the ocean carbon uptake after year 2600, and at year 4000 they account for 320 ppmv or 22% of the atmospheric CO2 increase since the preindustrial era.
08 Dec 2008
TL;DR: Analytical and simulation results show performance gains over popular multiple antenna APM systems (including Bell Laboratories layered space time (BLAST) and maximum ratio combining (MRC) schemes), making GSSK an excellent candidate for future wireless applications.
Abstract: A fundamental component of spatial modulation (SM), termed generalized space shift keying (GSSK), is presented. GSSK modulation inherently exploits fading in wireless communication to provide better performance over conventional amplitude/phase modulation (APM) techniques. In GSSK, only the antenna indices, and not the symbols themselves (as in the case of SM and APM), relay information. We exploit GSSKpsilas degrees of freedom to achieve better performance, which is done by formulating its constellation in an optimal manner. To support our results, we also derive upper bounds on GSSKpsilas bit error probability, where the source of GSSKpsilas strength is made clear. Analytical and simulation results show performance gains (1.5-3 dB) over popular multiple antenna APM systems (including Bell Laboratories layered space time (BLAST) and maximum ratio combining (MRC) schemes), making GSSK an excellent candidate for future wireless applications.
TL;DR: This paper conducted a field study to test the applicability of the job characteristics model (JCM) in volunteer organizations and examine the impact of job characteristics on volunteer motivation, satisfaction and intent to quit, as well as test a measure of volunteer performance.
Abstract: We conducted a field study to test the applicability of the job characteristics model (JCM) in volunteer organizations and examine the impact of job characteristics on volunteer motivation, satisfaction and intent to quit, as well as test a measure of volunteer performance. One hundred and twenty-four volunteers completed measures of job characteristics, motivation, satisfaction, and intent to quit. Supervisors rated volunteer task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB). Results showed that job characteristics were related to volunteers’ autonomous motivation, satisfaction and performance. Autonomous motivation acted as a mediator in the relationship between job characteristics and satisfaction. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
TL;DR: A theory focused meta-analysis of 275 effects from 153 studies revealed positive but small associations between absenteeism and work strain, psychological illness, and physical illness.
Abstract: Work strain has been argued to be a significant cause of absenteeism in the popular and academic press. However, definitive evidence for associations between absenteeism and strain is currently lacking. A theory focused meta-analysis of 275 effects from 153 studies revealed positive but small associations between absenteeism and work strain, psychological illness, and physical illness. Structural equation modeling results suggested that the strain-absence connection may be mediated by psychological and physical symptoms. Little support was received for the purported volitional distinction between absence frequency and time lost absence measures on the basis of illness. Among the moderators examined, common measurement, midterm and stable sources of variance, and publication year received support.
TL;DR: In this article, a performance-attainment model derived from the Dualistic Model of Passion was tested in two studies using structural equation modeling and found that harmonious and obsessive passions were positive predictors of deliberate practice, which, in turn, was a positive predictor of objective performance.
Book•
01 Jan 2008TL;DR: The design enables researchers and negotiators to map negotiation activities onto system components and to construct their own negotiation protocols by creating a sequence of layout programs invoking components and rules.
Abstract: Existing electronic negotiation systems (ENSs) typically implement a single, fixed negotiation protocol, which restricts their use to negotiation problems that were anticipated and established a priori by the system designers. The single-protocol restriction limits ENSs’ applicability in experiments and in many real-life negotiation situations. ENSs that allow for the use of different protocols also allow for the customization to users’ needs and abilities. We present theoretical foundations for the design of flexible and highly customizable protocol-driven ENSs. Our design enables researchers and negotiators to map negotiation activities onto system components and to construct their own negotiation protocols by creating a sequence of layout programs invoking components and rules. * This work was supported with grants from the Initiative for New Economy of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Canada, and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada. e-negotiations 2004 2
TL;DR: In this article, the information dynamics between corporate environmental disclosure, financial markets and public pressures are analyzed, and it is shown that enhanced environmental disclosure translates into more precise earnings forecasts by analysts.
TL;DR: Across three experiments, individuals whose autonomy was supported while exerting self-control performed better on a subsequent test of self- Control as compared to individuals who had more pressure placed upon them while exerted self- control.
TL;DR: In this article, carbon fiber reinforced epoxy/clay nanocomposites (CFRENCs) were manufactured through hot melt lay-up plus autoclave process.
TL;DR: PGA is user friendly software that can facilitate decision making for association studies of candidate genes, fine-mapping studies, and whole-genome scans and can be printed or exported in standard file formats.
Abstract: Statistical power calculations inform the design and interpretation of genetic association studies, but few programs are tailored to case-control studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in unrelated subjects. We have developed the "Power for Genetic Association analyses" (PGA) package which comprises algorithms and graphical user interfaces for sample size and minimum detectable risk calculations using SNP or haplotype effects under different genetic models and study constrains. The software accounts for linkage disequilibrium and statistical multiple comparisons. The results are presented in graphs or tables and can be printed or exported in standard file formats. PGA is user friendly software that can facilitate decision making for association studies of candidate genes, fine-mapping studies, and whole-genome scans. Stand-alone executable files and a Matlab toolbox are available for download at: http://dceg.cancer.gov/bb/tools/pga
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed and tested a two-stage takeover model where attempted merger negotiations are followed by open auction, and they showed that toehold bidding has declined steadily since the early 1980s and is now surprisingly rare.
TL;DR: This review indicates that while research on the basic form of the JRP under the original classic assumptions may have slowed, there is much interest in new versions of the problem with relaxed assumptions, including dynamic or stochastic demand.
TL;DR: Meyer et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a self-determination theory to explain what engagement is and how it is similar to and different from related constructs in the organizational behavior literature, including self-concordance theory, hierarchical theory and passion theory.
Abstract: JOHN P. MEYERThe University of Western OntarioMARYLE`NE GAGNE´Concordia UniversityMaceyandSchneider(2008)drawonnumer-ous theories to explain what engagement isand how it is similar to and different fromrelated constructs in the organizationalbehavior literature. As a result, we now havea better understanding of some of the key‘‘components’’ofengagement.Whatappearsto be missing, however, is a strong unifyingtheory to guide research and practice. Webelieve that such a theory exists in the formof self-determination theory (SDT; Deci R Ryan & Deci, 2000) and its var-ious corollaries, self-concordance theory(SCT; Sheldon & Elliot, 1999), hierarchicaltheory (Vallerand, 1997), and passion theory(Vallerandetal.,2003).AlthoughMaceyandSchneider acknowledged the relevance ofSDT and SCT, we believe that much greateruseof thesetheoriescouldbe madetojustifyand extend their conceptual model.Self-Determination TheorySDT(Deci&Ryan,1985)proposestwoover-arching forms of motivation. Intrinsic moti-vation refers to doing an activity for its ownsake out of enjoyment and interest. Extrinsicmotivation refers to doing an activity forinstrumental reasons. Although extrinsicmotivation is arguably predominant in aworkcontext, ittoo can takedifferent forms.According to SDT, extrinsic motivation canreflectadesiretogainrewardsoravoidpun-ishment (external regulation), boost one’sego or avoid feelings of guilt (introjection),attainavaluedpersonalgoal(identification),or express one’s sense of self (integration).Identification and integration involve a highlevel of volition and, along with intrinsicmotivation, are considered forms of autono-mous regulation. External regulation andintrojectioninvolvemore external influenceand less authenticity and are consideredforms of controlledregulation. Autonomousregulation, which is also at the heart ofSheldon’s concept of self-concordance andVallerand’s characterization of harmoniouspassion, has been demonstrated to lead tohigher levels of performance, persistence,initiative,andcreativity(Ryan&Deci,2000).The concept of autonomous regulationoverlaps considerably with Macey andSchneider’s conceptualization of state en-gagement.Moreover,thebehavioraloutcomesfoundtobeassociatedwithautonomousreg-ulationcorrespondwith what they describedas behavioral engagement.Incontrastto
27 Oct 2008
TL;DR: A Dynamic Bayesian Networks-based model is proposed to incorporate temporal factors, such as the availability of exploit codes or patches, for continuously measuring network security in a dynamic environment.
Abstract: Given the increasing dependence of our societies on networked information systems, the overall security of these systems should be measured and improved. Existing security metrics have generally focused on measuring individual vulnerabilities without considering their combined effects. Our previous work tackle this issue by exploring the causal relationships between vulnerabilities encoded in an attack graph. However, the evolving nature of vulnerabilities and networks has largely been ignored. In this paper, we propose a Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs)-based model to incorporate temporal factors, such as the availability of exploit codes or patches. Starting from the model, we study two concrete cases to demonstrate the potential applications. This novel model provides a theoretical foundation and a practical framework for continuously measuring network security in a dynamic environment.
TL;DR: Children and adolescents who live in environments in which people they see on a daily basis, such as parents and schoolmates, are overweight/obese may develop inaccurate perceptions of what constitutes appropriate weight status.
Abstract: Obesity prevention in childhood is important. However, changing children's lifestyle behaviors to reduce overweight is a substantial challenge. Accurately perceiving oneself as overweight/obese has been linked to greater motivation to change lifestyle behaviors. Children and adolescents may be less likely to perceive themselves as overweight/obese if they are exposed to overweight/obese people in their immediate environments. This study examined whether youth who are exposed to overweight parents and schoolmates were more likely to misperceive their own weight status. The Quebec Child and Adolescent Health and Social Survey was a provincially representative, school-based survey of children and adolescents conducted between January and May 1999. 3665 children and adolescents (age 9, n=1267; age 13, n=1186; age 16, n=1212) from 178 schools. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 17.5, 20.6 and 22.2 kg/m2, respectively. The misperception score was calculated as the standardized difference between self-perception of weight status (Stunkard Body Rating Scale) and actual BMI (from measured height and weight). Exposure to obesity was based on parent and schoolmate BMI. Overweight and obese youth were significantly more likely to misperceive their weight compared with non-overweight youth (P<0.001). Multilevel modeling indicated that greater parent and schoolmate BMI were significantly associated with greater misperception (underestimation) of weight status among children and adolescents. Children and adolescents who live in environments in which people they see on a daily basis, such as parents and schoolmates, are overweight/obese may develop inaccurate perceptions of what constitutes appropriate weight status. Targeting misperception may facilitate the adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviors and improve the effectiveness of obesity prevention interventions.
TL;DR: The aim and scope of this review is to show the general validity of the 'complex-as-ligand' approach for the rational design of metallosupramolecular assemblies of increasing structural and magnetic complexity.
Abstract: The aim and scope of this review is to show the general validity of the ‘complex-as-ligand’ approach for the rational design of metallosupramolecular assemblies of increasing structural and magnetic complexity. This is illustrated herein on the basis of our recent studies on oxamato complexes with transition metal ions looking for the limits of the research avenue opened by Kahn's pioneering research twenty years ago. The use as building blocks of mono-, di- and trinuclear metal complexes with a novel family of aromatic polyoxamato ligands allowed us to move further in the coordination chemistry-based approach to high-nuclearity coordination compounds and high-dimensionality coordination polymers. In order to do so, we have taken advantage of the new developments of metallosupramolecular chemistry and in particular, of the molecular-programmed self-assembly methods that exploit the coordination preferences of metal ions and specifically tailored ligands. The judicious choice of the oxamato metal building block (substitution pattern and steric requirements of the bridging ligand, as well as the electronic configuration and magnetic anisotropy of the metal ion) allowed us to control the overall structure and magnetic properties of the final multidimensional nD products (n = 0–3). These species exhibit interesting magnetic properties which are brand-new targets in the field of molecular magnetism, such as single-molecule or single-chain magnets, and the well-known class of molecule-based magnets. This unique family of molecule-based magnetic materials expands on the reported examples of nD species with cyanide and related oxalato and dithiooxalato analogues. Moreover, the development of new oxamato metal building blocks with potential photo or redox activity at the aromatic ligand counterpart will provide us with addressable, multifunctional molecular materials for future applications in molecular electronics and nanotechnology.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the climate change commitment in response to stabilized greenhouse gases and stabilized total radiative forcing, and emission trajectories for profiles leading to the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 and their uncertainties due to carbon cycle processes.
Abstract: Eight earth system models of intermediate complexity (EMICs) are used to project climate change commitments for the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC’s) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Simulations are run until the year 3000 A.D. and extend substantially farther into the future than conceptually similar simulations with atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) coupled to carbon cycle models. In this paper the following are investigated: 1) the climate change commitment in response to stabilized greenhouse gases and stabilized total radiative forcing, 2) the climate change commitment in response to earlier CO2 emissions, and 3) emission trajectories for profiles leading to the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 and their uncertainties due to carbon cycle processes. Results over the twenty-first century compare reasonably well with results from AOGCMs, and the suite of EMICs proves well suited to complement more complex models. Substantial climate change commitments for sea level rise and global mean surface temperature increase after a stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gases and radiative forcing in the year 2100 are identified. The additional warming by the year 3000 is 0.6–1.6 K for the low-CO2 IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) B1 scenario and 1.3–2.2 K for the high-CO2 SRES A2 scenario. Correspondingly, the post-2100 thermal expansion commitment is 0.3–1.1 m for SRES B1 and 0.5–2.2 m for SRES A2. Sea level continues to rise due to thermal expansion for several centuries after CO2 stabilization. In contrast, surface temperature changes slow down after a century. The meridional overturning circulation is weakened in all EMICs, but recovers to nearly initial values in all but one of the models after centuries for the scenarios considered. Emissions during the twenty-first century continue to impact atmospheric CO2 and climate even at year 3000. All models find that most of the anthropogenic carbon emissions are eventually taken up by the ocean (49%–62%) in year 3000, and that a substantial fraction (15%–28%) is still airborne even 900 yr after carbon emissions have ceased. Future stabilization of atmospheric CO2 and climate change requires a substantial reduction of CO2 emissions below present levels in all EMICs. This reduction needs to be substantially larger if carbon cycle–climate feedbacks are accounted for or if terrestrial CO2 fertilization is not operating. Large differences among EMICs are identified in both the response to increasing atmospheric CO2 and the response to climate change. This highlights the need for improved representations of carbon cycle processes in these models apart from the sensitivity to climate change. Sensitivity simulations with one single EMIC indicate that both carbon cycle and climate sensitivity related uncertainties on projected allowable emissions are substantial.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the practical significance of physiological regulation might be best revealed in ecologically valid procedures, and that children's physiological mechanisms of emotion regulation are shaped by their experiences of parental socialization.
Book•
20 Aug 2008TL;DR: The Good, the Bad, and (the Really) Ugly of Behavioral Science Research, and Career Paths for Behavioral Scientists, and Principles for Creating Effective PowerPoint Presentations, which summarize the good, the bad, and the really, really ugly of behavioral science research.
Abstract: Part 1. Promise and Problems. Introduction. Not Ready for Prime Time. What Students Say They Need. Plan of the Book. Career Paths for Behavioral Scientists. Summary. Recommended Readings. The Good, the Bad, and (the Really) Ugly of Behavioral Science Research. The Good. The Bad. The (Really) Ugly. Why? Summary. Recommended Readings. Part 2. Concepts. The Research Trinity. Trinity Overview. Design. Measurement. Analysis. Internal Validity. Construct Validity. Conclusion Validity. External Validity and Sampling. Summary. Recommended Readings. Exercises. Design and Analysis. Chapter Overview. From Question to Design. Experimental Designs. Controlled Quasi-Experimental Designs. Nonequivalent-Group Designs. Regression-Discontinuity Designs. Other Quasi-Experimental Designs. Nonexperimental Designs. Resources for Learning More. Summary. Recommended Readings. Exercises. The Truth about Statistics. Study Strategy. A Dozen Truths about Statistics. What Statistical Significance Really Means. Misinterpretations of Statistical Significance. Why Are There So Many Myths? Other Drawbacks of Statistical Tests. In Defense of Statistical Tests. Recommendations for Changing Times. Summary. Recommended Readings. Exercises. Appendix 5.1. Review of Statistics Fundamentals. Effect Size Estimation. Contexts for Estimating Effect Size. Families of Parametric Effect Sizes. Estimating Effect Size When Comparing Two Samples. Measures of Association for More Complex Designs. Effect Sizes for Dichotomous Outcomes. T-Shirt Effect Sizes, Importance, and Cautions. Approximate Confidence Intervals. Research Examples. Summary. Recommended Readings. Exercises. Appendix 6.1. Noncentrality Interval Estimation for Effect Sizes. Measurement. Chapter Scope. The Critical Yet Underappreciated Role of Measurement. Measurement Process Overview. Resources for Finding Measures. Adapting or Translating Tests. Evaluation of Score Reliability and Validity. Checklist for Evaluating Measures. Recent Developments in Test Theory. Summary. Recommended Readings. Exercises. Part 3. Skills. Practical Data Analysis. Vision First, Then Simplicity. Managing Complex Analyses (Batch to the Future). Data Screening. Summary. Recommended Readings. Exercises. Writing. Plagiarism and Academic Integrity. Writing as Learning. Getting Started. The Role of Style Guides. General Principles of Good Writing. Principles of Good Scientific Writing. Writing Sections of Empirical Studies. Effective Graphical Displays. Ready for the Big Time. Summary. Recommended Readings. Appendix 9.1. Example Results Section. Presentations. Challenges of Oral Presentations. Problems with PowerPoint Presentations. Principles for Creating Effective PowerPoint Presentations. Lessons from Multimedia Learning. Other PowerPoint Issues. Poster Presentations. Summary. Recommended Readings. Exercises. Appendix 10.1. Example Slides, Handout, and Poster. Suggested Answers to Exercises.