scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne published in 2011"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The magnetohydrodynamic and rotating flow of second- grade fluid over a suddenly moved flat plate is investigated, where the second-grade fluid saturates the porous medium and the new exact solution is derived by using the Fourier sine and Laplace transforms.
Abstract: The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and rotating flow of second-grade fluid over a suddenly moved flat plate is investigated, where the second-grade fluid saturates the porous medium. The new exact solution is derived by using the Fourier sine and Laplace transforms. Many interesting available results in the literature are obtained as limiting cases of our solution. Finally, some graphical results are presented for different values of the material constants.

22 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings indicate that humoral mechanisms against N. caninum infection and abortion differ in purebreed pregnancies and crossbree pregnancies in beef/dairy cattle.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The highest milk output per ha and per cow was achieved by LH, with low post-grazing residuals and high sward quality, while the high DHA had higher milk output and milk solids than the low HM groups.
Abstract: To maximize milk output and milk solids per hectare from grazing dairy cows it is necessary to identify the level of grazing swards in order to achieve high pasture dry matter intake (PDMI). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-grazing herbage mass (HM) and daily herbage allowance (DHA) on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) swards structure, PDMI and milk performance. Sixty-four spring-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were balanced and randomly assigned to one of four (n = 16) grazing groups (LL, LH, HL and HH) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The treatments consisted on two pre-grazing HM, low (L- 1,600 kg DM ha ‐1 ) or high (H- 2,400 kg DM ha ‐1 ) and two DHA, low (L- 15 kg DM cow ‐1 day ‐1 ) or high (H- 20 kg DM cow ‐1 day ‐1 ). Swards structure, PDMI and milk performance were examined across the grazing season. The low HM groups completed 9.5 rotations of average 22 days length compared to 6.5 rotations of 32 days for the high HM groups. Herbage utilization was greater (p 4.0 cm) were lower (p < 0.001) for the low HM (221 and 170 kg ha ‐1 , respectively) than for the high HM (388 and 303 kg ha ‐1 , respectively). The high DHA had higher (p < 0.001) milk output (19.5 kg day ‐1 ) and milk solids (1.46 kg cow ‐1 ). The highest milk output per ha and per cow was achieved by LH, with low post-grazing residuals and high sward quality. Additional key words: grass intake; grazing management; herbage utilization; milk output per hectare; pasture allowance; spring-calving cows; sward quality.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have studied the 8+ isomeric levels, half-lives, deformation parameters, and reduced transition probabilities between 8+? 6+ state of even-even 76Ni to 94Pd nuclei for N = 48 neutrons.
Abstract: Study of the properties of nuclear isomers is a current research focus. We have studied the systematic 8+ isomeric levels, half-lives, deformation parameters, and reduced transition probabilities between 8+ ? 6+ state of even-even 76Ni to 94Pd nuclei for N = 48 neutrons. The calculated half-lives and quadrupole moments are compared with the experimental values. Moreover, we have studied the systematic B (E2) values, intrinsic quadrupole moments and values of s/s2SPas a function of atomic number (Z) for N = 48 neutrons.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the exact solutions for the velocity field related to the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and rotating flow of a second grade fluid in a porous medium induced by accelerated flows over an oscillating plate are determined by using the Fourier sine and Laplace transforms.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to determine the exact solutions for the velocity field related to the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and rotating flow of a second grade fluid in a porous medium induced by accelerated flows over an oscillating plate. This is accomplished by using the Fourier sine and Laplace transforms. Two explicit flow situations of the fluid are considered. In each case, both sine and cosine oscillations of the plate are incorporated. Finally, some graphical results of the fluid’s velocity profiles are presented correspondingly for different values of the emerging parameters. The physical interpretations for these parameters are discussed with the help of these graphical illustrations.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of lime additions on the spatial variability of Fe, Mn and Zn extracted by Mehlich-1 during three different growth stages from an acid paddy soil, a Typic Plintacualf, in Corrientes, Argentina.
Abstract: This study compares the effect of lime additions on the spatial variability of Fe, Mn and Zn extracted by Mehlich-1 during three different growth stages from an acid paddy soil, a Typic Plintacualf, in Corrientes, Argentina. Field trials were set up involving three treatments: control, without lime addition, plus two different dolomite doses of 625 and 1250 kg ha−1. Soil was sampled first before sowing in aerobic conditions and then two more times in anaerobic conditions, i.e. by bunch formation and flowering. Ninety-six samples per plot were taken per lime treatment and sampling period, using a nested sampling strategy. Liming significantly increased extractable Fe and Mn, but decreased extractable Zn. The spatial variability of the studied soil properties was assessed using semivariogram analysis and examination of kriging maps. Models were fitted to experimental semivariograms for 27 data sets, i.e. three different soil properties, each of them sampled in three treatments and during three dates. Soil extractable and Fe, Mn and Zn exhibited a rather strong spatial dependence, as nugget variance was either null or a small proportion of the total variance, and this all over the three different study periods and for the three lime treatments. Geostatistical analysis provided insight into possible processes responsible of the observed spatial variability patterns within the rice soil. Kriging was useful in mapping soil micronutrient variability allowing identifying microrregions with high or low Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations, which showed the presence of small scale variability. These findings indicate the potential for applying the principles of precision agriculture to control spatiotemporal variability in rice fields.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the spatial variability and temporal stability of Fe extracted by Mehlich-1 was investigated on an acid rice soil, a typic Plintacualf, under different lime doses and redox potential (Eh) conditions in Corrientes, Argentina.

8 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an approach that allows optimizing gearbox kinematic arrangement and gear tooth geometry to achieve high gear transmission density and introduces dimensionless gearbox volume functions, which can be minimized by the internal gear ratio optimization.
Abstract: Maximization of the gear transmission density presents an important task. It allows to increase the output torque within given dimensional constrains that is critical, for instance, in racing gearboxes, or to reduce size and weight of aerospace gear drives. It can also lead to reduced costs for automotive and consumer product gear trains, etc. There are several ways to increase gear drive load capacity, including advanced design, materials, and technologies. This paper presents an approach that allows optimizing gearbox kinematic arrangement and gear tooth geometry to achieve high gear transmission density. It introduces dimensionless gearbox volume functions, which can be minimized by the internal gear ratio optimization. Different gearbox arrangements are analyzed to define a minimum of the volume functions. Application of the asymmetric gear tooth profiles power density maximization is also considered.Copyright © 2011 by ASME

7 citations




22 Sep 2011
TL;DR: In this article, a trabajo en el Centro de Investigacions Agrarias de Mabegondo (CIAM) de A Coruna, Chile, analyzes the capacidad predictiva de the digestibilidad in vivo de the forrajes por the following metodos: regresiones basadas en parametros quimicos de facil determinacion in laboratorio, digestibiliidad in vitro with liquido ruminal, fibra neutro-detergente celulasa (Do
Abstract: Se estudia en este trabajo la capacidad predictiva de la digestibilidad in vivo de la materia organica (DMO) de forrajes por los siguientes metodos: a) regresiones basadas en parametros quimicos de facil determinacion en laboratorio, b) digestibilidad in vitro con liquido ruminal segun el metodo Tilley-Terry, c) tecnicas de solubilidad enzimatica (fibra neutro-detergente celulasa y pepsina-celulasa), d) produccion de gas in vitro y d) tecnica de reflectancia en el infrarrojo cercano. En la primera parte (A) del articulo se revisa informacion bibliografica acerca de la estimacion de la digestibilidad in vivo de forrajes por metodos de laboratorio. En la segunda parte (B) se describe el proceso de desarrollo de metodos de laboratorio para la estimacion del valor energetico de ensilajes de hierba y maiz, realizados en el Centro de Investigacions Agrarias de Mabegondo (CIAM) de A Coruna. Para ello se utilizaron dos colecciones de 197 y 91 muestras de ensilajes de hierba y de planta entera de maiz, respectivamente, que fueron evaluadas in vivo, con ovinos alojados en jaulas metabolicas, en el CIAM, a partir de sucesivos proyectos de investigacion. Salvo las determinaciones de produccion de gas, realizadas por investigadores del Pais Vasco en el marco del convenio de colaboracion CIAMNEIKER sobre las colecciones gallegas, el resto de tecnicas se realizaron y pusieron a punto, en su caso, en el CIAM. Las colecciones se componen de ensilajes procedentes, en su mayor parte, de explotaciones ganaderas y pretenden reflejar, en la mayor medida posible, la variabilidad existente en la practica en cuanto al tipo de especies pratenses o genotipos de maiz utilizados, asi como la tecnologia de manejo del ensilado en las explotaciones a lo largo de sucesivas campanas. Los valores medios de DMO (%) fueron 67,8±6,7 (rango 48,5 a 81,0) y 68,6±3,2 (rango 59,1 a 76,8) para los ensilajes de hierba y maiz, respectivamente. Para los ensilajes de hierba, el error minimo de prediccion (medido en terminos de la desviacion estandar residual de validacion cruzada, RSD CV ) de los modelos de una sola variable independiente que incluian digestibilidad in vitro con liquido ruminal (DoTT) y fibra neutro-detergente celulasa (DoNDC) fue de ±3,5 y ±3,8 unidades, respectivamente, para el conjunto de muestras de la coleccion. Para un grupo de 64 muestras de ensilajes de hierba donde se determino tambien la solubilidad enzimatica por el metodo pepsina-celulasa (DoPC), el valor de RSD CV fue de ±3,2, ±3,7 y ±3,5, respectivamente, para DoTT, DoNDC y DoPC. Mientras que los valores medios de DoNDC y DoPC fueron 6 y 4 unidades inferiores al valor medio de DMO, este fue muy similar al de DoTT. El mejor modelo basado en parametros quimicos, que incluia fibra neutro detergente (FND), proteina bruta (PB) y lignina acido detergente (LAD) como predictores obtuvo un RSD CV de ±4,3 unidades. La utilizacion de la tecnica de produccion de gas in vitro, evaluada en un grupo de 72 muestras, mostro una precision comparable a la obtenida con la tecnica de digestibilidad in vitro con inoculo ruminal. El error de prediccion obtenido para la tecnica NIRS en validacion cruzada para el conjunto de la coleccion se redujo a ±2,9. Para los ensilajes de maiz, el error minimo de prediccion de DMO para los modelos de una sola variable con DoTT, DoPC y DoNDC fue de ±2,3, ±2,7 y ±2,8 unidades, y de ±2,4 para el mejor modelo multivariable que incluia LAD, PB, y fibra bruta (FB) como predictores. En contraste con lo observado para los ensilajes de hierba, el valor medio de DoTT de los ensilajes de maiz fue superior al de DMO en aproximadamente 6 unidades, mientras que los de DoNDC y DoPC inferiores en 2,7 y 3,4 unidades, respectivamente, siguiendo la misma tendencia observada en los ensilajes de hierba. La desaparicion de materia seca de las bolsas de nylon incubadas in situ durante 72 h mostro una precision comparable a la obtenida con la tecnica de digestibilidad in vitro con liquido ruminal para la estimacion de DMO de estos ensilajes. Los errores de prediccion en validacion cruzada para la tecnica de produccion de gas in vitro medida en 64 muestras de la coleccion fueron comparables a los obtenidos para DoTT y, para la tecnica NIRS, inferiores a los obtenidos por cualquier otro metodo (RSD CV ±2,0).

11 Oct 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the exact steady state solution of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and rotating flow of generalized Burgers' fluid induced by a variable accelerated plate was determined by using the Fourier sine transform technique.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to determine the exact steady-state solution of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and rotating flow of generalized Burgers' fluid induced by a variable accelerated plate. This is attained by using the Fourier sine transform technique. This result is then presented in the equivalent forms in terms of exponential, sine and cosine functions. Similar solutions for Burgers', Oldroyd - B, Maxwell, Second grade and Navier - Stokes fluids are shown to emerge as the limiting cases of the present exact solution. The graphical results illustrate the velocity profiles which have been determined for the flow due to the variable acceleration of an infinite flat plate. Moreover, these figures are plotted to show the effects of different parameters on velocity field.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a free vibrational study of symmetric angle-ply laminated cylindrical shells of variable thickness including first order shear deformation theory using spline function approximation is studied.
Abstract: Free vibrational study of symmetric angle-ply laminated cylindrical shells of variable thickness including first order shear deformation theory using spline function approximation is studied. The equations of motion for the cylindrical shells are derived using first order shear deformation theory. The solutions of displacement functions are assumed in a separable form to obtain a system of coupled differential equations in terms of displacement and rotational functions, and these functions are approximated by Bickley-type splines of order three. The vibrations of three and five layered shells, made up of two different types of order of the layers of materials and two types of boundary conditions are considered. A generalized eigenvalue problem is obtained and solved numerically for an eigenfrequency parameter and an associated eigenvector of spline coefficients. Parametric studies are made for the frequency parameters with respect to the coefficients of thickness variations, length-to-radius ratio, length-to-thickness ratio and ply angles under different boundary conditions. In the present work, the results are expected to be more accurate and more suitable for immediate application in the areas of missiles, aviation, shipping, surface transport and a large number of industries related to the cement and chemicals.

15 Jun 2011
TL;DR: This work presents the work called Connected Graph Sequence (CGS), which transforms a partially dense graph into the single-row network which is necessary in applications such as in the assignment of telephone channels to caller-receiver pairs roaming in cells in a cellular network on real-time basis.
Abstract: In this paper, we present our work called Connected Graph Sequence (CGS) which transforms a partially dense graph into the single-row network. Partially dense graph is a graph where a number of connected components, namely subgraphs, are connected by some links and each subgraph has a higher density value compare to the graph. The transformation is necessary in applications such as in the assignment of telephone channels to caller-receiver pairs roaming in cells in a cellular network on real-time basis. In this channel assignment application, each caller and receiver in a call is treated as a node, while their pair connection is treated as the edge. A specific case of the graph in the form of a partially dense graph is then transformed into its corresponding single-row network for assigning the channels to the caller-receiver pairs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the binding energy, reduced transition probabilities and deformation parameter in 69,71,73,75,77,79,79 As nuclei have been calculated.
Abstract: We have calculated binding energy, reduced transition probabilities and deformation parameter in 69,71,73,75,77,79 As nuclei. The energies of projectile-like fragments and Q-value in 76Ge (635 MeV) + 198Pt reactions are also calculated. The theoretical calculations of projectile like fragments (PLFs) energies are compared with the experimental values. The systematic energies for 9/2+ 5/2- de-excitation of + those nuclei indicate maximum deformation at N=42. The decrease in excitation level of the 9/2 state 69 79 from As to As provides some evidence for decreasing quadruple “softness” towards the closed neutron shell at N = 40. We have reported single and coincidence ?-ray spectroscopy of 79As by deep- inelastic collision 76Ge (635 MeV) + 198Pt. The systematic isomeric level and reduced transition probabilities of 69,71,73,75,77,79As nuclei have been investigated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A combination of segmental context matching procedure and Simulated Annealing in unit selection to improve the quality of synthetic speech and reduce the computational time is proposed.
Abstract: Unit selection method has become the main approach in speech synthesis. The increasing size of recorded speech has resulted in better synthesis speech quality but at the same time also resulted in more expensive computational effort. Therefore, this paper proposes a combination of segmental context matching procedure and Simulated Annealing (SA) in unit selection to improve the quality of synthetic speech and reduce the computational time. The process of unit selection is based on minimization of two costs: target cost and join cost. The segmental context (target cost), the first stage of unit selection matching procedure used to narrow down the search space, followed by an optimization method which is SA to find the units sequence with minimum join cost. Result shows that the synthesis words produced by the proposed system are 15.48% better compared to previous version of corpus-based Malay Text-to-Speech system. Future works may focus on combining SA with other heuristic methods to further enhancing the performance of unit selection. Key words: Speech concatenation, unit selection, corpus based, heuristic method, simulated annealing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The free electron Compton scattering cross-section was calculated by klein-Nishima as mentioned in this paper, using photon with an energy of 662 keV scattered incoherently through angles from 0-120°.
Abstract: The free electron Compton scattering cross-section are given by klein-Nishima, calculated using photon with an energy of 662 keV scattered incoherently through angles from 0-120°. The Compton scattering effect was calculated producing a linear relationship between the reciprocal of the scattered photon energy and 1/E0as a function of (1-cos θ), where θ is the scattering angle. It was found that the energy of scattered gamma ray decreases as the scattering angles increase. The differential scattering cross-section as a function of θ was calculated. Key words: Free electron, cross-section, scattering, photon.


01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In particular, Gallega et al. as mentioned in this paper studied the saludability of carne de vacuno, asi como caracteristicas of las canales and the carne obtenidas, e.g., en base a pienso, hay mayor engrasamiento.
Abstract: Se estudian las posibilidades y la capacidad de algunos forrajes ensilados con minima suplementacion de concentrados para la produccion de carne de vacuno, asi como las caracteristicas de las canales y la carne obtenidas. Se partio de temeros de 3 meses y 90-100 kg de peso. La duracion de crecimiento, cebo y acabado fue de 300-325 dias. Con ensilado de pradera y 1-2 kg de pienso/dia, se sacrificaron a 400-425 kg (canales sobre 220 kg). La produccion fue de 4-6 temeros/ ha o 675-1 000 kg de carne canal neta/ha. Con ensilado de maiz y algo menos de pienso, los pesos finales fueron de 430-450 kg, las canales de 225-235 kg, la carga de 5,5-6,5 temeros/ha y, la produccion neta de 1 900-2 300 kg de peso vivo por hectarea o 1 000-1 200 kg de de peso canal por hectarea. La rotacion maiz-veza + avena permitio una carga de ocho temeros/ha y, la de girasol-centeno, 5,5. Con la correspondiente suplementacion de concentrado, se alcanzaron producciones respectivas de 1 300 y 950 kg de carne canal/ha. Con ensilado de hierba se obtiene peor conformacion de la canal y mayor proporcion de hueso. En base a pienso, hay mayor engrasamiento. La mejor calidad de la canal se da, pues, con ensilado de maiz y cantidades pequenas de concentrado La unica caracteristica de la carne que parece que se ve alterada de forma significativa por la modalidad de alimentacion, pero no por la naturaleza del ensilado, es el veteado. El perfil lipidico de la grasa del Longissimus thoracis revela que es mas saludable la carne producida en base a ensilados. La proporcion de acidos grasos saturados y la relacion omega-3/omega-6 resultaron inferiores. Los machos generan mas produccion que las hembras, pero a costa de mayor numero de dias en cebadero. En cuanro a la raza, la Rubia Gallega dio los mejores resultados en calidad de la canal y de la carne

21 Sep 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors revisa informacion disponible sobre el ensilaje de hierba in Galicia, that is producto of las explorations realizadas, sobre todo in the ultimos quince anos del siglo pasado, tanto en centros de investigacion como in propias explotaciones ganaderas.
Abstract: En este articulo se revisa informacion disponible sobre el ensilaje de hierba en Galicia, que es producto de las investigaciones realizadas, sobre todo en los ultimos quince anos del siglo pasado, tanto en centros de investigacion como en las propias explotaciones ganaderas. El articulo se estructura en tres apartados claramente diferenciados: 1) Importancia del ensilaje en las explotaciones gallegas de vacuno, 2) Calidad del ensilaje y productividad animal, y 3) Calidad del ensilaje en las explotaciones gallegas. 1) Importancia del ensilaje en las explotaciones gallegas de vacuno. Las explotaciones gallegas de leche de vacuno ensilan unas 250 000 ha anuales de hierba de pradera, sumando primer y segundo corte, lo que representa el 70% del total de hierba ensilada en las ocho comunidades autonomas espanolas con cierta relevancia en produccion de leche de vacuno en Espana, si se excluyen Navarra y Euskadi. Estas explotaciones dependen del ensilado por un periodo anual de 4 a mas de 6 meses, entre verano e invierno. La tecnica de ensilado reemplazo casi totalmente a la tradicional henificacion debido, entre otros factores, a la imposibilidad de realizar un secado natural del forraje en el campo en primavera, cuando la hierba presenta un valor nutritivo adecuado. En la actualidad solo se hace heno en las explotaciones marginales o en los cortes tardios de las explotaciones mejor dimensionadas. La mejora de la calidad del ensilaje es un elemento clave en la reduccion de los costes de produccion en las explotaciones lecheras. 2) Calidad del ensilaje y productividad animal. En este apartado se revisa brevemente la informacion local e internacional sobre las relaciones entre digestibilidad y productividad animal; madurez de la hierba y digestibilidad, calidad de conservacion y productividad animal, y sobre el nivel de perdidas en el ensilaje y el poder contaminante de los efluentes. La disminucion media diaria de la digestibilidad de la materia organica (DMO) en praderas monofitas de gramineas y de mezclas de gramineas con trebol blanco se cuantifico entre 0,25 y 0,50 puntos de porcentaje por dia en el entorno del principio de espigado, en ensayos realizados en el CIAM. Terneros alimentados con forrajes ensilados bien conservados, con una DMS proxima al 70%, tuvieron crecimientos superiores a 1000 g/cabeza/dia. Por el contrario, forrajes mal conservados, con la misma DMS, solo permitieron crecimientos de 830 g/cabeza/dia. En ensilajes realizados en condiciones normales se asumen perdidas totales de materia seca entre 20 y 30%. En el caso de que la lluvia sea intensa sobre la hierba segada para presecar, las perdidas totales pueden llegar al 40-50%, pudiendo llegar incluso a la perdida total de la cosecha. Por eso, y a pesar de que el presecado es una herramienta mucho mas potente que el uso de aditivos para conseguir una buena conservacion, se recomienda el ensilado directo, sin presecado, y la utilizacion de un aditivo eficaz siempre que sea de temer la presencia de lluvia. 3) Calidad del ensilaje en las explotaciones gallegas. En un estudio realizado en el periodo 1991-1996 se analizaron cerca de cuatro mil ensilajes de explotaciones de leche de vacuno, de lo que se concluye que la calidad fermentativa fue muy dependiente de la climatologia durante el periodo de recoleccion de la hierba para ensilar. El porcentaje de ensilajes afectados por la lluvia oscilo entre en 44,1% en 1993 y el 13,5% en 1995, anos de peor y mejor calidad fermentativa media, respectivamente. Los ensilajes presecados mostraron una calidad fermentativa y un valor nutritivo superior a los no presecados. La aplicacion de aditivos no mejoro la conservacion de los ensilajes en la medida de lo esperado porque la tecnica de aplicacion fue incorrecta y, en muchos casos, se aplicaron dosis inferiores a las recomendadas. Se termina el articulo con un diagrama que puede ayudar a los ganaderos y a sus asesores a la toma de decisiones en puntos criticos del proceso de ensilado.

24 Nov 2011
TL;DR: Noventa and una vacas frisonas se distribuyeron en tres grupos de pastoreo with distintos niveles de concentrado: 0,4 and 8 kg por vaca and dia.
Abstract: Noventa y una vacas frisonas se distribuyeron en tres grupos de pastoreo con distintos niveles de concentrado: 0,4 y 8 kg por vaca y dia. A cada rebano se le asignaron diferentes parcelas de una misma superficie de pradera de raigras ingles y trebol blanco. Se determinaron en condiciones de pastoreo rotacional, durante dos subperiodos consecutivos, del 1 de abril al 15 de mayo y desde esa fecha al 30 de junio, la ingestion de pasto por diferencia pre- y post-pastoreo, asi como su contenido en principios nutritivos, composicion botanica y proporcion de hoja. Se controlo la produccion y composicion de la leche y la variacion de peso vivo de las vacas. La produccion de leche (kg vaca1 dia-1) aumento con la dosis de concentrado: 32,5 en el subperiodo inicial y 28,1 en el final con 8 kg concentrado vaca1 dia1, 30,2 y 24,6 con 4 kg concentrado vaca1 dia _1; 26,0 y 20,4 kg sin suplementacion. Los contenidos de pro teina y urea en leche fueron superiores en los grupos suplementados. El consumo estimado de hierba (kg materia seca vaca4 dia1) en el grupo con mayor suplementacion fue inferior a los de suplementaciones intermedia y nula, que no difirieron entre si (11,6 vs 15,6-15,7 en el primer subperiodo; 15,3 vs 17,7-17,1 en el segundo). La suplementacion intermedia incremento la proporcion de hojas en la hierba en oferta. La proporcion de especies no sembradas fue superior en el tratamiento con mayor suplementacion. Los resultados muestran que las vacas de alto rendimiento en pastoreo pueden mantener altas producciones en primavera y que el nivel de suplementacion modifico la calidad y disponibilidad del pasto

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work models an important aspect of the problem of sensor information integration that arises in wireless communications, where N sensors try to communicate with a receiver using a single un‐shareable radio channel.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to model an important aspect of the problem of sensor information integration that arises in wireless communications, where N sensors try to communicate with a receiver using a single un‐shareable radio channel. If several sensors transmit at the same time, their transmissions collide at the receiver resulting in garbled messages and the need for re‐transmission. This is highly undesirable since the sensors are energy‐constrained and the radio interface is known to be the most significant source of energy expenditure. Consequently, it is of paramount importance to design arbitration protocols that are highly efficient in stamping out collisions and that are, at the same time, as lightweight as possible.Design/methodology/approach – The receiver advertises a time division multiple access (TDMA) frame consisting of n slots, numbered from 1 to n, where n is an application‐dependent parameter. Each sensor generates uniformly at random, and independently of other sensor, ...

21 Sep 2011
TL;DR: Estos resultados sugieren que the asociacion de hongos endofitos Epichloe con Festuca rubra y Festuca ovina es habitual y ocurre a frecuencias bajas a moderadas en los prados of the Cordillera Cantabrica.
Abstract: Se examino la presencia de hongos endofitos Epichloe en 18 poblaciones naturales de festucas finas (10 de Festuca ovina L. y ocho de Festuca rubra L.) recogidas en la Cordillera Cantabrica. Se detectaron semillas infectadas en la totalidad de las poblaciones de Festuca rubra y en seis de las 10 de Festuca ovina. Las semillas de las poblaciones de Festuca rubra resultaron infectadas con una frecuencia media del 35,9% (d.e. = 20,7) variando de un 2% al 64%. En Festuca ovina, el 60% de las semillas de las poblaciones resultaron infectadas con el hongo endofito con una frecuencia media del 30,7% (d.e. = 25,6) variando el nivel de infeccion del 6% al 64%. La mayoria de las semillas de las poblaciones infectadas mostraron niveles de infeccion bajos a moderados: 10 poblaciones mostraron un porcentaje de infeccion por debajo del 50%, mientras que cuatro de las poblaciones tuvieron un porcentaje de infeccion por encima del 50%. Estos resultados sugieren que la asociacion de hongos endofitos Epichloe con Festuca rubra y Festuca ovina es habitual y ocurre a frecuencias bajas a moderadas (0% a 50%) en los prados de la Cordillera Cantabrica.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
10 May 2011
TL;DR: In this article, a three-stage axial fan with transonic blading was designed for (≈ 3.5:1) pressure ratio and a prototype low pressure compressor module was instrumented with pulsating pressure transducers on the casing in addition to the strain gauging of 1R, 2R rotor blades.
Abstract: A prototype three stage axial fan was designed for (≈ 3.5:1) pressure ratio with transonic blading. Initial tests had shown the symptoms of flutter at part speed even at ISA-SLS inlet conditions. The intensity of flutter became severe at higher inlet P and T conditions. The fan was modified with casing treatment on the first stage of rotor casing area. The test results have exhibited encouraging results. During the process of testing, in order to validate the mathematical model for flutter, the prototype low pressure compressor module was instrumented with pulsating pressure transducer on the casing in addition to the strain gauging of 1R, 2R rotor blades and 1S, 2S stator blades in the low pressure compressor. The results so obtained were analyzed and compared with strain data captured during the same testing. This pulsation data was in full agreement with strain data and also with the mathematical model developed earlier for detection of flutter and rotating stall. It is evident that the mathematical model results and the results obtained during the LPC test to measure flutter and rotating stall component are comparable and thus validated the model. This paper brings out the test preparation of module, preparation of the test stand, online monitoring of data, express analysis of test results and study of the same to exhibit the match with mathematical model of the Aerodynamic phenomena.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
04 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the 3D Navier-Stokes equations were used to obtain the results of inlet and subsonic diffuser flowing under the boundary layer suction in a throat at throttle modes under M = 0.89...0.97 for considered M range.
Abstract: Two high efficient intakes – 3D and traditional 2D consisted of supersonic inlet and subsonic large curvature diffuser were developed for supersonic business aircraft with M =1.6 cruise flight. Preliminary deceleration of incoming airflow and boundary layer control (BLC) in case of 3D inlet are provided by swept wedge placed in front of inlet due to the forming transverse pressure gradient. In case of 2D inlet bypass of BL is provided by installation of the inlet on bleed wedge of some height. Further compression is realized in a system of 3-D shocks with terminal normal one. Numerical modeling based on solution of 3-D Navier-Stokes equations allowed obtaining the results of inlet and subsonic diffuser flowing under the boundary layer suction in a throat at throttle modes under M=0.8-1.8. Results of calculation confirmed flow stability at 1.5-4 fold increased pressure in subsonic diffuser outlet section in comparison with external free stream pressure. It was received that using the BLC the total pressure recovery coefficient grows up to = 0.89...0.97 for considered M range. Drag evaluations of considered inlets with taking into account of additive and wave drag components and also wave drag of bleed wedge of 2D inlet resulted in approximately the same compression efficiency, but summary drag of 3D inlet is less by a factor of 1,5-3.5 times in comparison with 2D inlet drag at M =0.8-1.8 range.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the exact steady state solution of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and rotating flow of generalized Burgers fluid induced by a constant accelerated plate was determined by using the Fourier sine transform.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the exact steady state solution of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and rotating flow of generalized Burgers fluid induced by a constant accelerated plate. This is accomplished by using the Fourier sine transform. This result is then presented in equivalent forms in terms of exponential, sine and cosine functions. Similar solutions for Burgers', Oldroyd-B, Maxwell, Second grade and Navier- Stokes fluids can be shown to appear as the limiting cases of the present exact solution. The graphical results illustrate the velocity profiles which have been determined for the flow due to the constant accelerated of an infinite flat plate.

21 Sep 2011
TL;DR: Agarwal et al. as discussed by the authors compared diversas strategies for crear two colecciones nucleares ("core collection") in a clasificación ascendente jerarquica.
Abstract: Durante dos anos se caracterizaron agromorfologicamente 74 poblaciones de raigras ingles y 42 de raigras italiano, pertenecientes a la coleccion de gramineas pratenses del Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo (CIAM) Las variables significativas en el analisis de varianza se utilizaron en una clasificacion ascendente jerarquica mediante el metodo de Ward Sobre ambas colecciones de partida, se compararon diversas estrategias para crear dos colecciones nucleares ("core collection") Las estrategias empleadas incluyeron muestreos estratificados y aleatorios basados en la clasificacion jerarquica, en el indice de diversidad de Shannon-Weaver y en la maxima contribucion a la varianza en un analisis de componentes principales Ninguna de las colecciones nucleares creadas mostro diferencias en las medias y en las varianzas mediante el test de Wilcoxon Las colecciones seleccionadas en la estrategia de mayor contribucion a la varianza fueron las que presentaron un mayor porcentaje de retencion de los intervalos de variacion, por lo que dicha estrategia se considera la mas adecuada para el mantenimiento de la diversidad de las colecciones de partida

01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the pastoreo de trebol violeta and of raigras ingles was evaluated in the context of leche de vacuno, and the results of an ensayo were presented.
Abstract: Se presentan resultados de un ensayo en el que se evaluo el efecto del pastoreo de praderas de trebol violeta y de raigras ingles durante el verano sobre la produccion y composicion de acidos grasos (AG) de la leche de vacuno. El experimento se realizo entre el 25 de julio y el 26 de septiembre de 2010, con tiempo seco y caluroso. La calidad nutricional del pasto se redujo conforme avanzaba la estacion de pastoreo en ambos tratamientos, de forma menos marcada para el pasto de trebol violeta, que mostro valores superiores de digestibilidad de la materia organica (entre 3% y 5%) y de proteina (entre 35% y 60%) e inferiores de fibra neutro detergente (entre 35% y 36%) que los del raigras a lo largo del ensayo. El perfil de AG de ambas especies fue predominantemente insaturado, representando el acido a-linolenico el 55,8% y el 63,8% del total de AG para el trebol violeta y el raigras ingles, respectivamente. La produccion diaria de leche, materia grasa, proteina y extracto seco magro fue superior (+12,3%, +13,4%, +11,7% y +11,5% respectivamente) para las vacas que consumieron el pasto de trebol violeta. Los contemdos de la leche en grasa, proteina, lactosa y extracto seco magro no se vieron afectados por los tratamientos. El pastoreo de trebol violeta aumento el contenido de la leche en acido a-hnolenico (+69,0%), AG trans C18:l, AG poliinsaturados totales (+29,2%), AG omega-3 totales (+54,0%) y redujo el ratio omega-6/omega-3 (-17,5%) respecto del raigras ingles, mientras que no se detectaron diferencias significativas en el contenido en CLA total. Se concluye que el trebol violeta puede ser un cultivo forrajero util para extender la estacion de pastoreo en Gahcia durante el verano en los sistemas de produccion de leche diferenciada en base a su perfil saludable de AG para el consumidor

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the nonlinearity in earthquake for the propagating seismic waves instead of linear waves, and the existence of reduction to the modified asymptotic governing equations was demonstrated and consequently gave both the linear and nonlinear Rayleigh waves solutions.
Abstract: In this study, nonlinearity in earthquake is investigated for the propagating seismic waves instead of linear waves. Assuming the presence of nonlinear effects in this earthquake modeling, the Rayleigh waves are formed by incorporating the nonlinear sine-Gordon equation into the linear asymptotic governing equations for finding similarity reduction. The existence of reduction to the modified asymptotic governing equations is demonstrated and is consequently shown to give both the linear and nonlinear Rayleigh waves solutions. The related velocity and amplitude dependent Rayleigh waves are obtained and also the nonlinear form of Rayleigh waves. Multiple nonlinear surface displacements are identified. These nonlinear waves are shown to leave the trails of crucial surface displacements.