Conservatoire national des arts et métiers

About: Conservatoire national des arts et métiers is a education organization based out in Paris, France. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. The organization has 3573 authors who have published 7127 publications receiving 141430 citations. The organization is also known as: CNAM & Conservatoire des arts et métiers.

Fluoroquinolone Use Is a Risk Factor for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Acquisition in Long-term–Care Facilities: A Nested Case–Case-Control Study

Abstract: Background. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization is a well-established riskfactor for subsequent infection and a key event in interindividual transmission. Some studies have showed an asso-ciation between fluoroquinolones and MRSA colonization or infection. The present study was performed to identifyspecific risk factors for MRSA acquisition in long-term care facilities (LTCFs).Methods. A prospective cohort of patients naive for S. aureus colonization was established and followed(January 2008 through October 2010) in 4 French LTCFs. Nasal colonization status and potential risk factorswere assessed weekly for 13 weeks after inclusion. Variables associated with S. aureus acquisition were identifiedin a nested-matched case-case-control study using conditional logistic regression models. Cases were patientswho acquired MRSA (or methicillin-sensitive S. aureus [MSSA]). Patients whose nasal swab samples were alwaysnegative served as controls. Matching criteria were center, date of first nasal swab sample, and exposure time.Results. Among451includedpatients,76MRSAcaseswerematchedto207controlsand112MSSAcasesto208controls. Multivariable analysis retained fluoroquinolones (odds ratio, 2.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–4.67),male sex (2.09; 1.10–3.98), and more intensive care at admission (3.24; 1.74–6.04) as significantly associated withMRSA acquisition, and body-washing assistance (2.85; 1.27–6.42) and use of a urination device (1.79; 1.01–3.18)as significantly associated with MSSA acquisition.Conclusions. OurresultssuggestthatfluoroquinolonesareariskfactorforMRSAacquisition.Controlmeasuresto limit MRSA spread in LTCFs should also be based on optimization of fluoroquinolone use.Keywords. methicillin-resistantStaphylococcusaureus;fluoroquinolone;case-case-controlstudy;long-termcarefacility; acquisition.Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal organism colo-nizing several sites in the human body, especially theanteriornares.ThisGram-positivebacteriumisrespon-sible for numerous infections including skin infections,bacteremia or respiratory diseases. Notably, 30%–50%of healthy adults are colonized by S. aureus, and nasalcolonization is known tobe an important risk factor forsubsequentinfection[1,2],withinfectionrateshigherincarriers than noncarriers [3–5]and individuals usually

Adequate Wound Care and Use of Bed Nets as Protective Factors against Buruli Ulcer: Results from a Case Control Study in Cameroon

Abstract: Background Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease involving the skin, caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Its exact transmission mechanism remains unknown. Several arguments indicate a possible role for insects in its transmission. A previous case-control study in the Nyong valley region in central Cameroon showed an unexpected association between bed net use and protection against Buruli ulcer. We investigated whether this association persisted in a newly discovered endemic Buruli ulcer focus in Bankim, northwestern Cameroon.

Uptake of HIV testing in Burkina Faso: an assessment of individual and community-level determinants

Abstract: Previous studies have highlighted a range of individual determinants associated with HIV testing but few have assessed the role of contextual factors. The objective of this paper is to examine the influence of both individual and community-level determinants of HIV testing uptake in Burkina Faso. Using nationally representative cross-sectional data from the 2010 Demographic and Health Survey, the determinants of lifetime HIV testing were examined for sexually active women (n = 14,656) and men (n = 5680) using modified Poisson regression models. One third of women (36%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 33–37%) reported having ever been tested for HIV compared to a quarter of men (26%; 95% CI: 24–27%). For both genders, age, education, religious affiliation, household wealth, employment, media exposure, sexual behaviors, and HIV knowledge were associated with HIV testing. After adjustment, women living in communities where the following characteristics were higher than the median were more likely to report uptake of HIV testing: knowledge of where to access testing (Prevalence Ratio [PR] = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.34–1.48), willing to buy food from an infected vendor (PR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.31–3.24), highest wealth quintiles (PR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.10–1.27), not working year-round (PR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.84–0.96), and high media exposure (PR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03–1.19). Men living in communities where the proportion of respondents were more educated (PR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.07–1.41) than the median were more likely to be tested. This study shed light on potential mechanisms through which HIV testing could be increased in Burkina Faso. Both individual and contextual factors should be considered to design effective strategies for scaling-up HIV testing.

Calcium channel blockers and cancer: a risk analysis using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)

Abstract: Objective The evidence of an association between calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and cancer is conflicting. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the risk of cancer (all, breast, prostate and colon cancers) in association with exposure to CCB. Methods This is a population-based cohort study in patients exposed to CCBs from across the UK, using two comparison cohorts: (1) patients with no exposure to CCB (non-CCB) matched on age and gender and (2) unmatched patients unexposed to CCB and at least one other antihypertensive (AHT) prescription. Cancer incidence rates computed in the exposed and the two unexposed groups were compared using HRs and 95% CIs obtained from multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results Overall, 150 750, 557 931 and 156 966 patients were included, respectively, in the CCB, non-CCB and AHT cohorts. Crude cancer incidence rates per 1000 person-years were 16.51, 15.75 and 10.62 for the three cohorts, respectively. Adjusted HRs (CI) for all cancers comparing CCB, non-CCB and AHT cohorts were 0.88 (0.86 to 0.89) and 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04), respectively. Compared to the AHT cohort, adjusted HRs (CI) for breast, prostate and colon cancer for the CCB cohort were 0.95 (0.87 to 1.04), 1.07 (0.98 to 1.16) and 0.89 (0.81 to 0.98), respectively. Analyses by duration of exposure to CCB did not show excess risk. Conclusions This large population-based study provides strong evidence that CCB use is not associated with an increased risk of cancer. The analyses yielded robust results across all types of cancer and different durations of exposure to CCBs.