Conservatoire national des arts et métiers

About: Conservatoire national des arts et métiers is a education organization based out in Paris, France. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 3573 authors who have published 7127 publications receiving 141430 citations. The organization is also known as: CNAM & Conservatoire des arts et métiers.

Instabilities in oblique shock wave/laminar boundary-layer interactions

Abstract: The interaction of an oblique shock wave and a laminar boundary layer developing over a flat plate is investigated by means of numerical simulation and global linear-stability analysis. Under the selected flow conditions (free-stream Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers and shock-wave angles), the incoming boundary layer undergoes separation due to the adverse pressure gradient. For a wide range of flow parameters, the oblique shock wave/boundary-layer interaction (OSWBLI) is seen to be globally stable. We show that the onset of two-dimensional large-scale structures is generated by selective noise amplification that is described for each frequency, in a linear framework, by wave-packet trains composed of several global modes. A detailed analysis of both the eigenspectrum and eigenfunctions gives some insight into the relationship between spatial scales (shape and localization) and frequencies. In particular, OSWBLI exhibits a universal behaviour. The lowest frequencies correspond to structures mainly located near the separated shock that emit radiation in the form of Mach waves and are scaled by the interaction length. The medium frequencies are associated with structures mainly localized in the shear layer and are scaled by the displacement thickness at the impact. The linear process by which OSWBLI selects frequencies is analysed by means of the global resolvent. It shows that unsteadiness are mainly associated with instabilities arising from the shear layer. For the lower frequency range, there is no particular selectivity in a linear framework. Two-dimensional numerical simulations show that the linear behaviour is modified for moderate forcing amplitudes by nonlinear mechanisms leading to a significant amplification of low frequencies. Finally, based on the present results, we draw some hypotheses concerning the onset of unsteadiness observed in shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions.

Oral anticoagulation therapy use in patients with atrial fibrillation after the introduction of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants: findings from the French healthcare databases, 2011-2016.

Abstract: Objectives To describe (i) the trend in oral anticoagulant (OAC) use following the introduction of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients and (ii) the current patterns of use of NOAC therapy in new users with AF in France. Design (i) Repeated cross-sectional study and (ii) population-based cohort study. Setting French national healthcare databases (50 million beneficiaries). Participants (i) Patients with identified AF in 2011, 2013 and 2016 and (ii) patients with AF initiating OAC therapy in 2015–2016. Primary and secondary outcome measures (i) Trend in OAC therapy use in patients with AF and (ii) patterns of use of NOAC therapy in new users with AF. Results Between 2011 and 2016, use of OAC therapy moderately increased (+16%), while use of antiplatelet therapy decreased (−22%) among all patients with identified AF. In 2016, among the 1.1 million AF patients, 66% used OAC therapy and were more likely to be treated by vitamin K antagonist (VKA) than NOAC therapy, including patients at higher risk of stroke (63.5%), while 33% used antiplatelet therapy. Among 192 851 new users of OAC therapy in 2015–2016 with identified AF, NOAC therapy (66.3%) was initiated more frequently than VKA therapy, including in patients at higher risk of stroke (57.8%). Reduced doses were prescribed in 40% of NOAC new users. Several situations of inappropriate use at NOAC initiation were identified, including concomitant use of drugs increasing the risk of bleeding (one in three new users) and potential NOAC underdosing. Conclusions OAC therapy use in patients with AF remains suboptimal 4 years after the introduction of NOACs for stroke prevention in France and improvement in appropriate prescribing regarding NOAC initiation is needed. However, NOAC therapy is now the preferred drug class for initiation of OAC therapy in patients with AF, including in patients at higher risk of stroke.

Comparative study of the bitter taste of enzymic hydrolysates from cow, ewe and goat caseins

Abstract: This study was initiated to explain the rare occurrence of bitter defects in goat and ewe cheeses, compared to cow cheeses. The main difference between whole caseins from these three species is their relative content of αS1 - and β-caseins. The tastes of enzymic hydrolysates (obtained with rennet, porcine pepsin, α-chymotrypsin, trypsin and thermolysin) of whole caseins from these species were compared as well as those of cow αS1 - and β-caseins. In each case (except with chymotrypsin) the bitterness of hydrolysates from cow whole casein was much stronger than those of goat and ewe whole casein hydrolysates. Cow αS1 -casein hydrolysates were more bitter than cow β-casein hydrolysates, except with thermolysin.

Socio-economic impacts of international accounting standards: an introduction

Abstract: Why discuss accounting in Socio-Economic Review?’ ‘Because accounting constructs socio-economic reality.’ ‘How?!’ ‘Theoretically speaking, there should be many ways of doing “account-ing” — an act of explaining business realities to multiple stakeholders of socio-economies. Practically speaking, however, the current trend is to use “Fair Value Accounting” which is considered to be useful particularly for investors, and this is now being globally standardized.’ ‘What are the impacts of such new accounting on wider stakeholders and on the socio-economy at large?’ ‘Many aspects of our life may have been undemocratically administrated without being noticed, because the Fair Value Accounting is presumed to be fair, while it is not.’ In order to promote discussions over how our socio-economies should be accounted for, this paper introduces, in a reader-friendly manner, problems of the International Accounting Standards (IAS) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)1, and calls for diverse perspectives of future research.