Conservatoire national des arts et métiers

About: Conservatoire national des arts et métiers is a education organization based out in Paris, France. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. The organization has 3573 authors who have published 7127 publications receiving 141430 citations. The organization is also known as: CNAM & Conservatoire des arts et métiers.

Effect of Exogenous Lipase on Dough Lipids During Mixing of Wheat Flours

Abstract: In control dough, endogenous wheat lipase was inactive, because the triacylglycerol (TAG), 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG1,2), and 1,3-diacylglycerol (DAG1,3) fractions of nonpolar lipids were not affected by mixing. Conversely, the free fatty acid (FFA) and monoacylglycerol (MAG) fractions decreased, mainly due to the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) catalyzed by wheat lipoxygenase. Addition of exogenous lipase to flour (15 lipase units [LU] per gram of dry matter) resulted in substantial modification of nonpolar lipids during dough mixing. Due to the 1,3 specificity of the lipase used in this experiment, the TAG and DAG1,3 fractions decreased, whereas the MAG and FFA fractions increased. The DAG1,2 fraction increased at the beginning of mixing and decreased after 40 min of mixing. Moreover, part of the PUFA released by lipase activity was oxidized by wheat lipoxygenase, resulting in major losses of PUFA. Conversely, the net content of the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SMUFA...

A Spatio-Temporal Model for the Manipulation of Lineage Metadata

Abstract: Nowadays one of the most successful applications of GIS is the management of a land-use cadastre. A lot of corporate GIS databases are in development, they support the legal management and distribution of cadastral maps. However, the propagation of geographical updates toward cadastral databases is still a methodological and technical problem to address in the context of large applications with many different users. This paper proposes a model based on lineage metadata that supports the management of geographical changes in the context of a corporate cadastre application. Geographical and cadastral changes are identified from an analysis of the French cadastre which acts as a case study for the development of our model. The lineage metadata model is based on the application of a direct acyclic graph that permits the management of the evolution of geographical objects and the generation of historical queries. The proposed model is specified and validated with the O_{2} object-oriented database management system.

Use of multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis to study dietary behaviour: food consumption questionnaire in the SU.VI.MAX. cohort.

Abstract: Although the effects of individual foods or nutrients on the development of diseases and their risk factors have been investigated in many studies, little attention has been given to the effect of overall dietary patterns. The main objectives of this study were to identify dietary patterns and groups of subjects with similar food consumption habits, i.e. 'dietary profiles', using multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. A food frequency questionnaire was sent to a large population-based sample (2923 women and 2,180 men), recruited among the 'SUpplementation en VItamines et Mineraux AntioXydants' (SU.VI.MAX.) cohort participants in France. The food items were dichotomised in order to focus the study on the highest levels of consumption. Multiple correspondence analysis allows the construction of principal components, which optimally summarise the data, and enables the construction of graphical displays. An interesting property of these graphical displays is that associations between food items can be observed on various projection planes, each category of each food item being located at the centre of gravity of the subjects corresponding to this category. An ascending hierarchical classification was unsuccessfully tried in order to determine clusters from these principal components. Therefore, a 'dissection' of the cloud of points was performed according to the orientation of the axes, providing a readily interpretable eight-dietary profiles typology for each sex. This statistical approach allows identification of particular dietary patterns and dietary profiles, which might be more appropriate in studies of diet-disease associations than the single food or nutrient approach that has dominated past epidemiological research.

Human plague: An old scourge that needs new answers.

Abstract: Yersinia pestis, the bacterial causative agent of plague, remains an important threat to human health. Plague is a rodent-borne disease that has historically shown an outstanding ability to colonize and persist across different species, habitats, and environments while provoking sporadic cases, outbreaks, and deadly global epidemics among humans. Between September and November 2017, an outbreak of urban pneumonic plague was declared in Madagascar, which refocused the attention of the scientific community on this ancient human scourge. Given recent trends and plague's resilience to control in the wild, its high fatality rate in humans without early treatment, and its capacity to disrupt social and healthcare systems, human plague should be considered as a neglected threat. A workshop was held in Paris in July 2018 to review current knowledge about plague and to identify the scientific research priorities to eradicate plague as a human threat. It was concluded that an urgent commitment is needed to develop and fund a strong research agenda aiming to fill the current knowledge gaps structured around 4 main axes: (i) an improved understanding of the ecological interactions among the reservoir, vector, pathogen, and environment; (ii) human and societal responses; (iii) improved diagnostic tools and case management; and (iv) vaccine development. These axes should be cross-cutting, translational, and focused on delivering context-specific strategies. Results of this research should feed a global control and prevention strategy within a "One Health" approach.

Optical and photoelectric properties of alkali metals

Abstract: The paper gives, in the form of tables and graphs, the optical constants and photoelectric emisssion for the four alkali metals Cs, Rb, K, and Na in the spectral range 250-630 nm inside which the volume-plasmon wavelengths ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p}$ and the surface-plasmon wavelength ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{s}$ are situated. The metals are prepared in the form of optically thick layers condensed in ultrahigh vacuum (${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ torr) on targets cooled at 77 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. When maintained at 77 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the layers show a spectral selectivity independent of the state of polarization of the exciting monochromatic radiation. Upon reheating at 195 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K or higher, a very pronounced vectorial selectivity appears, accompanied by diminution of the photoemission. Values given in the tables and graphs are reproducible within a fair approximation, stated in each case. From the "optical" conductivity curves $\ensuremath{\sigma}=f(\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega})$, it is not possible to identify an absorption process due to interband transitions (Wilson-Butcher theory). The plot of the real part of the dielectric constant against the square of the exciting radiation wavelength ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}=f({\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2})$ is perfectly linear for all reheated layers, thus allowing use of the Cohen and the Fowler formulas in the calculation of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p}$, the "optical" mass, the polarizability, and the work function for several temperatures. The normal reflectivity curves for the reheated layers show a point of inflection for $\ensuremath{\lambda}={\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{P}$. For the same layers, the quantum efficiency of the photoemission shows a minimum for $\ensuremath{\lambda}={\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{p}$, particularly well marked for the lighter metals. Finally, the work-function values at 0 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K extrapolated from our experimental results by the Fowler process, are shown to have two values ${W}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ and ${W}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ whenever the layer investigated exhibits vectorial selectivity; the difference ${W}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}\ensuremath{-}{W}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ is only a few hundredths of an electron volt but is quite reproducible.